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Buying Ecstasy online in Qatar

Introduction : The patronage of online pharmacies is rapidly growing, driven by the convenience and cheaper costs of purchasing prescription drugs electronically, especially under the lockdown situation. However, there are issues regarding the quality of the prescription drugs sold online and the legitimacy of online pharmacies. The use of prescription drugs without the supervision of a licensed health care practitioner may potentially harm consumers. Objectives : This systematic review was conducted to improve the body of knowledge on three main aspects of online pharmacies: 1 type and characteristics of the online pharmacies selling drugs; 2 the quality of pharmaceutical drugs purchased online; and 3 the characteristics of consumers of online pharmacies. Methods : Based on a pre-defined search strategy, PubMed and Scopus were utilised to search articles written in the English language published between January and February Studies focusing on the sale of prescription drugs were included. The terms used for the literature search were 'online pharmacy', 'internet pharmacy', 'e-pharmacy', 'prescription', 'quality', 'medication safety', and 'counterfeit medicine'. These terms were used alone and in combination with Boolean operators. No methodological limitations in terms of study design were applied. A standardised data collection form was used to compile the data. Results : Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 46 articles were eligible and included in the final analysis. There were 27 articles on types and characteristic of online pharmacies, 13 articles on the quality of prescription drugs sold from online pharmacies, and 11 articles on consumers purchasing prescription drugs from online pharmacies. Readers should note that five articles discussed both the types and characteristics of online pharmacies, and the quality of the drugs sold from the outlets. Reasons for online purchase of prescription drugs include the difficulty of obtaining a prescription for certain medications such as opioid analgesics, cheaper cost, since the costs associated with seeing a physician to obtain a prescription are reduced, and the need to obtain drugs such as opioid analgesics and benzodiazepine for misuse. Conclusions : Almost half of the online pharmacies are not properly regulated and fraudulent issues were uncovered. To address this issue, stricter regulation by World Health Organization and implementation should be carried out together with frequent monitoring of the licensure system and pharmacy verification on every online pharmacy, this would reduce the number of illegal or illegitimate online pharmacy. Keywords: counterfeit medicine; internet pharmacy; medication safety; patient safety; prescribed medication. Abstract Introduction : The patronage of online pharmacies is rapidly growing, driven by the convenience and cheaper costs of purchasing prescription drugs electronically, especially under the lockdown situation. Publication types Review.

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Buying Ecstasy online in Qatar

