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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This article was submitted to Anxiety and Stress Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Medical students experience significant stress, which may interfere with their sleeping routines; consequently, they are at a higher risk of misusing sleeping pills. A self-administered online questionnaire survey was completed by medical students at the College of Medicine of the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Of participants, 84 The prevalence of sleeping pill misuse was The prevalence of sleeping pill misuse is high among medical students, particularly among those in preclinical years. Therefore, enhancing awareness regarding sleeping pill misuse is crucial. This can be achieved through campaigns, workshops, and providing information regarding the dangers of sleeping pill misuse in the curriculum. Keywords: sleeping pills, medical students, misuse, self-prescription, attitude, prevalence. Medical students are often vulnerable to anxiety and stress due to medicine being a highly demanding career choice, both academically and professionally. Medical students may experience harmful effects as a consequence of excessive stress, which could impact their cognitive functioning and learning. If left unmanaged, any form of stress can lead to sleeping problems, burnout, and dropout 1 — 4. Research from Canada and the United States indicates a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, and psychological issues among medical students, compared with the general population 5. Possible sources of recurrent stress and anxiety include high curriculum difficulty, which requires students to cover large amounts of information within a short time span, and frequent examinations. Other sources of stress involve personal competency, endurance, and external life events. Furthermore, an increase in concern was linked to a rise in stress and anxiety. Moreover, research conducted at a medical university in the United Arab Emirates revealed a significant association between stress and psychological morbidity 9. Another study conducted at the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences revealed a significant link between poor sleep quality and stress 1. Students who experienced stress were more likely to have poor sleep quality, while students with a cumulative grade point average GPA lower than 4. Psychological stress can result in depression and have other negative effects on students, such as reduced performance in classes or clinical practice and poor sleep quality 8 , 10 , Stress is a major problem for medical students both in Saudi Arabia and worldwide. Therefore, investigating stress management techniques for this population is crucial. Some effective coping strategies for stress include time management and academic counseling However, some students may indulge in unhealthy coping behaviors, such as the misuse of drugs. According to a study conducted at a Pakistani medical school, drug misuse was reported by 4. Moreover, studies have shown that the most common motives for prescription drug misuse among university students include personal enhancement related to sports and educational attainment, mental health e. Fewer than half of the users said they were involved in prescription drug misuse for recreational purposes e. A study conducted at King Khalid University revealed that The primary sources of information for self-medication were self-knowledge, relatives, pharmacists, and friends One of the most commonly abused categories of prescription medications is Central Nervous System CNS depressant drugs; these medications slow brain activity, making them useful for treating anxiety, panic, acute stress reactions, and sleep disorders 18 , CNS depressants include sedatives, drugs used for treating sleep disorders, hypnotics, and sleeping pills Sleeping pill use can have serious side effects and may even result in addiction if used over a long period, leading to long-term health consequences, including disturbed thinking, headaches, constipation or diarrhea, and muscle weakness In recent years, the use of CNS-depressant drugs by medical students and doctors has attracted attention and concern from researchers, educational institutions, and medical societies. Other studies have shown similar findings, thus confirming that the use of CNS-depressant drugs is prevalent among medical students, which makes this a sensitive and important issue 21 , Therefore, this study primarily aimed to investigate the attitudes of medical students at the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences toward sleeping pill usage. We also aimed to estimate the prevalence of sleeping pill misuse and determine the factors that contribute to such behavior. A self-administered online questionnaire survey was conducted in this cross-sectional convenience sampling study. In the — academic year, there were 1, and COM attendees at the Riyadh and Jeddah branches, respectively, totaling 1, students. The only inclusion criterion was regularly attending the COM; thus, no exclusion criteria were stipulated. The sample size was calculated using Raosoft software The recommended sample size was determined to be The survey was distributed from 2 September to 14 December The survey questionnaire was developed by the authors, based on a previously published validated questionnaire, with minor modifications, to evaluate both quantitative