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Buying Ecstasy online in Branas

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Buying Ecstasy online in Branas

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. To investigate the status of Chinese residents' self-medication behavior and the important factors to consider when purchasing OTC drugs, and to explore the related factors of the possibility that Chinese residents take medical staff's suggestions as important factors to consider when purchasing OTC drugs. A questionnaire was developed for exploring the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, their self-medication status, and important considerations. After carrying out a multi-stage sampling method, the questionnaire was conducted nationwide from July 10 to September 15, Next, descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze the general features. Logistic regression was then used to analyze the related factors of the possibility that the respondents took the suggestions of medical staff as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs. Nine thousand two hundred fifty-six qualified questionnaires were received. The results of multi-factor logistic regression showed that women, those living in the central and western regions of China, those suffering from chronic diseases, those with high agreeableness, high conscientiousness, high neuroticism and openness, high health literacy, high EQ-5D-VAS, and those with high self-efficacy are more likely to take medical staff's suggestions as important factors to consider. The vast majority of Chinese adults have self-medication behavior. Important considerations when purchasing OTC drugs include medical staff's suggestions, drug safety and drug efficacy. Whether residents take the suggestions of medical staff as an important consideration is related to their sociological characteristics, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, health literacy, self-assessment health status, and self-efficacy. When purchasing and using OTC drugs, residents should carefully listen to the suggestions from medical staff. They should also carefully consider their own conditions before buying OTC drugs. Keywords: self-medication, over-the-counter drugs OTC , medical staff advice, Big Five personality, health literacy, self-efficacy, health condition, medical staff. Self-medication is defined by The World Health Organization WHO as an individual behavior in which people use drugs to treat their self-recognized diseases or symptoms. Reasonable self-medication is beneficial for individuals in terms of disease prevention and disease treatment 1. Residents are typically discovered to self-medicate with over-the-counter drugs OTC which refer to safe and effective drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and can be taken by consumers themselves according to the instructions 2. Beneficially, the use of OTC drugs reduces unnecessary or inappropriate hospital visits of residents 3 , which, to a certain extent, reduces residents' demand for hospital visits and expands residents' right to choose treatment options independently. Since , due to the decreasing number of residents visiting hospitals caused by the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease i. Globally, the authorities of different countries have taken diverse measures to regulate citizens' behavior of self-medication. Also, the FDA required all OTC products should include details such as the indications of the drug, the contraindications of the drug, and the precautions when using the drug over their outer packaging 6. Most recently in , the China OTC Drug Association proposed the development plan for OTC drug industry of China; the proposal clarified the medical, social, and economic value of the OTC drugs, and pointed out the problems existing in the management of non-prescription drugs in China 9. In light of the foregoing, it can be seen that various countries, including China, have adopted relevant policies to regulate residents' self-medication behavior and improve the quality and accessibility of OTC drugs. Self-medication is becoming an important part of residents' health care The advantages of rational self-medication would be time-and-cost-saving, timely treatment of various diseases, and even saving lives However, incorrect self-medication can be harmful to an individual's health For example, drug abuse in residents' self-medication can further lead to drug addiction and dependence According to a national survey in the US in , the overuse of OTC cold-cough drugs, medicines containing morphine, codeine, papaverine, thebaine, noscapine, and other alkaloids, occurred to around one million residents 5. The term medical staff refers to a person who has received formal medical training and is experienced to provide treatment and advice related to health care; those health professionals mainly include doctors, pharmacists, nurses, medical technicians, and so on 14 — Among them, doctors and pharmacists are the main providers of drug related knowledge for patients. In China, physicians have the right to prescribe drugs while pharmacists take charge of the review of prescriptions, and the deployment and verification of drugs The false advertisements on radio, television, Internet, and other media, as well as suggestions from relatives and friends who are non-medical staff, are considered to be unreliable sources of information for purchasing OTC drugs. If residents are induced to buy and use OTC drugs by these unreliable sources of information, they may face the risks of delay in regular treatment, which may further aggravate their conditions. A number of studies have revealed a high proportion of residents following