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Buying Ecstasy Kermanshah

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. There is cultural support for opium in Iran, and also there is cultural tolerance for tobacco smoking, especially as water pipe smoking, in Iranian families. Alcohol, opium, and cannabis are the most frequently used illicit drugs, but there are new emerging problems with anabolic steroids, ecstasy, and stimulant substances, such as crystal methamphetamine. There is serious drug abuse problem among Iranian high school students. It could be due to role-modeling by parents — mainly fathers — and also cultural tolerance of some substances. Early onset of tobacco smoking, with a daily use rate between 4. Use of all types of drugs, except prescription drugs, is more prevalent among boys. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance, with a lifetime rate of at least 9. Lifetime rates of opiate use — mostly opium — were between 1. As drug abuse is a frequent problem among Iranian high school students, it is necessary to design and implement drug prevention programs to protect them. Such programs, including life skills training and drug education, have been operating in recent years for Iranian students from kindergarten to the university level. There is a long history of opium use in Iran. Opium use as a recreational substance has been recorded for more than four centuries. One of the first scientific descriptions of opium use in Iran was written by Dr. Jacob Eduard Polak — , a Jewish Austrian physician who worked in Iran between and 1 among teachers of the first Iranian medical school. It is not forbidden and every Iranian who can afford its cost uses it daily. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for initiation of drug use 2 , and younger age at first drug use significantly increases the likelihood of more serious drug problems 3. Iran has the highest rate of abuse of opiates in the world 6 , 7. In recent years, there has been increased use of heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and ecstasy. There is no direct standard survey for finding the prevalence of drug abuse in Iran. But there are surveys that help in estimating the drug use situation. The last nationwide survey of drug use in Iran, carried out in , was a rapid situational assessment RSA This study is based on interviews with drug abusers in treatment centers, the justice department system and prisons, as well as interviews with key informants. It is not a household survey and, therefore, interpretation of the data should consider their limitations. Unpublished data from this survey 8 showed that there are 1. Although traditional drugs of abuse in Iran are opium and cannabis, in recent years there has been more use of heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and ecstasy. In RSA , it is shown that The use of drugs by parents is a particular concern, as parental drug use is a risk factor for offspring Evidence has shown that family environment and mental health are inter-related in opiate addicts Spousal 13 and child abuse 14 are more frequent in drug abusers than the general population. Regarding age in this study, Main substances of use were opium all forms in Comparing these results with a previous RSA in , which found that the main substance was opium at This is the first time in the history of drug use in Iran that heroin use is more prevalent than opium use. Heroin is usually smoked, sniffed, or injected. In RSA , the usual way of drug use for Although the average Iranian drug-dependent person is likely to be married and employed, the average Iranian injection drug user is more likely to be unemployed and single or divorced RSA has shown that, compared with previous reports, there has been a decrease in cannabis use and an increase in crystal methamphetamine use as the main substance used among the total population of drug abusers. Crystal methamphetamine was the main substance in 3. In this article, we review published papers in international and domestic journals as well as existing unpublished data describing substance use by young people in Iran. There are four main studies on drug abuse in high school students in different parts of the country. Drug abuse in these studies is considered to be the use of any illicit substances, including alcohol, cannabis, opiates opium and heroin , ecstasy, and methamphetamine. Information about tobacco use is also included in these studies. In , Ziaaddini et al. This city is near the eastern border with Pakistan and Afghanistan and has a traditionally high rate of drug abuse. In this study Kerman Study , the rate for lifetime use of drugs in high school students was Also In another study, conducted in in Zanjan, a city in the northwest of the country Zanjan study , lifetime prevalence of drug abuse in high school students was The rate was significantly higher among boys than girls In this study, poor school performance, depression, and cigarette-smoking parents were associated with higher rates of drug abuse. Ahamdi and Hasani 21 in Shiraz — a large city located in