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With Crowley you can send miscellaneous to Cuba from the comfort of your home by purchasing online or placing your items in a box and sending it to our warehouse. It is important that you consult the list of allowed durable articles to avoid errors and inconveniences. Before sending your box to our warehouse, please make sure the address on the box reads as follows:. Miami, FL Once you receive confirmation of your purchase from the online store, you should send an email to cubalcl crowley. If you send your packages via regular USPS mail or courier, you must also label the package accordingly and send an email to cubalcl crowley. Once your box arrives at our warehouse in Medley, Florida, our experts in shipping to Cuba, will verify the products, the total weight and provide an updated estimate, if necessary. Crowley is the only carrier that offers four 4 departures per month from Port Everglades, Florida, direct to Mariel, Cuba. We offer our clients a reservation number so that they can track the cargo until arrival in Mariel. Once on the island, our affiliates in Cuba will transact with the Cuban Customs and will contact you when the items are available to be collected in Havana. Home delivery is 3 to 6 weeks once it arrives in Mariel, and is subject to customs formalities and external factors that may affect the process, such as lack of electricity, breakdown of processing equipment at destination, events weather, etc. For mixed miscellaneous items and in all cases exceeding the first 3 kilograms 6. To calculate the tariffs to pay, you can request information through our contact form. These amounts will always be in national currency Cuban pesos CUP. Skip to Content. Have more questions? Contact Us.

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Competitors at the Olympic Games have used banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs. The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men. For example, the winner of the marathon at the Games , Thomas Hicks , was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race. During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to improve their athletic abilities by boosting testosterone. As their methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine , which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race. The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use, \[ 7 \] 'two beers' to steady his nerves. The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the s and s. In , documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff , accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the Summer Games. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in to ten golds out of a possible 12 , six silvers, and one bronze in No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall , when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system. The report, titled 'Doping in Germany from to today', details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings , a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were 'rescued with \[these\] tremendous efforts'. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games. Documents obtained in revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the Summer Olympics. China was accused of conducting a state sanctioned doping programme on athletes in the s and s. A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson , who won the Men's metres at the Seoul Olympics , but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis , who had tested positive for stimulants at the U. Olympic Trials. The highest level of stimulant Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in but is now regarded as a negative test. The acceptable level was later raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that 'These \[levels\] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance. The Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen now known as the 'Olympic Standard' has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing. What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. In the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances. In addition, the Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler Hristo Traykov was disqualified from his bout against David Hazewinkel for using concealed smelling salts during their bout. He originally won the gold medal in the men's meter freestyle , but following the race, the International Olympic Committee IOC disqualified DeMont \[ 26 \] after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was barred from any other events at the Olympics, including the 1,meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U. Leibel was disqualified from the race that took place on the day that he provided the positive sample but was allowed to continue in the event. Though no athletes were caught doping at the Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings , a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee IOC to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were 'rescued with \[these\] tremendous efforts'. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games'. A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games by the IOC for their role in the scandal. The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon Davenport got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine , \[ 49 \] \[ 60 \] \[ 61 \] and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide. Out of the 4, samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. The quality of the original testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July In August , the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an in-competition test of Elvan Abeylegesse at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that she had been temporarily suspended. In May , following the Russian doping scandal , the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs, of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes, 11 of them track and field athletes, including Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova. Authorities have sent the B-samples for confirmation testing. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes. Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions. On 28 July , it was announced that retests of samples from the Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance-enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus, who won a gold medal in the women's hammer throw. Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes, who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti-doping rule violations until their cases are closed. On 29 August , some non-official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling kg event due to a positive test for doping. Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia men's 69 kg event and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo 9th place of Moldova and Intigam Zairov 9th place of Azerbaijan were also disqualified. On 1 September , the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios , who won a silver medal in the women's discus, was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis , who finished 16th in the meters, was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol. On 13 September , four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Inga Abitova , who finished 6th in the 10, meters , and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified. On 23 September , some non-official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping. She won a bronze medal in the women's high jump. Russia would likely keep the bronze medal, as the fourth-place athlete in the competition was also from Russia. On 26 October , the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the Games. On 17 November , the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the games. On 25 November , the IOC disqualified 5 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the games. Among them were 3 medal winners: gold-medalists 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan and hammer thrower Aksana Miankova of Belarus and silver-medalist shot putter Natallia Mikhnevich of Belarus. On 12 January , the IOC disqualified five more athletes for failing drug tests at the Games. Two women athletes from Belarus were disqualified: bronze medalist shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk and hammer thrower Darya Pchelnik , who did not medal. On 1 March , the IOC disqualified Victoria Tereshchuk of Ukraine due to use of turinabol and stripped her of the bronze medal in modern pentathlon. By April , the Summer Olympics has had the most 50 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 14 medals stripped. It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with scientists set to take 6, samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games at GlaxoSmithKline 's New Frontiers Science Park site in Harlow , Essex. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to samples every day for more than prohibited substances. During the 'In-competition' period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance. British sprinter Dwain Chambers , cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough \[ \] competed in London after the British Olympic Association 's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the Olympics and was awarded a silver medal. However, she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May According to The New York Times , the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials. Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample. A WADA report released in detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games 'were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing' and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova , Ekaterina Poistogova , Anastasiya Bazdyreva , Kristina Ugarova , and Tatjana Myazina. On 15 June , it was announced that four London Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. If confirmed, Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the medal standings. Six other lifters who competed at the Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed. On 13 July , the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine had been disqualified from the Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol. On 9 August , the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol. On 20 August , the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone turinabol and ipamorelin. On 29 August , a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone. On 27 October , the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan, who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed. Through 6 October , the IOC had reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its retests of samples from the London Olympic Games, all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents. On 11 October , Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw , in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance. Re-analysis of Mazuryk's samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone. On 27 October the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. On 21 November the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. The others were hammer thrower Oleksandr Drygol and long jumper Margaryta Tverdokhlib , both of Ukraine, 85 kg weightlifter Rauli Tsirekidze of Georgia, 94 kg weightlifter Almas Uteshov of Kazakhstan, 94 kg weightlifter Andrey Demanov of Russia and m steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova of Russia, who had previously been sanctioned in March by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 25 November , the IOC disqualified 4 more athletes for failing drug tests at the games. On 29 November the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all results achieved by Olympic heptathlon bronze medalist Tatyana Chernova of Russia between 15 August and 22 July are annulled. It also annulled all of Yekaterina Sharmina 's results between 17 June and 5 August , including her 33rd-place finish in the women's m. On 12 January , the IOC disqualified three weightlifters for failing drug tests at the games. Women's 63 kg weightlifter Sibel Simsek of Turkey was disqualified. None was a medalist at these games. On 1 February , the IOC disqualified three athletes due to failed doping tests, all of whom tested positive for turinabol. Russian women's discus thrower Vera Ganeeva , who finished 23rd, Turkish boxer Adem Kilicci , who ranked 5th in men's 69—75 kg boxing, and Russian m runner Antonina Krivoshapka , who finished 6th, were disqualified. In December , a documentary aired on German TV in which m gold medalist Mariya Savinova allegedly admitted to using banned substances on camera. On 10 February , the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four-year ban that effectively stripped Savinova of her Olympic gold and other medals. In , the Russian Athleteics Federation cancelled Poistogova's results from July to October after analysing old samples. Poistogova stands to lose the Olympic m silver medal. As of December , the Summer Olympics has seen a record 40 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 17 medals stripped. On 21 March , the Athletics Integrity Unit of World Athletics issued a two-year ban for Russian racewalker Elena Lashmanova , starting from 9 March , and also disqualified her results from 18 February , to 3 January , thus stripping her gold medal. Originally, Russia submitted a list of athletes for competition. On 7 August , the IOC cleared athletes, and were removed because of the state-sponsored doping scandal. The Taiwanese weightlifter Lin Tzu-chi was withdrawn from the games hours before her event by her team's delegation for an abnormal drugs test. Kenyan athletics coach, John Anzrah who travelled to Rio independently of his country's delegation, was sent home after being caught posing as an athlete during a doping test, \[ \] and was followed by Kenya's track and field manager, Michael Rotich, who was filmed by a newspaper offering to give athletes advanced notice of any pending drugs test in return for a one-off payment. On 13 October , the IWF reported that weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian of Romania, who won bronze in the men's kg event, tested positive for excess testosterone in a test connected to the Rio Olympics. The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games. No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati , winner of the men's giant slalom , was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee 's executive board after testing positive for marijuana. On 25 April , six Austrian athletes were banned for life from the Olympics for their involvement in a doping scandal at the Turin Olympics, the first time the IOC punished athletes without a positive or missed doping test. The Austrians were found guilty of possessing doping substances and taking part in a conspiracy, based on materials seized by Italian police during a raid on the athletes' living quarters. The Austrians also had their competition results from Turin annulled. On 13 February , the Brazilian Olympic Committee announced that Armando dos Santos' preventive antidoping test, which had been done in Brazil on 4 January , was positive for the forbidden substance nandrolone. Santos was ejected from the team, being replaced by former sprinter Claudinei Quirino, the team's substitute athlete. This included all medalists and all of the Russian athletes. Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver 11th in gold medal table with a total of 3 golds is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the Games at Sochi. According to the director of the country's antidoping laboratory at the time, Grigory Rodchenkov , dozens of Russian athletes at the Winter Olympics in Sochi, including at least 15 medal winners, were part of a state-run doping program , meticulously planned for years to ensure dominance at the Games. In December , following the release of the McLaren report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics, the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes the number later rose to 46 at the Sochi Olympic Games. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 17 athletes, of whom 15 are among the 28 under investigation. Three female figure skaters were named as being under investigation. They are Adelina Sotnikova , the singles gold medalist, as well as pairs skaters Tatiana Volosozhar and Ksenia Stolbova. Volosozhar and Stolbova won gold and silver medals, respectively, in pairs skating. Both also won gold medals in the team event, which also puts the other eight team medalists at risk of losing their golds. Legkov won a gold and silver medals, and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals. Vilukhina won silver in sprint, and both women were on a relay team that won the silver medal. Tretyakov won a gold medal, and Nikitina won a bronze. Seven Russian female ice hockey players were to have hearings before the Oswald Commission on 22 November Two of the seven were accused of submitting samples showing readings that were physically impossible to be held by a woman. The Russian women's ice hockey team finished sixth at Sochi On 24 November , the IOC imposed life bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a combined 3 medals 2 gold, 1 silver. Bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified 3 days later. Demchenko and Ivanova were also stripped of their silver medals. On 15 February , the International Biathlon Union announced that because of a doping violation, Evgeny Ustyugov and Russian men's 4 x 7. After the Russian Olympic Committee was barred from competing at the Winter Olympics , Russian athletes deemed to be clean were allowed to compete as Olympic Athletes from Russia. By the end of the Beijing Olympics, a total of five athletes were reported for doping violations: Spanish figure skater Laura Barquero , Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva , Iranian alpine skier Hossein Saveh Shemshaki , and two Ukrainians — cross-country skier Valentyna Kaminska and bobsledder Lidiia Hunko. The medal ceremony for the team event in figure skating, where the Russian Olympic Committee ROC won gold, originally scheduled for 8 February, was delayed over what International Olympic Committee IOC spokesperson Mark Adams described as a situation that required 'legal consultation' with the International Skating Union. On 14 February, the CAS declined to reinstate Valieva's provisional suspension issued the previous Monday and ruled that she would be allowed provisionally to compete in the women's singles event. The CAS decided that preventing her from competing 'would cause her irreparable harm in the circumstances', while noting that any medals won by Valieva at the Beijing Olympics would be withheld pending the results of the continuing investigation into her doping violation. To allow for the possibility that Valieva's results may be disqualified, the IOC asked the ISU to expand the qualifying field for the women's singles free skating by one to Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs at the Olympics. Substances and types. Doping-related lists. Anti-doping bodies. History \[ edit \]. Response \[ edit \]. Prohibited drugs \[ edit \]. Summer Olympic Games \[ edit \]. Main article: Summer Olympics. Disqualified \[ edit \]. Did not start \[ edit \]. Main articles: Summer Olympics and Doping in Russia. Winter Olympic Games \[ edit \]. Main article: Winter Olympics. Disqualified during the Games \[ edit \]. Disqualified after the Games \[ edit \]. Main articles: Winter Olympics and Doping in Russia. Controversy surrounding the ROC \[ edit \]. See also \[ edit \]. References \[ edit \]. Part of a series on. Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall. Modern pentathlon. Puerto Rico. United States. Mark Cameron. Zbigniew Kaczmarek. Valentin Khristov. Serafim Grammatikopoulos. Tomas Johansson. Great Britain. Ben Johnson. Alexander Watson. Modern Pentathlon. Unified Team. Andrew Davies. Andrew Saxton. Natalya Shekhodanova. Norandrosterone and noretiochdandone. Cycling Road race and Time trial. Investigation by U. Time trial. Pseudophedrine \[ 63 \]. Wafa Ammouri. Andrew Brack. Viktor Chislean. Albina Khomich. Pratima Kumari Na. Derek Nicholson. Antipsychotics to horse Waterford Crystal. Leonidas Sampanis. Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu. Methandienone positive after retest in Athletics Metres 10, metres. Equestrian Individual jumping Team jumping. Lyudmila Blonska. Athletics Heptathlon. IOC post-event testing \[ 33 \] \[ \]. Athletics metres. In competition test in July \[ 33 \] \[ \]. North Korea. Shooting 10 m air pistol 50 m pistol. Equestrian Individual dressage Team dressage. Equestrian Individual jumping. Athletics Shot put. All results from August onwards annulled. IAAF out-of-competition test in June Weightlifting kg. Canoeing K-2 metres. Do Thi Ngan Thuong. Gymnastics Artistic qualification. Athletics Metres. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ 33 \] \[ \]. Cycling Road Race. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ \]. Cycling Time Trial. Athletics 20 Kilometre Walk. Yuliya Chermoshanskaya. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ 93 \]. Anastasia Kapachinskaya. Weightlifting 75 kg. Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan. Weightlifting 69 kg. Samuel Adelebari Francis. Athletics Metres Metres. Alexander Pogorelov. Athletics Decathlon. Weightlifting 58 kg. Stanozolol and Turinabol. Weightlifting 48 kg. Athletics Discus Throw. Weightlifting 85 kg. Athletics Shot Put. Weightlifting 94 kg. Athletics Javelin Throw. Athletics 10, Metres. Athletics High Jump. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ 97 \]. Weightlifting 62 kg. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ 99 \]. Athletics Long Jump. Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia. Athletics Metre Hurdles. Wrestling Freestyle 74 kg. Ekaterina Volkova. Athletics Metre Steeplechase. Weightlifting 53 kg. Wrestling Freestyle 96 kg. Wrestling Greco-Roman kg. Chrysopigi Devetzi. Athletics Triple Jump. Wrestling Greco-Roman 96 kg. Weightlifting 63 kg. Wrestling Greco-Roman 60 kg. Elena Slesarenko. Athletics Pole Vault. Athletics Hammer Throw. Sviatlana Vusovich. Nadzeya Ostapchuk. Athletics Triple Jump Long Jump. Modern Pentathlon Individual. Wrestling Freestyle 60 kg. Wrestling Freestyle kg. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ 95 \]. Athletics Women's metres. Testing at the U world championships \[ \]. Pre-Games testing in Japan \[ \] \[ \] \[ \]. Maria Isabel Moreno. Pre-Games testing in Olympic village, Beijing \[ \]. Saudi Arabia. Biological passport abnormalities. IAAF sanction imposed in \[ \]. CAS confirmed all results annulled from July to August \[ \]. Ghfran Almouhamad. Athletics metres hurdles. IOC pre-competition testing at Summer Olympics \[ 33 \] \[ \]. Athletics 50 km race walk. Athletics 20 km race walk. Abderrahime Bouramdane. Athletics Marathon. Judo 73 kg. IOC post-event testing at Summer Olympics. Athletics Steeplechase. USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic steroids in ; admittance. Yelizaveta Grechishnikova. Athletics 10, metres. Trinidad and Tobago. Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko. IOC pre-Games testing. Vladimir Kanaikin. Cycling MTB. UCI reanalysis of sample from 27 March in All results annulled from 27 March until 31 December Yekaterina Kostetskaya. Athletics Hammer throw. Athletics Long jump. Positive from the European Athletics Championships in June. Athletics m. AIU sanction imposed \[ \]. IOC post-event testing at Summer Olympics two separate positive samples. Athletics Discus throw. Random out of competition test in May Weightlifting 77 kg. IOC pre-competition testing at Summer Olympics. Athletics 4 x metres. Athletics metres 4 x metres. Anzhelika Shevchenko. Athletics Steplechase. Athletics 50 km walk. Swimming Open water. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ \] \[ \]. IOC re-analysis of sample in Athletics Javelin throw. Athletics Metres Steeplechase. Cycling Keirin. IWF charged in for use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method. He had been the only Russian male weightlifter still in possession of a medal from London ITA re-analysis of sample announced in \[ \]. Oleksandr Drygol. Aleksandr Ivanov. Nastassia Mironchyk-Ivanova. Boxing Middleweight. Athletics Metres 4 x Metres Relay. IOC re-analysis of sample in \[ \] Akkaev and Dmitry Klokov were on the start list but did not compete. Victoria Valyukevich. Valentin Hristov. Weightlifting 56 kg. Canoeing C-1 Metres. Gabriel Sincraian. Athletics 4 x Metres Relay. CAS decision imposed in \[ \]. Athletics Metres Hurdles. AIU decision imposed in \[ \]. Athletics Women's m hurdles. Cycling Track - sprint. IOC pre-Games testing in Belarus \[ \]. Rowing Single sculls. International Rowing Federation pre-Games testing in Brazil \[ \] \[ \]. IOC pre-Games testing in Uzbekistan. IOC pre-Games testing in Italy. Saint Kitts and Nevis. Did not fail test but confessed to have used an illegal 