medical staff advice when purchasing OTC drugs, and it is highlighted that the medical staff's advice is one of the most critical factors that residents need to consider when seeking drug treatment Based on the above statements, one aim of the current study is to explore the related factors of the possibility that residents take medical staff's advice as an important factor to consider when purchasing OCT drugs. The investigation involved several important independent variables including self-efficacy, health literacy, health status, and personality traits, as well as the demographic features of the population included in the study. Self-efficacy refers to the degree of individual's self-confidence in their ability to complete tasks and achieve goals 19 ; health literacy, refers to individuals' ability to acquire and understand information related to health and the ability to use this information to maintain and promote their health 20 ; the participants' health status was measured by the health effect value visual analog scale VAS which is part of the European five-dimensional health scale EQ-5D-5L ; this scale would be used to assess the health status of residents The personal traits would be measured based on the Big Five personality model or The Five Factor Model FFM , which is a taxonomy or a grouping of personality traits that include openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extroversion Additionally, the research seeks to investigate the current status of Chinese residents' self-medication behavior, including the rate of residents' self-medication and the types of drugs they purchased and used by themselves. Particularly, this research concentrates on the related factors of the possibility of taking medical staff's advice as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs, to provide a reference for Chinese government when issuing policies to regulate the self-medication behavior of residents and to promote the rational self-medication behaviors. The survey is based on multi-stage sampling across the country. When selecting cities, all the provincial capital cities of provinces and autonomous regions, as well as municipalities in China were firstly included. Later, the random-number table was applied to randomly select the non-provincial capital cities of all provinces and autonomous regions in the country. Finally, cities were selected within China. Convenience sampling was carried out on the premise of meeting quota requirements. After the completion of the sampling, with the favor of the investigator recruited in each city, the investigation was conducted from 10th July to 15th September Then, after the investigator entered the questionnaire number, respondents would complete the questionnaire by clicking on the link. If the respondents held the ability to think but were not able to act to answer the questionnaire, the investigator would help finish the questionnaire based on the offered answers by the participants. According to the literature, the global population's self-medication rate ranges between Based on the formula, the minimum sample size is if the smaller rate is used for sample size calculation. This study first estimated the self-medication rate of Chinese residents. Then the researcher further analyzed the behavior of residents who had self-medication experience before, and the factors related to the consideration of medical staff's advice when self-medicating. The people with the following features were excluded from the study: 1 limited mobility, clouded in mind or have mental disorders; 2 participating in other similar research; 3 medical workers. Since the purpose of this study is to study the self-medication behavior of the public, medical workers were excluded from this study. Based on the above inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 9, subjects were finally included in this study, and the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was As shown in Figure 1 below. Partial questions from the questionnaire whether the respondents have ever purchased and used OTC drugs on their own; and if so, the types of OTC drugs they choose and the factors to consider while purchasing. This section included two entries one single-choice and two multiple-choice. All items in this section were designed based on the current marketing and sales status of OTC drugs in China, relevant literature, and personal practice experience 27 — Before the finalization of these questions, 2-round of expert consultation were conducted with two expert groups consisting of a panel of eight pharmacists with bachelor's degrees or above, working in secondary or tertiary hospitals. The respondents could make multiple choices based on their experience. The number of available options for respondents ranged from 1 to For each respondent, the option orders for both multiple-choice questions were randomized to reduce potential measurement bias. In , Duong et al. The total Cronbach's alpha for this scale was 0. In this scale, one was the minimum possible value of the mean at this time the minimum value of the index is 0 , three was the range of the mean, and 50 was the maximum value of the index. The higher the index indicated, the higher the level of health literacy of the survey respondents. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha of the short version of the health literacy scale was 0. With reference to relevant literature, this study divided the respondents into two groups based on their health literacy: high group above 33 points and low group 33 points and below 40 , 42 , The scale is based on The Big Five personality model 44 , 45 , BFI was used to measure the personality traits of the respondents. The Cronbach's alphas for each dimension were as follows: 0. The retest reliability for the five dimensions was 0. All the above indicators of reliability are qualified and meet the relevant criteria, which indicates that the BFI has favorable reliability. The scale consisted of 10 items in five dimensions: openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, consciousness, and extraversion, with each dimension containing two items. All questions on the scale were scored on a five-point likert scale, and each subscale was scored out of 10, with higher scores indicating a more pronounced personality trait. With reference to relevant literature, this study divided the respondents into two groups based on their personality traits: high groups 7—10 points and low groups 6 points and below 45 , 48 — In , Hong et al. In , Cha et al. EQ-5D-VAS was a component of the EQ-5D-5L that used the numbers between 0 and to represent survey participants' self-rated health conditions, with representing the best possible health condition and 0 the worst possible health condition With reference to relevant literature, this study divided the respondents into two groups based on their EQ-5D-VAS scores: high groups 81— points and low groups 80 points and below 54 , In , Xiao et al. In , Tinaz et al. Xiao et al. All the above indicators of reliability and validity are qualified and meet the relevant criteria, which indicates that the Chinese version of the NGSES has good reliability and validity. Eight numbers are on the scale 56 , The eight items were all scored using Likert 5-level scoring method. All items were scored positively, ranging from strongly disagree 1 point to strongly agree 5 points ; then scores of each item were accumulated to get the standard score, the higher the standard score, the better the self-efficacy. In this study, the following scores were used to grade the scale: a total scale score between 0 and 30 was considered low self-efficacy; a total score between 31 and 40 was considered high self-efficacy 60 — Before the start of the survey, the current study conducted two rounds of expert consultation and pre-investigation. The questionnaire was revised and finalized based on the suggestions of the pre-investigation and expert consultation. Then the selected investigators were trained on how to distribute questionnaires to respondents and registered their codes one-on-one and face-to-face. Every Sunday evening, the members of the research group communicated with the investigators to summarize, evaluate, and give feedback on the questionnaires they collected. After the questionnaires were collected, two people conducted back-to-back logic checks and data screening. If singular values are found during data analysis, the original questionnaire would be found and checked with the investigator before proceeding to the next step of the analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS The number and percentage of categorical variables were calculated. For normally distributed data, the mean and standard deviation were used for statistical description, and for non-normally distributed data, the median, and interquartile range were used for statistical description. All scale scores were transformed into dichotomous variables with reference to relevant literature, and categorical variables were expressed by frequency composition ratio. Uni-variate binary logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of various pattern of purchased medication where the independent variable was the demographic and sociological characteristics of the respondents and the dependent variable was the type of various drugs; a uni-variate binary logistic regression was used to determine whether the respondents considered the advice of medical personnel as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs uni-variate analysis The independent variables for this part of the analysis included the demographic and sociological characteristics of the respondents and the health literacy scale, the dependent variable was whether the respondents considered the advice of medical personnel as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs on their own. The results of the variable analysis were subgroup analyzed and subgroups were classified according to gender male, female , age 19—35, 35 years, or older , and usual residence urban, rural. The current study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Jinan University approval number: JNUKY , and all participants were fully aware of the study and signed informed consent voluntarily. This indicated that there was no significant common method variance This research included a total of 9, respondents, much larger than the calculated sample size of 1, Of the respondents, The remaining demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. Survey respondents with self-medicated behaviors were chosen for further investigation in this research. Table 2 illustrates the number and proportion of these survey respondents in terms of each type of OCT drug purchased and used. Only 1, respondents used anti-allergy medication without a prescription. Eight hundred ninety-eight respondents had an experience buying and using gynecological medicines, reaching Information on variable assignment for univariate and multivariate analysis is provided in Supplementary Table 1. Adopting binary logistic regression, a univariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of the survey respondents and the types of OTC drugs purchased and used without prescription. The results of the univariate logistic regression on the relationship between other types of drugs and the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents are presented in Supplementary Tables 2—8. One-way binary logistic