the southern part of the country Shiraz study — have found rates of lifetime use and current use of drugs to be significantly higher among boys than among girls. In this study, pleasure seeking, modeling, and tension release were the most common reasons for drug use. In a study in Tabriz — another city in the northeast Tabriz study — among male high school students, There are two usual ways of using tobacco among Iranian adolescents: cigarette smoking and a water pipe. The latter has been a common practice for centuries, mostly in the Middle East, but its use appears to be widespread among high school students even in the United States 23 and European countries In the Zanjan study 20 , a history of water pipe tobacco smoking in high school students was twice that of cigarette smoking In Iran, like in most of the Middle Eastern and Islamic countries, there are traditional taboos and social behavioral limitations for girls. For example, in the Zanjan study 20 , lifetime history of cigarette smoking was more than three times higher for boys than for girls, but the sex difference for water pipe smoking was less see Table 1. It seems that smoking a water pipe is more tolerable in families compared with cigarettes, and its use does not bring the same degree of negative stigma for girls. One study in Lebanon has also shown a sex difference in cigarette smoking but not for water pipe smoking Smoking a water pipe is a socially acceptable practice for adolescents in Iran 20 , other Middle East countries 25 — 28 , and in western countries, even for athletes, who are traditionally considered at low risk for tobacco use 29 , and it appears acceptable for both boys and girls. Regular daily cigarette smoking was more prevalent than water pipe smoking The prevalence of daily smoking ranged from 4. There is also a study of middle school students grade 7 , with a mean age of 13 years, which shows 7. Although the purchasing of cigarettes is not allowed in Iran for people under the age of 18, clearly for many youth, the age of smoking onset is much younger. Age of smoking onset was Also there are studies that have shown an association between smoking and mental 35 and physical disorders In Iran, alcohol is considered an illicit drug and its use is banned for all age groups. Unfortunately this situation does not prevent its use among adolescents, and, in fact, alcohol is the most common illicit substance among Iranian high school students, especially among boys 20 — Two studies in Kerman have shown lifetime prevalences for alcohol between In RSA , in a cross-country study, the mean age of first alcohol use was In a study among high-risk grade 11students in Tehran, The rate of alcohol use was similar to the rate for tobacco smoking and much more than the rate for any other substance. In the Zanjan study, the lifetime history of alcohol use was 9. The rate was significantly lower in girls 3. In this study, 16 boys out of 6. Although alcohol consumption is illegal in Iran it is banned by Islam and unlike many other countries there is no alcohol advertising 39 to promote use by youth , it is customary to have alcohol at various parties and ceremonies. In the Kerman study, It seems that there is a tolerant atmosphere in these situations even for adolescents regarding alcohol use. In the Kerman study, among those students with lifetime experience of alcohol use, Whereas there is no comparative study between Muslims and other religious groups in Iran, some studies in Iran have shown that there is more tolerance for alcohol consumption among Christians than among Muslims Iran has a long border with Afghanistan, the biggest producer of opium in the world, and opium use has a centuries-old tradition in Iran Although there is negative stigma for heroin use, there is a traditional supporting culture for opium. In a household survey of people aged 15 and over, As Agahi and Spencer reported nearly three decades ago, the problem for Iranian adolescents is exposure to role models of drug abuse; such models are more likely to be an adult family member than an adolescent peer, a reversal of what is usually found in western countries Modeling is the second most common reason for drug use in the offspring of opium dependents Lifetime prevalence of opium and heroin use was 1. In this study, none of the high school students were current opiate users Ahmadi et al. In Kerman study, one fourth to one third of high school students who had lifetime experience of opiate use — opium or heroin — were daily users of it Although there is no cross-country study of youth drug use, it seems that the southeastern parts of the country, which border Pakistan and Afghanistan, show larger numbers of opioid users. In all studies, the rate of heroin use was far lower than the rate of opium use Table 2. Studies on the epidemiology of drug use in Iran show that all drugs are used more often by males than females 19 — 22 , The situation is the same for high school students. The Zanjan study reported that the lifetime prevalences of opium and heroin use in male students were 3. None of female students had a lifetime