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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Europe and the global cocaine trade. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

Networks of Discontent in Northern Morocco

Buying Ecstasy Tangier

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Its mission is: to collect and report information on drugs to meet national and international obligations; to provide information that will enable the Government to formulate anti-drug policies and measures; and to provide information to the general public. In the Observatory published a first National report on the drug situation in Morocco. E-mail addresses have been inserted in a way discouraging spam. Please replace \[a\] by before actually using any of the e-mail addresses. Key national figures and statistics. Contact information for our focal point. This summary was prepared based on Toufiq, J. The content does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union and has not been subject to the usual EMCDDA data verification procedures. In a national population survey on the prevalence of mental disorders and drug addiction was carried out among sample of 6 people aged 15 and older. It indicates that about 4. Cannabis was the most frequently used illicit substance in the last 12 months. The use of psychoactive substances was more prevalent among males and in rural areas. It has been adapted to the context of Mediterranean countries and surveys to year-old schoolchildren. The sample of the latest study was 5 The study indicates that cannabis use is more prevalent among males than females. Thus 9. The comparison between the and studies indicates an overall decline in cannabis use among to year-olds, with the exception of current cannabis use among males. Thus 5. The MedSPAD survey confirms that tobacco is the most widely used psychoactive substance among school-aged children. Although the use of psychoactive substances among to year-olds is more prevalent among males in general, the prevalence of benzodiazepines misuse is mainly confined to females. Prevention is a major component of the National Strategy Against Addiction —16, which addresses addiction caused by all psychoactive substances. The strategy calls for: the development of prevention and healthy lifestyle promotion programmes based on international best practices; the enhancement of early detection and diagnosis of addictive disorders; the promotion of multi-sectorial cooperation, and cooperation with voluntary associations non-governmental organisations ; and ensuring monitoring evaluation and research into prevention. The Ministry of Health has been the key player since in terms of planning the prevention policy via various strategic documents. It promotes targeted actions for young people, adults and vulnerable groups, with a significant focus on the implementation of a social communication strategy. Schools remain a key location in preventing addictive behaviour among children, and prevention activities in schools are integrated within the wider context of health education. Teacher-led counselling units have been established in some schools. Many schools cooperate with voluntary associations in the implementation of various prevention campaigns. In the Organisation for the Prevention of Addiction, created in , piloted Unplugged , an internationally recognised universal school-based prevention programme, in Moroccan schools. The Moroccan Society Against Tobacco and Drugs mainly implements awareness-raising events and campaigns on tobacco and drugs. The Moroccan Organisation to Foster Listening and Dialogue, created in , also implements awareness-raising and training activities on psychoactive substances and communicable diseases, and encourages alternative leisure activities for schoolchildren. There are several other specialised prevention centres operating in the country that, similar to the voluntary associations, mainly implement awareness-raising activities and capacity development. Details are available on the problem drug use key indicator page. Several studies have been carried out to assess high-risk drug use practices in Morocco. This study confirmed that about three-quarters of drug users have injected drugs at least once in their life, with heroin and cocaine being the most frequently injected substances. The study also indicated rather high prevalence of risky injecting practices and sexual behaviour among drug users. While the prevalence of injecting was lower among female drug users, the study confirmed that females who inject drugs are doing it in more risky way than males, and that female drug users have less access to treatment services. The existing data from the second component of this study, performed in , indicate that heroin is the most frequently used injectable substance among drug users in Nador and Al Hoceima. Morocco is a pioneering country in its provision of abstinence-based and pharmacological treatment to drug users in the Maghreb region; however, a national data collection on treatment clients has not yet been established. Nevertheless, two existing inpatient and seven outpatient units have their own registration systems in place. The Ministry of Health has recently launched various projects to create an integrated data collection system that would