'veterinary medicine'. Positive test for strychnine and forfeiture of medal announced by CAS. Swimming metre butterfly. Tested positive for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide; applied for B sample to be tested and hearing to be held. Out-of-competition test in Almaty, Kazakhstan on 13 July \[ \]. Cycling Road race. IOC pre-games test 31 July and out-of-competition test blood and urine 4 August. Canoeing C-1 metres C-2 metres. C-1 metres. Result from pre-game test. Provisionally suspended on 18 August. Chagnaadorj Usukhbayar. IOC out-of-competition test on 7 August. Boxing Men's flyweight. Men's flyweight. Weightlifting Men's 85 kg. Men's 85 kg. Weightlifting Men's 77 kg. Men's 77 kg. Rowing Men's quadruple sculls. Disqualified from competing at the Olympics after a positive out-of-competition drug test. Provisionally suspended after a failed A-sample test given a few days after arriving in Brazil. Swimming 50 metre freestyle. Sent home from the Olympics on the day of the opening ceremony after failing a pre-games test conducted in July. Sent home from the Olympics after failing a pre-games test conducted on 25 July. Michael O'Reilly. O'Reilly admitted to taking a dietary supplement given to him by someone unrelated to his team or association. Narsingh Pancham Yadav. Sent home from the Olympics after failing a test conducted at the Polish Championships in July. Disqualified from participating due to doping violation \[ \]. Women's volleyball. Withdrawn from the semi-final match after a positive out-of-competition drug test. Athletics Women's meters. Human growth hormone and EPO. Withdrawn from the m semi-final after a positive out-of-competition drug test. S and Enobosarm. Athletics Men's marathon. Igor Andreyevich Polyanski. Triathlon Men's Triathlon. Mohamed Talaat. Equestrian Jumping Show Jumping Team. Individual and team results voided after a positive test at the African Games \[ \]. Athletics Men's meters. Anabolic androgenic steroids. Triathlon Women's individual. Disqualified from competing at the Olympics after a positive in-competition drug test in June Athletics Men's shot put. Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone , Metandienone and Tamoxifen. Athletics Men's metres hurdles. Withdrawn from Swiss team after testing positive on 16 July. Swimming Women's 50m freestyle. Disqualified following an adverse analytical finding. Athletics Women's pole vault. Provisional suspension following an adverse analytical finding. Dominique Lasconi Mulamba. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Athletics Men's metres. Judo Men's 81kg class. Belgian eventing team disqualified. Sajjad Sehen. Metandienone , Boldenone. Boxing Women's 60kg class. Provisional suspension for testing positive out-of-competition on 25 July Disqualified before first match. West Germany. Ice hockey. Soviet Union. Cross-country skiing. Frantisek Pospisil. Codeine , Morphine. Ice hockey Medical staff. Administration of prohibited substances to Frantisek Pospisil. Banned from the Olympic Games for life. Natalya Baranova-Masalkina. Alpine skiing. Possession of blood-transfusion equipment \[ \] \[ \]. Armando dos Santos. Carphedon \[ \]. Possession of a prohibited substance or method \[ \]. Possession and use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method \[ \]. Erythropoietin \[ \]. Pseudoephedrine \[ \]. Awarded despite the doping violation. Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone \[ \]. Methylhexanamine \[ \] \[ \]. Trimetazidine \[ \] \[ \]. Alexandr Loginov. Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 26 November All results from that date onwards annulled. Tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition test conducted 23 December Withdrawn prior to competition. Starykh has been banned for 2 years. In January , she was reported to fail the doping test again. On 14 July Iourieva was disqualified for eight years, and all her results after 23 December , were made void. Methylhexanamine \[ \]. Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle. Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 22 January IOC sanction imposed in \[ \]. Cross-Country Skiing 30km Skiathlon 15km Classical. Evgenia Shapovalova. Cross-Country Skiing Sprint. Yulia Ivanova. Aleksandr Tretyakov. Skeleton Men's. Skeleton Women's. Bobsleigh Two-woman. Bobsleigh Two-man Four-man. Speed skating Women's metres. Aleksandr Rumyantsev. Speed skating Men's metres Men's team pursuit. Aleksei Negodaylo. Bobsleigh Four-Man. Biathlon Women's sprint Women's pursuit Women's individual Women's relay. Bobsleigh Four-man Two-man. Bobsleigh Four-man. Cross-Country Skiing Women's sprint Women's team sprint. Ice hockey Women's tournament. Yekaterina Smolentseva. Luge Luge, Men's singles Luge, Team relay. Luge Luge, Women's singles Luge, Team relay. Alexander Bessmertnykh. IBU sanction imposed in Alexander Krushelnitskiy. Olympic Athletes from Russia. Team figure skating. Pairs figure skating. Valiantsina Kaminskaya. Hossein Saveh-Shemshaki.

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