and qualitative variables To retest the questionnaire, a pilot study was performed on a sample of 10 students to assess data-gathering procedures and ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. Any required modifications were then made. The participants were informed of the purpose of the research and their right to refuse participation, and that their personal information would be kept completely confidential. The self-administered questionnaire comprised 20 questions, divided into three sections. The first section was aimed at collecting socio-demographic information: age, gender, residence, stream, college branch Riyadh or Jeddah , academic year, GPA, and smoking status. The university accepts students who have graduated from other specialties; this path is called stream II, while stream I refers to students whose first specialty after high school was medicine. The first section of the survey also included questions regarding physical exercise, use of any type of stimulants during the exam period, and additional information regarding sleeping status to assess sleep pattern and quality and any sleeping disorders. The third section was preceded by a one-question section where participants were asked whether they had ever used sleeping pills after entering COM; based on their answers, respondents were either directed to the third section or to the end of the survey. The students were also asked about the reasons for their sleeping pill usage, whether they consumed the pills in greater amounts than recommended, and their frequency of consumption. In summary, the third section was intended to gather information regarding the misuse of sleeping pills and to determine its prevalence. All participants provided their informed consent, after we assured them of their anonymity and data confidentiality. The data were gathered anonymously and recorded in an Excel document on Google Forms. No information that may be used to identify a participant was sought. A total of medical students responded to the online questionnaire. As illustrated in the summary of demographic characteristics Table 1. The sample included Further, students Most of the respondents reported having a GPA of 4. More than half of the respondents exercised regularly and had a night and day sleeping pattern. Similarly, Survey findings reveal that As illustrated in Figure 1 , Of the 84 respondents, only 11 Frequency analysis of sleeping pill usage showed that only 6 7. In addition, 36 Alprazolam Xanax and estazolam Prosom had the same prevalence 1. Of the 84 respondents who reported using sleeping pills, 75 Out of female participated in this study Additionally, in male only In students who live with their family Moreover, 52 Among students who had a high GPA, 63 Among 29 students who are smokers Out of students who reported stimulants use, However, 9. Among students who reported less than 6 h of sleep, 26 While 53 Moreover, 48 There were 61 students with a poor sleep quality, only In students with excellent sleeping quality, The study also estimated the prevalence of sleeping pill misuse and the factors associated with it among Saudi medical students. While limited international studies have reported similar findings, this discussion involves multiple national studies that have revealed findings consistent with those in our study. However, it should be noted that this cross-sectional study was conducted in —; therefore, the COVID pandemic may have potentially affected the findings. Most students self-prescribed sleeping pills, which was considered a misuse attitude. Similar studies have shown self-prescription to be a common issue among medical students; self-prescription is exacerbated by easy accessibility and the availability of several types of over-the-counter drugs, such as Panadol Night and melatonin 24 , Although self-prescribed medications can have some benefits when used appropriately, it is a dangerous practice that can delay an accurate medical diagnosis and result in adverse effects, drug interactions, and developing dependence, thereby aggravating what was intended to be treated According to a study conducted in Brazil on sleep quality among medical students, students in the early years of medical school had poorer sleep quality, compared with those in later years This can explain why the misuse of sleeping pills by students in their preclinical years was higher than that of those in their clinical years. Students who had a higher GPA 4. However, a different study showed that students with lower GPA misused sedatives more frequently than those with a higher GPA. This inconsistency in findings may be due to the difference in medication class, tools, and population Stimulant use can negatively impact the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in sleeping pill usage and misuse. It is well known that exercise enhances sleep quality Interestingly, exercise was not associated with a decrease in sleeping pill misuse. This is consistent with the findings of a study conducted in India, which found no significant association between exercise and using sleeping pills 7. Women were found to be misusing sleeping pills more often than men, specifically by taking them in larger dosages. A similar study showed that women tend to misuse sleeping pills by self- prescription more than men The exact reason for this finding is yet to be investigated; however, multiple studies point toward the effects of hormones on the circadian rhythm