Aim: The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of available HIV case reporting and treatment data for in Qatar for the period — Methods: HIV case reporting data were analyzed by sex and mode of transmission. Results: A total of HIV cases were reported to the Ministry of Public Health since beginning of reporting in , and that included Qatari nationals and expatriate residents diagnosed in Qatar. There was an increase in the annual number of newly reported HIV cases from 16 cases in of these, 14 were males to 58 cases in of these, 54 were males. During the overall viral load testing coverage and viral load suppression among those tested for viral load in men were Qatar is a country located on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The estimated number of the population in Qatar in was 2,, people, of whom 2,, were men and , women 1. In , it was estimated that the number of the Qatari population in the country was , while the number of non-Qatari was 2,, This gender imbalance is due to a high number of male migrant workers employed by various industries in Qatar oil and gas industries, construction work, food industry, etc. HMC is the primary public healthcare provider in Qatar. Demographic and behavioural data collected as part of the HIV case reporting system include age, gender, nationality, marital status and mode of HIV transmission. Routine HIV testing in Qatar is carried out at a large scale, for both expatriates and locals, as part of medical check-ups during pre-employment health screening, students applying for a university, before marriage and in certain clinical situations antenatal care, patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis. All foreigners coming to work or reside in Qatar for longer than a month are tested for HIV. Since October , migrant workers coming from certain countries, including India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines, Pakistan, and Thailand have been allowed to test for HIV in designated laboratories in their countries of origin. The majority of migrant workers are not re-tested for HIV during the period of their employment in Qatar except for those who work in certain professions such as food handlers, massage centres, beauty salons and barbers. Furthermore, HIV testing in Qatar is not particularly targeted towards key populations who bear the highest burden of HIV in all settings 2. Also, there has been a lack of sexual behaviour data in the native Qatari population as well as in foreign workers residing in Qatar. Still, little data has been published on the HIV epidemic in Qatar 4 , 5. The aim of this paper is to describe the available HIV case reporting and treatment data for the period from January 1st to December 31st in Qatar. Electronic HIV case reporting and patient monitoring systems are based on the data collection forms recommended by the WHO. Data, including HIV-related information, is securely stored in a password-protected electronic database with regular backups on a secure server. Quality control steps are taken by well-trained HIV nurses and physicians while doing data collection. Validation, data cleaning and processing is done by the facility senior epidemiologist. The facility senior epidemiologist who is the registry keeper retrieved relevant datasets. Strict measures, including limited access, are in place to protect sensitive information. Extracted data underwent thorough validation checks to ensure accuracy. The data presented in this report were collected as part of the routine processes within MoPH and HMC for the reporting, testing, and evaluations of HIV cases and care continuum in the State of Qatar, whereby no research question was involved. No personal identifiers were collected nor reported for the purpose of this paper. Chi-square and Fischer exact tests were used to assess the association between nationality Qatari versus non-Qatari and the distribution of newly reported HIV cases in the — reporting period. Chi-square and Fischer exact tests were also used to analyze the differences in the percentage testing for VL and achieving VL suppression by sex in the — period. A value of p of less than 0. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed. A total of HIV cases were reported in Qatar since beginning of reporting, and Of these HIV cases, As shown in Table 1 , since there was more than a three-fold increase in the number of reported HIV cases, from 16 cases in to 58 cases in Of these, in there were 21 cases reported in Qatari and 37 in non-Qatari nationals. Additionally, there was a pronounced increase in the male-to-female ratio in newly reported cases among the Qatari population, ranging in the — period from 71 in to Similarly, in the non-Qatari population male HIV cases substantially outnumber female cases. Meanwhile, the male-to-female ratio in the total population in Qatar in the — period ranged from the highest of 3. Table 1. Furthermore, in , at the time of diagnosis, Reportedly, a small number of people died from HIV in the — period, ranging from no deaths in to three in and , respectively. No case was attributed to injecting drug use while there were 1—3 cases annually in the — period whose mode of transmission was recorded as unknown. There was only one case of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Regarding the sex of cases, the number of male cases increased from 14 in to 54 in As shown in Table 1 , the total number of people on ART increased from 99 persons in to in Notably, VL testing coverage was the lowest in Available data indicate a substantial increase in reported HIV cases in Qatar since In addition, there was a high male-to-female ratio in reported cases, ranging from in to This might indicate an increase in male-to-male HIV transmission, or heterosexual transmission with women not being tested and reported. According to reports by healthcare providers, a number of these infections in men may have also occurred during vacation time spent in the countries of their origin. However, no behavioural data nor phylogenetic analysis are currently available to confirm this. Furthermore, our data for reveal a high proportion of people who were diagnosed with HIV late. This could entail potential adverse public health implications related to increased risk of HIV transmission in the community and greater healthcare expenses 6. Notably, the later presentation of HIV in Qatar is multifaceted, stemming from a complex interplay of factors. For instance, many people may remain unaware of the risk factors contributing to their susceptibility to HIV or may have limited understanding of the virus and its modes of transmission. Additionally, HIV infection can often assume an asymptomatic or inconspicuous presentation, characterized by mild, influenza-like symptoms that may be readily disregarded or misattributed to alternative medical conditions. Consequently, this can cause delays in seeking medical attention and impede timely diagnosis. Due to lack of HIV and behavioural data in key populations and in migrant workers, it is not possible to understand key sources of HIV infections in Qatar, which also hinders development of a targeted and effective HIV response. Data indicate sub-optimal VL testing coverage and VL suppression, despite readily available testing and treatment, which is more pronounced in women. The lower VL testing coverage might result in a failure to detect patients that are not virally suppressed and might subsequently lead to increases in ART resistance 8. However, HIV drug resistance and treatment failure remain very low in Qatar. The limitations of our analysis includes relatively short period of data collection and the use of only one data source, which is HIV case reporting and patient monitoring. Nevertheless, it provides evidence on the newly reported HIV cases and indicates potential increase in HIV transmission that should be further assessed by enhancing the existing surveillance system, particularly in terms of data availability. Therefore, substantial improvements are needed in terms of data availability to better understand these basic outcomes of the continuum of HIV testing and treatment. To understand behavioural characteristics of the HIV epidemic in Qatar and obtain population-level HIV data, it is necessary to conduct HIV bio-behavioural surveys in populations at higher risk 9. Development of impactful HIV testing services requires adoption and implementation of innovative and efficient ways to offer confidential and readily accessible HIV testing and counseling to those at increased risk, via community-based testing, partner notification services, social network-based testing and HIV self-testing Importantly, public health response to HIV should include measures to combat all forms of stigma and discrimination, which may have been attributed to the decreased rate of testing in the country, with particular attention to the needs of the most vulnerable and hardest to reach. This is an indication of raising awareness of HIV among policy makers as a global and a national health challenge. There has been a substantial increase in reported HIV cases in Qatar from to , and the majority of reported cases were men. This necessitates development of an effective HIV strategic information system to identify factors behind this increase, which will enable the implementation of data-driven and targeted national HIV response. The datasets presented in this article are not readily available due to ethical restrictions. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to Dr. Elmobashar Farag eabdfarag moph. JD and AK acquired the data. EF, AK, AT, and IB drafted the article, and all authors participated in the planning, conception of the manuscript, interpreting the data, and critically revising the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Planning and Statistics. Authority of the State of Qatar. Available at: www. Google Scholar. Epidemiology and the changing face of HIV infection in Qatar. Infect Dis Clin Pract. World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organisation HIV responses in Arab states on the southern Persian gulf border: the first review. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. Global HIV statistics. The economic burden of late entry into medical care for patients with HIV infection. Med Care. J Public Health Res. World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on service delivery for the treatment and care of people living with HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization Guidelines for second generation HIV surveillance: an update: know your epidemic. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Qatar — Government and Public Donors. The global fund to fight aids, tuberculosis and malaria. Public Health. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. QA ; Ivana Bozicevic, Ivana. Bozicevic lshtm. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Public Health , 03 November Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention. Introduction Qatar is a country located on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. In , there were 2.

Buying Ecstasy online in Qatar