regression analysis results of NSAIDs, antibacterial drugs, and social demographic characteristics. The percentage of survey respondents who considered a physician advice a decisive factor in purchasing OTC drugs was Five thousand two hundred eleven respondents took the pharmacist's advice into account when buying OTC drugs, reaching a proportion of The present research refers to the methods used in other studies 1 , 65 , whereby the professional advice from physicians and that from pharmacists were merged into the medical staff's advice. Therefore, the percentage of survey respondents who considered medical staff's advice physician's or pharmacist's advice an important factor was A detailed description can be found in Table 4. Since the scores of each scale did not meet the standard of the normal distribution, the median, upper quartiles, and lower quartiles were used to describe the central tendency and dispersion of the scores of each scale. In general, 5, people Also, there were 5, people Detailed information can be seen in Table 6. Single factor analysis for whether survey respondents consider medical staff's advice as an important factor when purchasing OTC drugs. A multivariate binary stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted, taking whether respondents took the advice of medical personnel as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs as the dependent variable, and the demographic and sociological characteristics of respondents and the score grading of each scale all screened by univariate analysis, and related to the dependent variable as the independent variable. According to multifactorial binary stepwise logistic regression, gender, place of residence, the presence of chronic diseases, the Big Five personality ratings of agreeableness, rigor, neuroticism, and openness, health literacy score rating, EQ-5D-VAS scale score rating, and self-efficacy score rating were linked to whether survey respondents considered medical professionals' advice as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs. Stepwise multivariate binary logistic regression results of whether the respondents take the suggestions of medical personnel as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs. The bold values indicate that the value is statistically significant. Pharmacies and community health centers have been facilitating residents' access to OTC drugs. The results of this study indicated that the self-medication rate among Chinese adults was as high as In , Lei et al. The present study was conducted after the breakout of the COVID pandemic, at a time when the pandemic in mainland China was in a sporadic outbreak phase. During this period, the epidemic was disseminated in mainland China including Beijing, Henan, and Jiangsu. There were many people self-quarantined, while several hospitals had introduced policies that patients should be required to provide a negative nucleic acid test result taken within 24 or 48 h to gain entry admission to hospitals Thereby, access to hospitals became difficult, and residents were more likely to self-medicate by purchasing appropriate medicines online or offline when they feel sick. The two most common types of OTC drugs purchased and used by survey respondents in this study were antipyretic analgesics 5, respondents, This result is consistent with the most common self-medications used by residents of Australia and Ethiopia in previous studies 72 , Many studies have found that antipyretic analgesics are currently the most commonly used self-medication drugs in several countries Antipyretic analgesics can not only relieve the symptoms of COVID, but also relieve the headache and fever symptoms of common diseases such as cold, dysmenorrhea, gout, flu, etc. The drugs are commonly used and residents will purchase reserves OTC antipyretic analgesics mainly included non-steroidal antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin tablets and ibuprofen tablets. As suggested, males were more likely to self-purchase and use antipyretic analgesics, which is probably related to males' higher physical workload and less frequency of medical consultations and visits 77 , Residents in eastern China were more likely to have self-purchased such drugs. This tendency could be associated with the lower density of hospitals and pharmacies located in the central and western regions and a comparatively higher development level of primary health care resource allocation in the east than in the central and western China Regarding chronic diseases, this present research has a similar finding to a study conducted in , which found that patients suffering from chronic conditions, particularly chronic pain, used antipyretic analgesics twice as often as those without chronic painful conditions Those with permanent residence in rural areas were more likely to self-purchase this type of OTC drugs. This was probably related to the fact that residents living in rural areas had less access to healthcare resources than in urban areas 80 , People aged 60 years and over were more likely to purchase OTC antipyretic analgesics, possibly due to the high prevalence of chronic pain in this age group 82 , People who had not been to universities degree were more likely to buy antipyretic analgesics, possibly because those with higher education were equipped with more medical-related knowledge and were, therefore, more cautious when deciding to purchase medication on their own Furthermore, the use of antipyretic analgesics could be relevant to one's health condition, whereby people in poorer conditions are more prone to purchase this type of drug 84 , It is pervasive today for pharmacies in China to sell prescription antimicrobials without a prescription, and