Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Buying Ecstasy VahdatBuying Ecstasy Vahdat
__________________________
📍 Verified store!
📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!
__________________________
▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼
▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
The news will be fully presented in the December edition of the magazine. Tord Gustavsen is her arranger and pianist, and the other musicians accompanying her are Shervin Mohajer kamancheh and Ali Rahimi percussion. The poems on the record express a big variety of the many aspects of life and love: Devotion, desire, ecstasy, tensions, disappointments, sorrows. The musical idea of the album is to develop the beauty in Persian poetry and the vocal tradition within the framework of a playful meeting between Iranian contemporary instrumental music and a jazz pianist. The album was released internationally from the end of January Mahsa Vahdat is a singer who develops the rich Persian vocal tradition. She brings about both Persian, classical poetry Hafez, Rumi, Saadi, Khayyam and the contemporary one. Together with Marjan Vahdat and other collaborators, Mahsa has done an international career with concerts in many countries in Europe, Asia and America. She will participate in many festivals in Europe, Australia and New Zealand during the coming spring. At the time she works with a new album with no instruments a cappella. After six albums with different kinds of collaboration with her sister Marjan, with the American soul singer Mighty Sam McClain and with the Norwegian choir SKRUK , she now for the first time carries a project under her own name. It contains her own melodies to poems by the classical Iranian poets Khayyam, Hafez and Rumi. The musicians who are accompanying her are Tord Gustavsen on piano and keyboards, Shervin Mohaje r on the Persian string instrument kamancheh and Ali Rahimi on percussion. The poems on the album express a great variation on the many aspects of love and life: devotion, desires, ecstasy, tensions, disappointments and sorrows. The musical idea of the record is to develop the beauty of Persian poetry and vocal tradition within the frame of a meeting between Iranian contemporary instrumental music and a jazz pianist. All the songs are arranged by Tord Gustavsen with whom Mahsa has worked several times before. The album will be released internationally from the end of January Through the year several concerts will happen, it started with a release concert in Kulturkirken Jakob on the 24th of January. Another highlight will happen on the 9th of July when Mahsa, Tord Gustavsen and other musicians will present the repertoire during the Istanbul International Jazz Festival. Mahsa Vahdat has been granted the Freemuse Award Her previous projects have been given great reviews in many countries. Songlines Magazine talks to sisters Mahsa and Marjan Vahdat about living in Iran and coping with the country's music censorship. Read the full interview here: The Sound of Silence. Tune in at 50 min into the programme: World on 3. We use Google Analytics to analyze usage patterns and provide you with a better user and purchasing experience. These capsules link your browser to clicks you make on the page, but are otherwise anonymised. Please note that refusing the use of cookies may. The website uses three levels of cookies. You can adjust your settings at any time. Without them, parts of the website will not work. Frontpage Music. Mahsa Vahdat - Traces of an Old Vineyard. Music - Share release. This website uses cookies We use Google Analytics to analyze usage patterns and provide you with a better user and purchasing experience. Accept Allow only necessary Settings. Accept all cookies. Functionality are cookies that ensure that the website functions as it should. Functional cookies is required for specific functionality on the website. Statistics and analysis allows us to analyze the use of the website and improve the user experience. Marketing allows us to personalize your experience and send you relevant marketing.