history of opium or heroin use. In the Kerman study, among high school students, lifetime history of opium use rates were The numbers for heroin use were 5. Cannabis is used in Iran in both the form of grass marijuana and hashish. Studies have reported lifetime history of cannabis use at 0. The Zanjan study showed a 2. The rate was 5. In the Kerman study, lifetime history of cannabis use was 8. Prevalence of daily cannabis use in this study was reported as 3. There is a lack of studies on methamphetamine or cocaine. Although the four most common substances used by high school students in Iran are tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and opium 19 — 22 , there have been some studies in recent years about other substances. Rates of lifetime and daily use of prescription sedatives mostly benzodiazepines were 2. In the Zanjan study, lifetime use rates for prescription narcotic drugs, including codeine and tramadol, were 9. Codeine is usually supplied and consumed as codeine-containing pain-killer tablets that mostly also contain acetaminophen. Both acetaminophen-codeine tablets and tramadol tablets are prescription drugs, but some pharmacies sell them without a prescription. Actually there are reports that acetaminophen-codeine tablets are one of the best selling drugs in Iran. Significant rates of use of prescription drugs by girls, who report very low rates of illicit drug use, suggest that prescription drug use is less stigmatized than illicit drug use. It is also an important concern that, like in other countries 47 , many users of these tablets are also abusing other substances. In the Zanjan study, the rate of lifetime and daily use of anabolic steroids was 6. Lifetime anabolic use was Shakeri et al. Sepehri et al. The prevalence of ecstasy use among 15—year-old people in Tehran was In another study on ecstasy use among high school students in Lahijan in the north of Iran, 2. The rate in boys 3. There is also one study that has shown that a large number of ecstasy users were high school or university students There are a large number of studies that have shown that various mental health disorders can be concordant with drug abuse problems. Zanganeh 53 stated that social isolation and lower socio-economic status can be associated with psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse. Emami et al. The frequency of such problems was higher in girls than in boys. Alcohol and drug use can be associated with high risk sexual behavior 55 and other risk-taking behaviors in Iranian adolescents 56 and can be a risk factor for HIV transmission. There is evidence that substance-using adolescents in Iran 19 and other countries 57 have greater psychological dysfunction. Childhood and family adverse events are also associated with more drug abuse problems in Iran and other countries 58 — Drug abuse is also reported in association with impulsivity 30 and delinquent antisocial behaviors in Iran 22 as well as other countries 61 — Adolescent drug use in Iran shows co-morbidity with mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety disorders. The Zanjan study, using the Beck depression inventory, found that Pathological anxiety was also more prevalent in high school students with a history of drug abuse, but it did not reach the significance threshold. Drug abuse also has been shown to be associated with academic problems There are very important drug problems among youth in Iran. As drug abuse and addiction are biopsychosocial problems, we should keep in mind relevant cultural factors and co-morbidities. It seems that parents and schools fail to play a significant role in primary prevention in Iran, and families in which the father is a drug user pose a very significant risk factor. Nearly half of drug-using university students in one study had been familiar with drugs since their adolescence Considering this fact and also the rule that earlier first drug use leads to more drug problems later in life, it is necessary to initiate preventive programs as early as possible. Adaptive motivational structure is important 67 , and it has been shown that behavioral control can help Iranian adolescents to resist drugs There are youth and family counseling programs in Iran that can be effective for behavior problems and, as DeJong et al. Although in Iran there are not yet comprehensive family-based or school-based drug prevention programs as in developed countries, some recent programs appear promising. Such programs include drug related life-skills training in kindergartens and primary schools, life skills training and drug education packages in high schools and universities, and parenting skills training programs promoting family bonding. Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as:. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Psychiatry. Find articles by Saeed Momtazi. Find articles by Richard A Rawson. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Curr Opin Psychiatry. Cigarette Water pipe Girls Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Ziaaddini et al. Mohammadpoorasl et al. Nakhaee et al. Momtazi et al.