facilitate data gathering and reporting for national and international purposes. The treatment demand indicator protocol is being considered for adaptation and implementation in Morocco. Morocco is considered a low prevalence country for HIV, with concentrated epidemics among female sex workers, men who have sex with men, injecting drug users and migrants. It is estimated that about 6. Injecting drug use and heroin use are concentrated in the northern provinces on the Mediterranean coast. The proximity of this region to south European countries and the high mobility of drug users between Morocco and these countries, where HIV and hepatitis C virus HCV prevalence has been fairly high among injectors, is one specific societal factor increasing the vulnerability of Moroccan drug users to drug-related infections. In the north of Morocco the cities of Tangier, Tetouan, Nador and Al Hoceima have been most affected by injecting drug use, although the situation with spread of drug-related infectious diseases seems to be rather variable among them. The first study of HIV risks among people who inject drugs was carried out in on a sample of injecting drug users. Almost half of respondent re-used needles. A follow-up to the study was conducted in , along with the first seroprevalence study using the snowball sampling technique in Nador and Al Hoceima. The same study revealed that about three-quarters of drug users shared their injecting equipment with others. In the respondent-driven sampling study among injecting drug users in Tangier revealed HIV prevalence rates at 0. The studies also indicated that unprotected and high-risk sex, misconceptions about the transmission of HCV, the mobility of drug users and a lack of access to sterile injecting equipment from pharmacies fuel the spread of HIV and HCV among drug users and to their sexual partners. Although Morocco is a pioneering country in the provision of abstinence-based and pharmacological treatments to drug users in the Maghreb region, access to addiction care is hampered by a lack of sufficient human resources and facilities. However, there are plans to expand the care services in coming years, and also to create special and more integrated services with a focus on under-served groups, such as female drug users and young people who use drugs. Detoxification, aftercare and rehabilitation are provided through specialised addiction centres. In the areas where there is no specialised care, detoxification treatment and follow-up care is provided by general hospitals and psychiatric departments. However, the Ministry of Health aims to set up 14 addiction treatment units by in other regions of the country. Furthermore, the Ministry aims to improve the medical care of drug users, strengthen the treatment network, create specialist mobile units in the university hospitals and promote youth health services offering psychiatric consultations in five cities. The National Strategy Against Addiction —16 prescribes the opening of specialised addiction hospital units in four cities. There are no unified standards for drug treatment in Morocco and each treatment centre provides its own programmes, which are variable in length and content. However, these programmes usually have a period within which withdrawal is managed, and this is followed by psychosocial care and occupational therapy. A client is admitted to its care after comprehensive evaluation by a team of experts. The duration of inpatient treatment varies between one and three months. Inpatient treatment includes the management of withdrawal symptoms and individualised therapy based on substances of use, symptoms and needs. Inpatient care is followed by a second evaluation, after which the client is usually referred to psychosocial care, which includes therapy to prevent relapses and occupational therapy. Another regional addiction centre is the Department on Substance Dependence at Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca, which mainly provides outpatient care, while inpatient care is also possible 10 beds in total. The duration of inpatient treatment varies between one and three months, during which clients have access to occupational therapy and various leisure activities. Any contacts with family or friends are discouraged during the treatment period. The programme started with methadone maintenance treatment MMT , as the medication was placed on the Ministry of Health list of essential medicines in The programme envisaged daily on-site visits and supervised intake of methadone. More flexible dispensation procedures were only allowed for stabilised patients, and those in well-established programmes. There are plans to increase the provision of services to 2 clients by Currently, MMT programmes are available through specialised addiction centres, while there are plans to expand the network of specialists and clinics that can prescribe and administer MMT. The concept of harm reduction was first integrated in the National Strategy Against Drug Addiction —10, which called for the provision of prevention services targeting active drug users without the imposition of drug use cessation. This objective was further reflected in the first Action Plan on Harm Reduction — The National Strategic Plan for Combating AIDS —16 calls for the strengthening and expansion of harm