Bitcoin Trader Found Guilty Of Money Laundering, Using Bitcoin To Deal Drugs
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited. Neurophysiological and personality concepts, including dopaminergic dysfunction, reward sensitivity and rash impulsivity, each predict the existence of a latent behavioural trait that leads to increased consumption of all stimuli in this class. Whilst bivariate relationships co-morbidities are often reported in the literature, to our knowledge, a multivariate investigation of this possible trait has not been done. We surveyed 1, participants male on their typical weekly consumption of 11 types of reward-oriented stimuli, including fast food, salt, caffeine, television, gambling products, and illicit drugs. Also confirming theoretical predictions, estimated factor loadings on reward-oriented indicators were uniformly positive, regardless of assumptions regarding residual covariances. Additionally, the latent trait was found to be negatively correlated with the non-reward-oriented indicators of fruit and vegetable consumption. The findings support the notion of a single behavioural trait leading to increased consumption of reward-oriented stimuli across multiple modalities. We discuss implications regarding the concentration of negative lifestyle-related health behaviours. Keywords: consumption, latent trait, health behaviour, substance and behavioural addictions, confirmatory factor analysis. Overconsumption, whether economic, dietary, or substance-oriented, is a pressing issue in modern societies, presenting numerous health and social challenges. Psychoactive substances, energy dense food and certain media products tend to provide immediate reward and reinforcement making them amenable to excess use in some individuals. Comorbidities amongst various forms of over-consumption are reported consistently in the literature. Greenburg, Lewis and Dodd report moderate positive co-variance amongst alcohol, television viewing, gambling, Internet use, smoking, caffeine, and chocolate intake. Based on this view, it is reasonable to suggest that a latent behavioural trait does exist, whereby some individuals exhibit tendencies towards high levels of consumption of reward-oriented stimuli across multiple modalities. One plausible argument for this notion is grounded in neurophysiological evidence. Over-consumed resources tend to be artificial products e. Reward Deficiency Syndrome RDS refers to a genetic condition in which individuals develop abnormally low numbers of dopamine receptors. Drug and alcohol abuse Blum, Cull et al. A general disposition towards excess consumption of all forms of reward-oriented stimuli would be consistent with the predictions of the RDS literature. Personality theory, although operating on a different level of description than neurophysiological research, would also predict the existence of a latent behavioural trait that is reflected in positive co-variance amongst a broad range of hedonic consumption experiences. Traits such as impulsivity and sensation seeking are associated with drug and alcohol abuse Chen et al. Some findings suggest that personality traits may predict co-variation in consumption behaviour. For example, rash impulsivity has been found to explain a significant amount of covariance observed between binge eating and alcohol abuse Kane et al. Interestingly, the latter study was conducted on a dopamine deficient sample, highlighting the way in which neurological and personality factors may combine to predict consumption behaviour. Somewhat surprisingly, although it is predicted by several theoretical perspectives, the existence of a behavioural trait marked by greater consumption of reward-oriented stimuli has not yet been tested, using a latent factor approach. If a reward-oriented trait is found to exist in a naturalistic i. The current investigation aimed to test a prediction common to major theories of individual differences in reward-oriented behaviours, namely, whether or not behavioural self-report data supports the existence of a single dimensional trait characterised by increased levels of consumption of a broad class of stimuli. Importantly, we included hedonic stimuli spanning several modalities of consumption: substances, foods, and entertainment. Neurological and personality theories imply three common, and hitherto untested, hypotheses:. H1: Models of the covariance in reward-oriented consumption incorporating a one-dimensional latent trait factor would fit significantly better than models without a latent factor. H2: For latent factor models with freely estimated factor loadings, all loadings of behavioural indicators on the latent factor would be positive. H3: Consumption of non reward-oriented substances should be neutrally or negatively correlated with the latent factor. Testing these predictions requires some care, as covariance between particular indicator pairs e. Furthermore, it is not clear whether or not behaviours classified as reward-oriented might vary in terms of indicating the trait; a distinction that may be captured by comparing models in which factor loadings were either fixed or freely estimated. We therefore take a cautious approach, evaluating the hypotheses repeatedly in the context of three bivariate covariance assumption scenarios — detailed below, and with respect to either fixed or freely estimated factor loadings. Two thousand three hundred and twenty three households were contacted via a computer-assisted phone survey technique, and the final sample comprised 1, adult respondents who completed the whole survey. Three items measure frequency and duration of gambling activities, with one item measuring time spent gambling during a typical day. The CSPG