how to reduce the abuse of antibiotics among the population is consistently an issue worthy of consideration Most of the antimicrobials in OTC drugs were topical antimicrobials e. People with chronic illnesses were more inclined to purchase this type of medicine, and the demand for OTC antimicrobials is higher in this group People with permanent residence in towns and cities were more likely to buy antimicrobials, as this type of resident has more opportunities to buy 88 , given a large number of widely distributed pharmacies in towns and cities Meanwhile, people aged 36—59, 60, and over were more likely to purchase antimicrobials, which was associated with a gradual rise in the use of this type of drugs with aging 77 , The study reveals that in China the fact that the number of people who followed doctors' advice was higher than that of pharmacists was related to the fact that there were more doctors than pharmacists and Chinese residents had higher trust in doctors than in pharmacists From the above case, it could be seen that the traditional concept that doctors took charge of diagnosing patients' medical conditions while pharmacists only dispense drugs based on prescriptions is still widespread in China Additionally, the study shows that in China, on the one hand, the inpatient rarely had a chance to communicate with pharmacists directly; on the other hand, there were no pharmacists in primary medical institutions such as village clinics. In this study, This finding is consistent with the results from a survey of residents of Tallinn, Estonia 92 and a survey in the Iraqi context This result is positive because the self-administration of OTC medications without reliable medication advice from a healthcare provider is likely to increase the risk of adverse drug events. It is demonstrated by the current research that women had a higher frequency of self-medicine than men and they were more likely to consider medical practitioner's advice as an important consideration when purchasing OTC drugs, which consistent with previous conclusions Also, the allocation level of medical resources in central and western China was lower than that of eastern China, further leading to a lower number of medical personnel and medical levels in central and western China than in eastern China. At the same time, there was fewer hospitals and pharmacies in the central and western China In such a case, when self-medicating, residents in central and western China were found to be less likely to consider medical staff's advice as an important consideration than residents of eastern China. At present, China had a large population of chronic diseases and a large demand for OTC drugs Those chronic patients who were mostly the elderly normally required long-term medication and may experience unstable changes in their medical conditions. For them, they were more likely to take the medical staff's advice as an important consideration. A Korean study in investigated the factors that affect the expenditure of OTC drugs and the study showed that the elderly with chronic diseases were exposed to less drug-related knowledge, and thus during the process of taking medicines tended to follow advice of the medical staff Besides, personal traits were found to largely determine the healthy behavior of patients In the field of health psychology, the Big Five personality theory was widely used in different studies. The agreeableness stemmed from socially pleasant behavior, and individuals whose scores were high in this regard would be generous, trusting, and participative 99 , and such groups may have higher levels of trust in medical staff; People with high openness have strong critical thinking skills, were good at analyzing problems and have a thirsty for knowledge ; these groups of people were more likely to consider the suggestions of medical staff and make choices that suit their physical conditions best Consciousness was related to a cautious or vigilant mind state. People with this personal trait usually desired to do one thing well. Therefore, they would make decisions after the comprehensive consideration of many aspects. Neuroticism was about the way individuals deal with negative emotions and behaviors in a complicated situation. People scoring high on this trait were more likely to be worried and would concern about the side effects of the OTC drugs adverse Therefore, they were also the group of people who would regard medical practitioners' advice as an important consideration In , Kamran et al. Health literacy refers to the ability of individuals to obtain and understand general health information and services and based on what they know, to maintain and promote their health People with high health literacy would identify their health problems in a general way and are more likely to consider the advice of medical staff when purchasing OTC medicines Also, people with higher self-health scores paid more attention to their health issues and would more consideration the advice of medical staff when purchasing OTC medicines In , a study by Favel Mondesir showed that self-efficacy also played a positive role in residents' process of deciding and taking drugs High self-efficacy can also promote residents to change their lifestyles based on their illness There was also a high possibility for those people to follow the advice of the medical staff when buying OTC medicines. A resident's reasonable self-medicating behavior is closely linked with advice from medical staff. However, collective actions from the government, drug manufacturers, and medical personnel are needed for regulating residents' self-medication. To ensure the legal sales of non-prescription drugs, authorities such as the State Drug Administration should