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Buying Ecstasy Kermanshah

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author: Mohammad Hossain Mehrolhassani, mhmhealth kmu. Study concept and design: A. B, and M. Administrative, technical, and material support: All Authors. One of the critical factors affecting chronic diseases is the use of drugs, especially industrial substances, such as methamphetamine. Methamphetamine use is increasingly common among the younger members of society. Methamphetamine is not only physically and mentally destructive, but also has a significant impact on the families of abusers and society, and imposes a financial burden on society. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting methamphetamine use in a scoping review. Different keywords of methamphetamine were selected in the Mesh database and were searched in valid English databases from January 1, , to April 5, Inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study were languages, reported findings, time range, and type of article. The total articles that were finally analyzed in this article were 42 including 12 English articles and 30 Persian articles. Among these articles, the most important factors affecting Methamphetamine are individual, social, and family factors, which have received the most cited. The majority of research highlights the importance of individual factors, society, and family factors, respectively, while formulating policies for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation must be considered. It is suggested that structural path analysis be determined by prioritizing the identified factors and the weights of these components. Various studies have investigated the factors affecting methamphetamine consumption in different age-gender groups, social classes, and patients and each of these studies points to a few factors. Most of the factors affecting the consumption of methamphetamine are related to individual, family, and social factors. Mental disorders, domestic violence, and peer groups are the most important factors affecting methamphetamine consumption. Drugs and drug addiction are considered one of the main health problems in any country, which threaten human health and life 1. There are different categories of drugs 2 , 3. Methamphetamine is the most important addictive substance that is abused in most countries; however, the extent and consequences of this abuse vary significantly depending on the time and place 4 , 5. There are at least stimulants in the world 6 , of which amphetamine compounds and coca products are the most widely abused, especially among young people, such as a combination of ecstasy and methamphetamine 5. Methamphetamine is a stimulant and addictive substance whose main ingredient is amphetamine C9H13N. This substance strongly stimulates the dopamine system of the brain and immediately causes a state called rash or flash state of maximum pleasure 7. Methamphetamine production is relatively simple and inexpensive and is produced in scattered secret laboratories. Substances on this small but widespread scale have been produced by industrial-scale criminal companies since the s. It is also estimated that more than half of the 15 to 16 million methamphetamine abusers live in Southeast and East Asia. Methamphetamine, because of its increasing use, will lead to human and financial losses and social consequences, such as economic costs, death, suicide, and unsuccessful marriages 8. It is also one of the most dangerous drugs due to its increasing prevalence, its association with risky behaviors of HIV, and other health risks as well as neurological problems such as memory impairment. Given the fact that young people make up the majority of this substance's consumers and because of its severe negative effects on both physical and mental health, it weakens and disengages society's productive workforce. Failure to fight this great social problem will reduce the socioeconomic and cultural progress of society over time. According to the rapid assessment of the situation in Iran, the prevalence of methamphetamine use is 5. Numerous factors have been shown to influence the propensity to use methamphetamine, with studies reporting the various weights and roles of these factors. In the meantime, according to the results, individual and social factors played a more prominent role than other factors 12 - Even though numerous studies have been conducted to determine the factors that impact methamphetamine usage, none have yet been conducted in which all of the aforementioned substances are compiled and the results are presented as a coherent classification. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate and categorize the factors affecting methamphetamine use using a model of social determinants of health with a scope review study. Scope review studies consider a wider range of contexts in which different designs are applicable and can be published without a critical appraisal by identifying research gaps 15 , This search was conducted from January 1, , to April 5, To select keywords for the search, similar studies and keywords selected by the research team and words related to methamphetamine were used in the mesh database. These keywords were searched in the title, abstract, and keyword fields using advanced options and AND and OR operators. Keywords used for this purpose were as follows:. Magiran and Sid databases were used to extract Persian articles. The keywords 'drug use' and 'methamphetamine' were searched in the title or summary of articles. The researcher conducted a first examination of the title and abstract of all retrieved documents after removing overlaps and investigating them. In the second stage, the available full text of the relevant articles remained from the first stage which reviewed by the researcher. The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study are presented in Table 1. After the final selection