during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, when sleep disturbances are common, especially among those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Nonetheless, another study suggested that women have better sleep quality than men, which should make them misuse sleeping pills less frequently than men More studies are needed to investigate the gender differences in sleep quality and sleeping pill misuse. Sleeping pills that are available over the counter e. Similar findings were reported in a study conducted in Saudi Arabia among physicians during the pandemic, wherein melatonin usage was found to be It is important to mention that prescription of certain types of sleeping pills e. The study provided evidence of factors associated with the misuse of sleeping pills, such as needing of more than 20 min to fall asleep, being in fourth grade, and using stimulants. In this study, students requiring more than 20 min to sleep showed a strong association with misusing sleeping pills OR: 9. We also found that sleeping pill use is more common among those who reported poor sleep quality OR: 2. Sleeping disorders also increase the occurrence of sedative drug use by Fourth-year medical students were found to have a higher rate of misuse OR: 2. Furthermore, a previous cross-sectional study 1 showed that third-year students were more likely to abuse sleeping pills than first- and second-year students OR: 0. This may be because, in preclinical years, students are committed to studying more, due to the stressful curriculum, which has a negative impact on their mental health and can cause sleep disorders 3. According to a study conducted in Ethiopia, stimulant users are more likely to use sedative drugs than non-stimulant users 2. Our research showed that there is a significant association between the misuse of sleeping pills and stimulant use OR: 3. This may be due to the adverse effects of stimulant use on the sleep-wake cycle, which then leads to the misuse and abuse of sleeping pills. As stated by Al-Sayed et al. This study has several limitations. First, it was limited by its cross-sectional survey design. Second, the convenience sampling technique may limit the generalizability of the results. Third, the lack of questionnaire validation also comprised a limitation. Finally, because this study was conducted in only one university and the questionnaire had a low response rate, the representativeness of the sample is negatively affected and the generalizability of the results is limited. Future research could further investigate the specific patterns of sleeping pill misuse. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. The authors are thankful to Alaa Althubaiti, Maryam Alotaibi, and Someiah Alyahya for their valuable contributions in this study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Psychiatry. Find articles by Moudi M Alasmari. Find articles by Raghad S Alkanani. Find articles by Asmaa S Alshareef. Find articles by Shahd S Alsulmi. Find articles by Reuof I Althegfi. Find articles by Teef A Bokhari. Find articles by Mona Y Alsheikh. Find articles by Heba K Alshaeri. Alasmari, asmarim ksau-hs. Received Jul 30; Accepted Dec 1; Collection date Open in a new tab. Binary logistic regression model of associations with sleeping pill misuse. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Baseline characteristics. Age range, years. College branch. Academic year. Grade point average GPA. Stimulant use. Sleeping average, hours. Falling asleep average, minutes. Sleeping pattern. Sleep quality. Sleeping pill misuse. P -value. Stimulants use.

Medical students’ attitudes toward sleeping pill usage: A cross-sectional study

Buying Ecstasy online in Taif

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4. Self-medication with over-the-counter OTC medications is common among medicine and health science students. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Chi-square analysis was conducted and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between KAP and OTC use and its related adverse effects. A P value of less than 0. A total of students medical students and pharmacy students participated in the study. The majority of the respondents Fever 69 An intention for time-saving caused by the waiting time due to crowds in medical consultation rooms Self-medication is widely practiced among medical and pharmacy students. Significant problems and malpractices were identified, such as sharing of OTC medications, the use of expired medicines, doubling the dose of medications when they were ineffective, storage of OTC medications, and not reading labels and expiry dates. Keywords: self-medication, pharmacy students, medical students, over-the-counter, Gondar. Despite all their benefits, improper use of medicines can bring potential health hazards and evidence continue to mount that adverse reactions to medicines are common, yet often preventable, cause of illness, and even death is evident. SM is prevalent in every age group, though its extent differs among individuals and regions. Self-medication assumes a special significance among pharmacy and medical students as they are the future health care practitioners and have a potential role in counseling their patients about the advantages and disadvantages of self-medication. They also differ from the general population because they are well-exposed to the knowledge about diseases and drugs. Globally, many studies have reported the prevalence of self-medication among healthcare