often yields highly skewed results when measured among general population samples due to a relatively small percentage of the population who use casino-style gambling products frequently. Television and Internet use were both measured via four questions directly assessing time spent per both working and non-working day on each activity, e. Since these Internet uses reflect e-mailing and web-surfing activities and social networking also represents time spent online, the variables were standardised and summed for subsequent analyses. All five media items were negatively skewed, therefore each variable was log transformed and standardized prior to aggregation. A short measure of caffeine consumption from all sources including coffee, tea, and energy drinks was developed, as a suitable existing scale could not be identified. A two-item scale was also developed to measure salt intake. This includes drugs such as cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines, etc. Fast food. Meat products. Fruit and vegetables. Two of the three items of the AUDIT-C measure frequency of drinking behaviour, and one item assesses quantity consumed during a typical day when drinking. We used model comparison methods within a confirmatory factor analysis CFA framework to test each of the hypotheses. The primary aim was to test whether or not the introduction of a single latent factor is justified by the multivariate consumption data. It provides a framework for testing our hypotheses by comparing models with and without the latent factor. However, it should be borne in mind that our key comparison is simply that of a model with and without a latent factor, done with different assumptions for additional direct correlations between measures. Models were adjusted independently in two respects: 1 the pattern of bivariate correlations 3 levels , and 2 the inclusion of a latent factor 3 levels , leading to a structured comparison of 9 models in total. The rationale for specifying this structured set of 9 models is described in detail below. The models corresponding to the null hypothesis included no latent factor. In these three models, any correlations between measures were allowed only using direct correlations, either derived from the literature, or determined posthoc from the data. The first alternate model form considered was one in which all behavioural indicators were fixed to have an equal loading on the latent factor tau equivalence. In this case, all behaviours assumed to be equally reliable indicators of the hypothesised trait. The second alternative model allowed the loadings of each indicator to be freely estimated from the data, as per exploratory factor analysis. Thus, in these three models, measures were assumed to vary to the degree to which they were related to the hypothesised latent trait. In all, three forms of latent factor specification were considered: none, fixed, and free. The specification of additional bivariate correlations between indicators affects the fitting of the latent factor. This would assume that all covariance between indicators is due to the latent trait. However, it is more realistic to assume that there is extra correlation between certain indicators above and beyond that explained by a reward-oriented trait. One approach to allowing additional correlations between variables is a priori , by a systematic scan of reported correlations in the literature. For example, based on previous research, alcohol, gambling, and nicotine would be expected to display additional positive covariance due to reports of their common social and environment associations e. A final alternative is to specify extra bivariate correlations in a posthoc manner based on statistical modification criteria on the data at hand. The bivariate correlations included as a result of the literature search and via modification criteria are provided in the appendix. Thus, the latent factor hypothesis was considered in the context of three patterns of direct bivariate correlations: none, a-priori, and post-hoc. All analyses were conducted in the statistical programming environment R R Development Core Team, Distributions were inspected for outliers, missing data, normality, and spread. No outliers were identified and missing data was replaced using a single imputation method. Continuous variables were approximately normally distributed. The recoded and transformed measures comprised a mixture of continuous, ordinal, and binary variables. Accordingly, a heterogeneous correlation matrix was computed using the polycor package, consisting of Pearson product-moment correlations between numeric variables, polyserial correlations between numeric and ordinal variables, and polychoric correlations between ordinal variables Drasgow, The resulting correlation matrix was positive-definite, and initial screening supported further analysis: the KMO measure of sampling adequacy was. The study received Human Research Ethics Committee approval from Central Queensland University and participants provided verbal informed consent preceding the phone survey. Table 1 displays descriptive statistics using untransformed data. Results of a series of non-parametric gender and age comparisons indicated that males reported significantly higher levels of alcohol, salt, fast food and meat intake, and television viewing when compared to females. Female respondents reported significantly higher levels of snacking and social networking. Participants under 46 years of age reported significantly higher fast food, meat, snack, and alcohol intake along with more Internet, social network and television use, while those 46 and above reported significantly higher caffeine intake. Smokers made up Range, mean and standard