of articles, data were extracted from the full text of the articles. The data were divided into 2 separate sections. The first section of the bibliographic data of the articles included the article title, publication year, first author, and journal-title. In the second section, based on the research framework, related topics, which were mentioned in the results of the articles, were extracted. The bibliographic information of the articles is presented in Table 2. From 42 papers, factors influencing methamphetamine use were qualitatively extracted. Finally, major findings, including a review of important criteria and indicators, were collected and coded in the form of a table. In addition, after categorizing the content and deleting unnecessary items, the major and most significant findings were extracted and assessed. The number of articles retrieved in each step in different databases is given in Figure 1. A total of 41 studies were reviewed, of which 32 were published in Persian and 9 in English. Finally, based on the findings of the current study, all variables relating to the use of methamphetamine were divided into 3 primary theme categories: individual, family, and social factors, as well as 13 themes and 64 variables. The bibliographic characteristics of the articles are presented in Table 1. Four major themes—physical, personality traits, psychological and emotional, and individual-social variables—were found to be related to the category of individual factors. Also, 25 factors were identified, among which 36 articles mentioned these themes. Mental disorders, curiosity, religion, a pattern of use, and a history of substance use were among the factors that were cited by most articles. Moreover, factors such as low self-confidence, aggression, and lack of life skills were among the factors that were cited by fewer articles Table 3. Concerning the main theme of family factors, 3 themes of socioeconomic, emotional, and communication environment of the family and addiction in the family were identified. Also, 12 factors were identified, which were mentioned in a total of 10 articles. Domestic violence, family disputes, and parental divorce were among the factors cited by most articles. On the other hand, fewer articles referred to factors such as the emotional and communication environment of the family and high wealth and well-being Table 4. About the main themes of social factors, 6 themes of living environment and communication network, unsuitable environment, social factors, economic, political, managerial, and cultural factors were identified. Also, 27 factors were identified and were among the factors cited by most articles, which were mentioned in a total of 16 articles and included the influence of friends and peers, school and academic failure and access to drugs, unemployment, poverty and inequality, and the emergence of new cultural anomalies associated with methamphetamine use at night parties. On the other hand, the existence of a criminal environment and place of residence, war, political climate, and inflation were among the factors cited by fewer studies Table 5. Addiction is a multidimensional and multifactorial issue that has affected all societies today. By causing psychological and bodily trauma, this problem not only hurts the person but also their family. There is also a direct link between drug abuse and cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary diseases, as well as HIV and hepatitis. Methamphetamine use among young people around the world is increasingly shifting from traditional to industrial drugs. Adverse physical effects of this substance include cardiovascular system failure, pulmonary problems, imbalance, epilepsy, and coma. It is important to remember the risks of sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS and hepatitis as well as the loss of life, financial burdens, and other negative social and economic effects resulting from the abuse of this novel substance Considering the foregoing, society also suffers heavy losses due to methamphetamine use and the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Therefore, policymakers and planners can take effective steps by identifying the factors affecting drug abuse through preventive measures to reduce harm to society and improve the level of public health. Some of the most important known themes among the main themes of individual, family, and society include psychological disorders, psychological-emotional stress, entertainment, curiosity, domestic violence of drug abusers, family disputes, parental divorce, the influence of friends and peers, access to drugs, unemployment, poverty, and lack of access to service and support systems. Regarding the main theme of individual factors, psychological disorders are one of the most important themes mentioned in the present study and many articles have cited them as one of the most important factors affecting methamphetamine use by young people. Methamphetamine is one of the drugs that some people use to get relief from stress, boredom, and failure in the areas of education, business, and relationships. After consuming these drugs, the person feels indifference, carelessness, and immediate pleasure, and this is what leads the person to use drugs again 18 , Young people are more likely to turn to drugs because of their curiosity and their desire to take risks. Therefore, one of the important factors cited in the present study is curiosity 20 - The results of the present study also showed an effective relationship between religion and drug abuse. Aggression is one of the factors cited by many articles. Aggression is, directly and indirectly, related to drug abuse among adolescents because aggressive adolescents are more neglected by their parents. Moreover, due to their low self-esteem, adolescents look for a group of peers and a place to find a new and approved identity, and this is the circle of bad friends 25 , Friend gatherings and parties