professionals in both developing and developed countries. Similar findings were also reported by studies conducted in Serbia and India in which the total prevalence of SM was Different reasons were reported regarding the common motives for SM practice in which prior experience with the medications and for the treatment of mild symptoms being the most. Over-the-counter OTC medicines are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from pharmacy personnel, as compared to prescription drugs, which are dispensed only to consumers possessing a valid prescription. Lack of adequate knowledge about OTC medications may directly lead to bad outcomes, such as overuse or non-compliance to treatment programs. Significant variability has been reported in different studies regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professional students towards self-medication use and associated ADRs. One systematic review revealed that the prevalence of self-medication practice in Ethiopia was between This, together with poor awareness, leaves the average person uninformed about the potentially lethal effects of some of these drugs. Despite this, there is a paucity of literature regarding self-medication in Ethiopia, and no measures have been taken to address this problem. Gondar is a one of the most famous historical cities in Ethiopia, which is located in the northwestern part of the country, at km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of the country. The university was established in and it is the oldest medical training institutions in Ethiopia. At the time of the current study, the CMHS offers more than 11 undergraduate and 34 postgraduate pragmas for local and international students. The study was conducted from February 1 to April 30, A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted by administering a structured questionnaire to the pharmacy and medical students enrolled at the CMHS, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. The sample size was determined using the single population proportion formula. A previous SM prevalence rate of A simple random sampling technique was used to select study samples. In total there were , 4th year, and above pharmacy and medical students. Those students were selected because the other 1st year to 3rd year students might not be well familiar to their professional field of study as most of the courses they took are common courses and introductory courses which will not much contribute to their previous knowledge. The final sample size was distributed to both departments based on their proportional number of students. A self-administered, structured, and pre-tested questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was adopted from previously conducted similar studies and modified to fit with the current set-up. The questionnaire composed of four parts: socio-demographic characteristics 9 questions , knowledge-related questions 10 questions , attitude-related questions 8 questions , and practice-related questions 13 questions respectively. The scores were calculated by adding the correct answers to the proposed questions and dividing them into the total number of questions. The attitude part composed of 8 questions with a 5 Likert-scale. The responses were; strongly disagree, disagree, not sure, agree, and strongly agree each weighing 1—5 respectively for each positive statement. Total score ranges from 8 to 40, with an overall higher mean score indicating a positive attitude towards SM practice. The total score ranged from 0—13, and a score of 7—13 demonstrated good practice and a score of 0—6 indicates poor practice concerning SM. The practice-related questions were specifically designed to assess the self-medication rate of the study participants and the association of their educational background to their practice. The data collectors were given 1 day of training on the data collection procedure and the purpose of the study. Pre-test of the data collection tool was conducted on 10 students 5 medical and 5 pharmacy students , 3 days before the actual data collection date, to check for the uniformity and understandability of the questionnaire. Any confusing issue and data with missing of important information were omitted. The collected data were checked for completeness and accuracy each day before entering into software for analysis. Informed verbal consent was also obtained from each respondent after explaining the purpose of the study and that verbal informed consent was acceptable and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar. From the total study participants, Concerning the profession of education, Almost all of the participants Table 1. The mean knowledge score was 6. About Besides, Table 2. The mean attitude score was From the total study participants, 46 A total of About 40 Table 3. From a total of study participants who have a history of SM, On the other hand, while Furthermore, about Figure 3. Time-saving When asked about what they will do if the OTC drug they used has failed, Paracetamol 51 Three-fourth of the study participants reported that they consume OTC medications when the symptoms were minor Table 4. To assess the attitude towards OTC Self-medication among medical and pharmacy students the reference was formed as 1 odds ratio. Females had a better attitude 1. Table 5. This finding was consistent with two studies conducted in Addis Ababa and a previous study conducted in Gondar. Paracetamol This finding was also consistent with findings