deviation values for each numeric behavioural variable: Total and by gender and age with non-parametric median comparisons. Age categories based on median split. Table 2 compares fit statistics for the three models tested None, A-priori and Post-hoc. In all three cases chi-square difference tests show that models including a latent factor were a significantly better fit to the data when compared to models specifying correlations alone. Item loadings on the latent factor when free to vary were all positive 1 see Table 3 , indicating that the latent factor positively predicts alcohol, drug, cigarette, fast food, snack, television, Internet, gambling product, caffeine, salt and meat consumption. In addition, Pearson Product-moment correlations show that fruit and vegetable intake is negatively associated with the latent factor in each case. Comparison of fit-statistics for each of the models tested and correlations between fruit and vegetable intake and latent factors. Unstandardized and Standardised estimates for the models where loadings were free to vary on the latent factor. Chi-square difference tests revealed that models in which the loadings were free to vary were a significantly better fit to the data when compared to models where loadings were fixed see Table 2. Figure 1 provides visual representation to further illustrate this. RMSEA values reflect the degree of misfit in the proposed model with values less than. Confidence intervals suggest that in the None and A-priori scenarios, allowing loadings to vary on the latent factor, did not significantly improve model fit, and in the Post-hoc scenario the improvement was marginal. Parameter estimates for the first model were assessed separately by gender and age see Table 3 in the Appendix. In all cases, factor loadings were uniformly positive and of similar magnitude, with only some exceptions. The current study aimed to investigate the existence of a single dimensional trait characterised by higher levels of consumption of a range of rewarding stimuli. Our first two predictions were supported in that 1 The inclusion of a latent factor significantly improved model fit over the null model in all three covariance contexts, and 2 When free to vary, all reward-oriented indicators loaded positively on the latent factor. This demonstrates that a proportion of positive co-variance amongst the consumption of alcohol, drugs, cigarettes, fast food, snacks, TV, Internet, gambling products, caffeine, salt, and meat may be attributed to a latent trait. Negative associations between fruit and vegetable intake and the latent factor suggest that the trait is specific to certain types of stimuli e. With reference to Figure 1 , it may be seen that allowing factor loadings to vary produced a relatively small improvement in model fit over a model in which loadings were constrained to be homogenous, as compared to the improvement over the null model. This implies that the indicators were somewhat homogenous in terms of indicating the trait. Whilst all indicators may be construed as being hedonic, sensation-rich, appetitive, or rewarding; only some indicators can be thought of as being clearly addictive. Given the relative fit of the homogenous models, this lends credence to interpreting the latent trait in terms of an attraction to reward-oriented stimuli, rather in terms of possessing an orientation towards illicit substances. Given that only a minor subset of the indicators e. Previous research has noted associations amongst addiction to stimuli such as television, caffeine, alcohol and chocolate Greenberg et al. The findings of the present study are in line with these previous observations regarding addiction, in which the common factor among the over-consumed stimuli appears to be in delivering immediate and relatively un-effortful, dopamine-driven rewards. From a neurophysiological perspective, variation between individuals could be the result of dopamine malfunction, which has been found to cause various forms of excess consumption including alcohol abuse, binge eating, problem gambling and Internet addiction; Bergh et al. It is thought that dopamine pathways originally evolved to reinforce resource acquisition and ingestion behaviours that promote survival in a resource-scarce environment. This reasoning applies to addiction at a pathological level as well as more common instances of mild to moderate over-consumption in the general population. It is unclear as to the degree to which Reward Deficiency Syndrome may be applied to understand normal individual variation in susceptibility to overconsumption of supernormal stimuli. Nevertheless, the results of this study are consistent with an interpretation in terms of individual variability in the functioning of dopaminergic pathways. This is supported particularly with respect to the latent factor being associated with a variety of stimuli with exaggerated reward properties, but being negatively associated with the intake of natural stimuli i. A logical next step may be to develop a measure of trait reward-oriented behaviour and examine its associations with dopamine functioning. Current findings also support predictions made by personality theory. Reward sensitivity theory suggests that some individuals demonstrate heightened approach toward appetitive stimuli Gray, In line with the present findings, a general tendency toward over-consumption could be a direct behavioural outcome for highly reward sensitive individuals. Similar predictions are made regarding highly impulsive or sensation seeking individuals Benson et al. Furthermore, research demonstrates a mediating effect of impulsivity on the relationship between addictive behaviours Evans et al. It may be that the latent