reduction measures to people who inject drugs, including the provision of OST to the public in addition to those in prison settings. The existing National Action Plan for Reducing HIV Risks Among Injecting Drug Users —16 aims to ensure access to high-quality combined prevention measures, OST treatment and combined medical and psychosocial treatments services, and to optimise coordination and management of risk reduction at the national and local levels. The first harm reduction programme incorporating needle and syringe exchange was established in Tangier in by the Support Association for the Hasnouna Medico-Psychological Center. The services were provided in a fixed-location centre and via a mobile unit. Afterwards, the programme was expanded to Teouan in a mobile unit , Nador in a mobile unit , Oujda and El Hoceima. The Mohammed V Foundation for Solidarity, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Interior, has established seven harm reduction centres across the country. A harm reduction programme without a needle and syringe exchange component has also been implemented in Rabat, Marrakech, and Casablanca. The range of services provided by harm reduction facilities includes distribution of injection kits and collection of used needles and syringes, distribution of condoms, awareness raising and education, and social support. The evaluation of the first Action Plan on Harm Reduction —11 indicated significant achievements in the development of services for the people who inject drugs. It was suggested that the experience of Morocco might serve as a model for other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. A resource and training centre on drug-related harm reduction was set up in with the aim of building further national capacity as well as the capacity of specialists from the Maghreb region and other French-speaking African countries. It is estimated that over the period —11 a total of 3 people who inject drugs were reached by the prevention activities and about needles were distributed. Cannabis cultivation and production in Morocco have developed over the last decade, despite it being illegal. Morocco remains one of the main cannabis-producing countries in the world, with Europe being the most important market for herbal cannabis and cannabis resin. These are produced mainly in the north of the country, between the Rif Mountains and the Mediterranean coast. These efforts have led to a significant reduction in cannabis growing areas between and It is estimated that in the area covered by cannabis crops has been reduced to 47 hectares down from hectares in However, recent research 1 indicates that, meanwhile, cannabis production in Morocco has gone through significant transformation, which, as a result, has enabled the production of cannabis plants with higher resin yields and THC content. Spain is the main gateway for Moroccan cannabis to the European market, by fast boats, fishing vessels and private yachts. Some more sophisticated means of trafficking, such as helicopters, are also used. Traffickers continue to smuggle drugs through the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and through the port of Tangiers. Some of the cannabis produced in Morocco is directly shipped to the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, mainly by cargo ships. However, there is some indication that some of the cocaine smuggled from Latin America remains in the country and that the local market for it is growing. Regarding seizures, cannabis is the main drug seized in Morocco; however, since the Government has reported a decrease in the amount seized. In a total of tons of kif 2 was seized, and in the same year tons of cannabis resin was seized, while in the following years the amount of kif and resin seized has decreased considerably. However, in two large seizures of more than 2 kg of cannabis resin were made in the north of the country. Table 2. Quantity of drugs seized by Customs and the Indirect Taxation Authority in and kg. Drugs are also seized by the police, mainly in operations against drug use and possession, and when tackling drug trafficking in the proximity of educational settings. These amounts have remained relatively small. According to the National report, in there were 49 drug-law offences for all, licit and illicit substances. In a total of 61 persons were prosecuted for drug-related crimes. The vast majority of the crimes and persons prosecuted were related to cannabis resin and kif. Three categories of substances are recognised: toxic substances Table A , narcotic substances Table B and dangerous substances Table C. The Order of the Minister of Public Health lists all licit and illicit drugs, and was last updated in When Morocco gained independence from France in it inherited the anti-drug legislation that had been set up during the French protectorate, including the Dahir prohibiting kif hemp. The legislation remained unchanged for almost twenty years. The Criminal Code of Morocco, adopted in , was the first post-independence legislation. The main legislative instrument is the Dahir law on the suppression of drug addiction no. The law identifies three categories of offences: use, incitement and trafficking. Possession and the use of substances or plants classified as narcotics, and the fact of facilitating the use of these