from previous studies conducted in Addis Ababa, Gondar and Mekelle in which paracetamol and other anti-pain medications were the most frequently used OTC medications. In the present study, the most common reasons for the utilization of SM with OTC medications were; to save time This is evident because the study participants being medicine and health science students make them familiar with diseases and their treatment medications which will in turn make them opt to treat themselves without consulting regular physicians. In the current study, the mean knowledge score was 6. This finding was consistent with a study conducted in Nepal, which reported that more than half of the respondents were found to have good knowledge about self-medication and had a positive attitude. Medicine and pharmacy students are the ones who are expected to be experts of medications and thus took many medications related courses that could increase their knowledge and understanding about every aspect of medications utilization. In the current study, This should be a concern because as the main concerning health professionals regarding medications, medical and pharmacy students have the responsibility to be role models and advise others on the negative impacts of sharing medications. Medication sharing is one of the major reasons for the various adverse health consequences such as unmonitored adverse drug events, complications in clinical diagnosis, drug resistance, and delay in care-seeking. In the present study, the attitude of the respondents towards OTC self-medication was almost the same except regarding the year of study in which there was a significant difference between a fourth year and six-year internship students. This finding was consistent with a similar study conducted in Jordan, in which senior students were found to be more aware of the risk of self-medication than junior students. This finding was higher than a similar study conducted in Asmara, Eritrea in which 7. Although the numbers were not significant, when asked about what they will do if OTC drugs show a change in shape, color and or odor, some of the respondents had reported continue using till it expires This is very much concern because of the professional background of the study participants who are expected to be role models to others and condemn these types of malpractices. Some products may also get degraded if used after their expiration date and the products of degradation are significantly more toxic than the original active pharmaceutical ingredient. Another risky behavior was also observed among the respondents in which a significant number of the participants reported that they will double the dose if the OTC medication they used has failed. Taking medications above their recommended dose is one of the most common factors for the various ADRs incurred by medications, and these kinds of malpractices have also been documented with the use of OTC medications. Regarding storage of the medications they took, a significant number of the respondents reported a medicine box cabinet Besides the dangers of accidental poisoning by children and other related risks associated with improper storage of medications, bathroom and medicine cabinet are not ideal places to store medications due to heat and humidity which can contribute to loss of potency and shortening of the shelf life of the medications. Since the study was a cross-sectional study, the results of the study are dependent on the response given by the study participants and thus there may be respondent bias as the respondents may not tell their genuine behavior to some of the questions. Self-medication with OTC drugs is widely practiced among medical and pharmacy students. Significant problems and malpractices were identified such as; sharing of OTC medications, the use of expired medicines, doubling the dose of medications when they were ineffective, storage of OTC medications, and not reading labels and expiry dates. The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Gondar for its support and facilitating the study and all the study participants for their collaboration and participation in the study. Strategies should be implemented to improve some of the malpractices practiced by medical and pharmacy students. Medical and pharmacy students should also take huge responsibility and be role models to other students towards the utilization of medications as they are the experts on them to whom the others will infer to. All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Integr Pharm Res Pract. Find articles by Kidist Mulugeta Bekele. Find articles by Ahmed Moges Abay. Find articles by Kidist Abiye Mengistu. Find articles by Berhanemeskel Weldegerima Atsbeha. Find articles by Chilot Abiyu Demeke. Find articles by Wudneh Simegn Belay. Find articles by Dawit Kumilachew Yimenu. Received Jun 15; Accepted Aug 17; Collection date Open in a new tab. Yes Yes 79 Strongly disagree 50 Strongly disagree 13 3. Strongly disagree 23 6. Strongly disagree Strongly disagree 27 7. Strongly disagree 44 When symptoms are minor Immediately discard the drugs Medicine box Fever and headache 69 Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Over the Counter, drugs are not affected by storage conditions, like temperature, moisture, and direct sunlight. It is appropriate to treat minor-ailments like a common cold with OTC medications. What do you do, if OTC drugs show a change in shape, color, and or odor?

Buying Ecstasy online in Taif