factor revealed in the current study is explained by impulsivity. Reward sensitivity, impulsivity and sensation seeking are somewhat distinct, but tend to be moderately associated Dawe et al. A clear delineation of the unique contributions of differing personality traits as well as a latent underlying consumptive trait remains to be explored. In models where parameters were free to vary, some items exhibited only minimal loadings on the latent factor. Residual covariance reflects the way in which many of the behaviours are likely to be associated for a variety of different reasons. In addition, parameter estimates for the None and Post-hoc models are similar, whereas items exhibit different loadings on the latent factor in models based on addiction research i. This could reflect the way in which variables measured using addiction scales yield varying results when compared to variables using general consumption measures, an important consideration in future research. Appropriate existing scales were not available for many of the behavioural items measured e. Many of the variables were measured using just one or two novel items, making reliability and validity difficult to assess. We also acknowledge that many other behaviours, not measured, may prove to be reliable indicators of the latent trait e. It is important to acknowledge that the latent factor describes only a small amount of variance in many of the behavioural variables. Furthermore, our interpretation of the latent factor is speculative. It is recognised that many explanations for shared co-variance amongst our measures exist above and beyond the personality and neuropsychological theories mentioned. Other personality traits, environmental factors, mental health, and perceptions and motivations surrounding healthfulness are some examples of plausible reasons for individual variance in consumption behaviour. The current research was motivated by personality and neurophysiological theories that predict the existence of a latent trait indicated by increased consumption of a variety of reward-oriented stimuli in daily life. The results support the existence of such a trait, and further that the common stimulus characteristics are that of delivering an immediate and unmediated reward directly via dopaminergic pathways. The behavioural trait towards reward-oriented stimuli appears to be manifested across multiple modalities i. This represents the first study to investigate shared co-variance amongst the consumption of a broad range of products in everyday life in terms of a latent behavioural trait, and also one of few to measure frequency of general consumption behaviour in an adult, non-clinical sample. Increased consumption of the stimuli considered here can result in negative health outcomes. Individuals who tend towards excessive consumption of one form of stimulus will be more likely to consume a variety of other reward-oriented stimuli. This has important practical implications for population health. BG conducted literature searches, took part in the analysis and wrote the first full draft of the paper. MB conducted the main analysis and was instrumental in editing content. MR and PD assisted in developing the research question and contributing to the manuscript preparation. A literature search was conducted for cross-sectional studies that reported bivariate regression or correlation relationships between the variables considered in this study. These were then specified as direct correlations in the A-priori correlation model. The variables and citations are given below in Appendix Table 1. Associations amongst reward-oriented behaviours in the literature. Basis for A-priori direct correlation specification. The Post-hoc group of models were those in which the direct correlation matrix was specified by the data at hand in a stepwise process using modification indices, in a model which included a latent factor with freely estimated loadings. Specifically, correlation inclusion was based on the largest expected parameter change of the chi-square statistic. The process was stopped when adding of an additional degree of freedom would result in a non-significant chi-square change. Note that this mode of correlation specification is vulnerable to over-fitting due to sampling variability. Therefore, the generally improved fit of Posthoc models as compared to A-priori specification should not be interpreted. Funding for this study was provided by an internal institutional grant. The funder played no role in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Behav Addict. Do gamblers eat more salt? Find articles by Belinda C Goodwin. Find articles by Matthew Browne. Find articles by Matthew Rockloff. Find articles by Phillip Donaldson. Open in a new tab. For full references from table refer to reference list in manuscript. Direct correlations included in the Post-hoc scenario for fixed and free to vary factor loadings. Item factor loadings for the first model displayed separately by gender and age groups. Under 46 46 and over Male Female Alcohol. Large discrepancies mentioned in main text are bolded. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Greenberg et al. Bachman et al. Petry,
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Do gamblers eat more salt? Testing a latent trait model of covariance in consumption
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Do gamblers eat more salt? Testing a latent trait model of covariance in consumption
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Buy Cannabis online in Haapsalu
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Buy marijuana online in Temerloh
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat
Buying Ecstasy Vahdat