are the best places to try new drugs like methamphetamine for curious teenagers. Hamednia et al have identified family conflicts, parental supervision of children, and relationships with friends and peers as the most important factors influencing people's tendency to drug abuse. In the present study, a large number of articles have referred to domestic violence and family disputes and a small number of articles have referred to the emotional environment of the family. Thus, there is no sincere relationship between parents and family members in families where there are severe differences and tensions. Mink et al also stated that one of the factors that lead to drug abuse is the lack of attachment to parents. Insecure attachment causes depression and anxiety, which is also regarded as one of the most important factors influencing people's tendency to drugs in this study. In this situation, parents are not able to communicate properly with their children and do not have proper supervision of their children. Parental conflict creates an unsuitable and uneasy environment for children and leads to a higher tendency to find their friends and peers. They would also spend most of their free time with bad friends and have fun with them and enjoy themselves. They are impacted by these hobbies, which are frequently unhealthy and result in high-risk conduct, making them more inclined to consume drugs. Parents' divorce is one of the factors affecting children's substance use. This social problem reduces parents' support for their children and increases the chances of the use of various substances among adolescents. On the other hand, drug addiction is more prevalent among young people belonging to single-parent families. Children, particularly girls, leave their homes and schools in this environment and are attracted to criminal gangs, and develop addictions. In the family main theme category, parents' addiction can also be one of the factors influencing drug use. Children raised within a family system with addicted parents, choose them as their role models and play their role in society. The majority of young people who develop addiction are those whose parent s are addicts; as a result, parental drug use makes children curious, which is one of the factors influencing drug use and leads them to believe that addiction is a common practice and is a trait of adults who turned to drugs. On the other hand, addicted parents are less likely to monitor and control their children, which increases the likelihood of child addiction. Unemployment is one of the significant topics addressed in the current study and supported by other studies when it comes to the primary category of society. This factor as a social phenomenon leads to other deviations, especially addiction. Unemployment leads to various perversions such as addiction, not only due to the failure to meet economic issues and ensure the material and spiritual well-being of family members but also by disrupting personality strength, moral stability, magnanimity, hope for the future, and individual authority. Teenagers spend most of their time in coffee shops and cafeterias, and these places are the best places for selling and consuming drugs 24 , Both poverty and mental diseases like despair, hopelessness, and loss of confidence are consequences of unemployment, all of which by themselves have an impact on substance use. Unemployment is an underlying factor that can, along with other factors such as poverty, lead to addiction. Since financial difficulties force the poor individual to become addicted, the relationship between poverty and addiction is a 2-way street as well. On the other hand, the addicted person becomes weak loses the will to work and suffers from elevated poverty levels. Another significant aspect that contributes to the propensity for drug usage is the formation of new cultural oddities connected to drug use, as well as hosting night parties. Communicating with friends and acquaintances at night parties, gaining pleasure, curiosity, depression, feelings of worthlessness, and mental disorders are among the important factors that lead people toward drug abuse. Because young people and adolescents are now heavily influenced by cyberspace, political and managerial measures to inform them can be conducted through this medium. By creating educational content, young people can learn about the harmful consequences of methamphetamine usage. To stop the circulation of industrial narcotics such as methamphetamine, which has no odor and is portable, sanctions and legal action should be taken against those who use and distribute them. In this category, there is a significant relationship between place of residence and the tendency to use psychotropic substances and drugs. For example, students who lived outside their place of residence, such as in dormitories and rented houses, were more likely to become addicted. Also, in some neighborhoods, access to drugs is simple and easy, and it allows residents to access drugs without difficulty and under any circumstances. Most addicts cited communicating with bad friends as the cause of their addiction. Adolescents are more affected by their peer group than ever before during adolescence. The school environment is also one of the important factors affecting adolescents' tendency to drug use 28 , As a result of the increased sense of belonging to the school, the likelihood of being addicted will decline. Students who feel like they belong at school refrain from risky behaviors like using violence and binge drinking, and they also urge their peers to do the same. Being a part of a school community significantly lowers risk-taking and high-risk behaviors including fighting, bullying, vandalism, dropping out of school, and drug and alcohol misuse. In other words, when students are supported and respected by teachers and are praised for academic contributions, they show less tendency toward different types of drugs The