further formulate and improve relevant laws and regulations to regulate offline and online drug sales, and guide consumers to self-medicate scientifically and rationally. The government in China should also bring further punishment for those who sell fake and inferior drugs, introduce more channels for residents to purchase OTC drugs, and encourage the construction of Internet hospitals and Internet pharmacies. For drug manufacturers, since the drug instruction is a valuable tool to inform the public about drug-taking information, they can further clarify the way to take drugs and the possible side effects within the drug instructions and increase the readability of the instructions by adding pictures or explaining understandably 3. The medical personnel including clinicians, pharmacists, and so on, could enhance their professional knowledge and communication skills and put themselves in the shoes of residents who need to buy drugs for treatment. Those medical staff ought to provide scientific medical information and medical advice and help popularize drug-related knowledge to residents. They should also firmly reject malicious provisions and the promotion of false drug information. For those ordinary people who need medication information, they should gain the related information about OTC drugs through standardized channels. When listening to suggestions from different people, the residents should take the drugs according to their health conditions and corresponding symptoms. More attention from the residents should be paid to reading drug instructions carefully, especially in terms of the drugs' indications, side effects, and how to take drugs One strength of the current study is that the results of the research are based on the analysis from a nationwide cross-sectional survey in , which means the findings are generally extensive and representative. Besides, this investigation analyzed the residents' non-prescription drug purchases from the aspects of personality, self-efficacy, health literacy, and health-related quality of life, which could further increase the application value of the health belief and self-efficacy theories. At the same time, the practical contributions are made by the targeted suggestions for different groups regarding how to conduct self-medicating supervision and how to better spread health-related knowledge to the public. This study has some limitations. First, the data are solely collected from self-reported questionnaires, the result of which may not be totally reliable and could be affected by respondents' social expectations, self-report errors, and poor memory. Second, this study used a cross-sectional design that did not allow for causal inferences. Third, the mechanism of how self-assessed health status, health literacy, personality characteristics, and self-efficacy work together to affect respondents' consideration for purchasing OTC drugs needs further research. Fourth, the participants in this study are all in China, so the conclusion cannot be generalized to other countries. This limitation could be addressed in future studies by ensuring participants hold more diverse backgrounds. In addition, the behavioral characteristics of residents and the important factors considered in OTC drug purchases are likely to change in the next few years. The vast majority of Chinese adults had the tendency to self-purchase and used OTC medicines. The important considerations for residents when purchasing OTC medicines included medical staff's recommendations, drug safety, drug efficacy, and so on. In addition, whether China's residents would take medical staff's advice for consideration when buying OTC medicines was influenced by the residents' sociodemographic characteristics, health literacy, health self-assessment scores, self-efficacy, and personality. The suggestion was when taking OTC medicines, the residents should carefully listen to the advice of professional medical staff, and self-medicated based on their own medical and physical conditions. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. WY: acquisition of data. PG and QL: statistical analysis. LY and YW: obtaining funding and supervision. YW: administrative, technical, or material support. YN: others: language polish. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Public Health. Find articles by Pu Ge. Find articles by Qiyu Li. Find articles by Murong Dong. Find articles by Yuyao Niu. Find articles by Xiao Han. Find articles by Ping Xiong. Find articles by Yuhan Bao. Find articles by Hewei Min. Find articles by Diyue Liu. Find articles by Suqi Wang. Find articles by Jinzi Zhang. Find articles by Ziwei Zhang. Find articles by Wenli Yu. Find articles by Xinying Sun. Find articles by Lian Yu. Find articles by Yibo Wu. Received Oct 19; Accepted Dec 5; Collection date Open in a new tab. Descriptive statistics of important considerations for OTC drug purchase. Click here for additional data file. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Diagnosis of chronic disease. Location within 3 months The control group is eastern China. Chronic disease or not The control group is No. Residential area The control group is rural. Self-assessment of health The control group is low score group. Age range The control group is 19—35 years old. Education The control group is under college degree. Gender The control group is male. Extraversion The control group is low score group. Agreeableness The control group is low score group. Conscientiousness The control group is low score group. Neuroticism The control group is low score group. Openness The control group is low score group. Health literacy The control group is low in health literacy.

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