substances or plants by any means, are punished. Drug use remains a criminal offence in Morocco. However, on average, drug traffickers are sentenced to imprisonment of between 8 and 10 years. Article 8 of the Law on the Suppression of Drug Addiction sets out the possibility for criminal proceedings to be cancelled in cases where an offender submits to drug treatment. In practice, however, this provision in Article 8 is rarely applied. One of the predominant concerns surrounding the fight against drug production and trafficking in Morocco is to intercept the funds generated by these illegal activities. Therefore, a series of anti-money laundering legislative initiatives are in force to monitor suspicious financial transactions, which may be linked to illegal activities, including drug trafficking. Moreover, the country is continuously developing its anti-money laundering and anti-corruption legislative institutional framework, working closely with the Council of Europe, the Financial Action Task Force and Middle East and North Africa Financial Action task force on these matters. The National Strategy Against Psychoactive Substances, in place since , is geared towards supply reduction, suppressing both trafficking and demand, and putting in place measures to promote alternative development. The current National Strategy Against Addiction —16 aims to raise awareness about the harmful effects of psychoactive substances among young people, improve the quality of care and access to care for drug users, build the capacity of treatment providers, specialists and professionals, encourage broad public—private partnerships in developing new rehabilitation facilities and reduce the risks associated with drug use. It has four strategic objectives:. It is composed of representatives from various ministerial departments responsible mainly for the medical and social fields and law enforcement. The main mission of the commission is to control licit psychoactive substances, supress the cultivation of and trade and trafficking in illicit drugs, and to elaborate the drug use prevention policy in the country. The Anti-Drugs Coordination Unit was set up in and aims to improve coordination among different departments responsible for law enforcement and a national Narcotics Commission. Toufiq, J. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. Unemployed persons comprise those aged 15—74 who were: a without work during the reference week; b currently available for work; c actively seeking work. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Morocco country overview Kingdom of Morocco country overview of the drug situation, Last updated. On this page Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-induced deaths and mortality Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs Additional sources of national information. Disclaimer This summary was prepared based on Toufiq, J. Drug use among the general population and young people In a national population survey on the prevalence of mental disorders and drug addiction was carried out among sample of 6 people aged 15 and older. Table 1. Males Females Lifetime use No nationwide studies on the size of high-risk groups have been conducted so far in Morocco. Treatment demand Morocco is a pioneering country in its provision of abstinence-based and pharmacological treatment to drug users in the Maghreb region; however, a national data collection on treatment clients has not yet been established. Drug-related infectious diseases Morocco is considered a low prevalence country for HIV, with concentrated epidemics among female sex workers, men who have sex with men, injecting drug users and migrants. Drug-induced deaths and mortality At present there is no national register containing data on drug-related mortality in Morocco. Treatment responses Although Morocco is a pioneering country in the provision of abstinence-based and pharmacological treatments to drug users in the Maghreb region, access to addiction care is hampered by a lack of sufficient human resources and facilities. Harm reduction responses The concept of harm reduction was first integrated in the National Strategy Against Drug Addiction —10, which called for the provision of prevention services targeting active drug users without the imposition of drug use cessation. Drug markets and drug-law offences Cannabis cultivation and production in Morocco have developed over the last decade, despite it being illegal. National drug strategy The National Strategy Against Psychoactive Substances, in place since , is geared towards supply reduction, suppressing both trafficking and demand, and putting in place measures to promote alternative development. It has four strategic objectives: reduction of demand; the treatment of persons suffering from addiction by developing treatment facilities and training human resources; reducing the risks associated with injecting drug use; monitoring and evaluating the National Strategy Against Addiction — Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs The National Commission on Narcotic Drugs was set up by the Dahir of 3 October amended by no. Additional sources of national information Toufiq, J. Sabir, M. Gross domestic product 2 per inhabitant. Number of prisoners per of population 4.

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