results of a study showed a significant relationship between school culture components, including student relationships, student-teacher relationships, and educational opportunities with students' addiction tendencies. In other words, the better and higher the school culture, the lower the addiction tendency will be, and vice versa 30 , In the present study, one of the important factors affecting substance use is access to substances. Mirshamshiri et al and Khosravi et al have mentioned the availability of drugs as one of the important factors that induce the tendency towards addiction. Human beings tend to use a substance that is easily available to them. The experiences of other countries, including the United States and Nepal, in the release of some drugs, have shown that the use of these drugs has not only not decreased but also increased at this time. Moreover, girls have sometimes engaged in prostitution to buy drugs in Nepal. The rate of drug intake will increase if medicines are more widely available and less easily obtained at a reduced cost and danger. Therefore, living in neighborhoods where access to drugs is easier is also known as one of the important social factors in the onset and persistence of drug addiction 32 - According to previous studies, those from lower social classes, those with less education, the unemployed, those who live in slums or rented homes on the outskirts of cities, and those from these groups are more likely to engage in social deviations The present study had limitations such as time and language for search. Lack of access to the full text of some articles, and temporary lack of access to some databases were also limitations of this study. Due to the use of extensive keywords, a large number of documents were obtained, which can reduce the accuracy of information extraction. Since we had no age or gender restrictions, we included all types of demographics, and this can be a strength of the study. However, given the significance of the topic, in-depth research is needed, along with expert team collaboration across all databases. The results of the present study showed that most studies cited individual factors, society, and family factors, respectively. This indicates the predominance of the individual approach used in studies of methamphetamine use and fewer studies have cited societal factors that indicate a research gap with social approaches and the need to expand this type of study in this field. Fewer studies also mentioned the role of family factors; in this regard, more emphasis can be placed on empowering families in the proper way of communication between parents and children and creating a positive and lasting emotional bond between them as a protective factor. In all of the individual factors, mental disorders, family disputes, addiction in parents, the influence of friends and peers, and access to drugs were important and influential factors that lead to methamphetamine use. To give adolescents a suitable place to spend their free time, it is advised that policymakers in this area concentrate more on counseling services programs tailored for these age groups in schools and offer adequate and affordable recreational services in homes. Effective steps can be taken to reduce the number of methamphetamine abusers by improving economic conditions and increasing social capital in the communication network of adolescents and young people simultaneously with the establishment of strict regulations to prevent easy access to this substance in living environments. In the present study, a group of important factors was found in various fields, which indicates that decision-making and policy-making in this field are better based on attention to these factors in the form of a causal network and dynamic interaction between these factors. The authors express their special thanks to Kerman University of Medical Sciences for funding this research, and to the participants who take part in this project. Med J Islam Repub Iran. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Azam Rastegari. Find articles by Ali Akbar Haghdoost. Find articles by Mohammad Reza Baneshi. Find articles by Mahdieh Azizian. Find articles by Mohammad Hossain Mehrolhassani. Received Oct 17; Collection date Time Studies in the time range from to were accepted Studies outside the specified time frame Type of article: Original article, review, letter, editorial, conference paper, communication Online books Content of article: Articles whose findings were based on the purpose of the study studies in which the factors and components affecting the use of methamphetamine were mentioned. Studies that focus their effects on individual therapeutic and physiological aspects. Open in a new tab. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing and Midwifery 18 Araghi Ezat, Vahedian Mohammad Advances in Nursing and Midwifery mashhad descriptive research Addicted motorcyclists who have been hospitalized due to an accident Male Improving knowledge, cultural beliefs, and safe alternative recreational activities, legislating strict laws and controlling borders are ways to restrict tendency to addiction and the resultant reduction of accidents. Drerupa1Thomas J. M, shamloo. A, sadeghi. A Medical Law Tehran Field research clients in the quarantine department of the Correctional Center Male Methamphetamine consumption is associated with mental disorders and family dispute 9 Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students 8 Majid, Barati; Hamid, Allahverdipour; Farzad, Jalilian. More males The average body mass index BMI was significantly lower in this MA abuser sample compared to the age-matched healthy controls. M, mokri. A, ziabari. S, Kazemi. H, Raiesi. M, Noori. R, Ramezanzade. K, nouroozi. E, shahidi. Rezagahi BD, K. Zarea , S. Latifi Nursing Journal of the vulnerable Abadan-Ahvaz Descriptive, analytical and Cross-sectional research Women referring to addiction treatment centers in Abadan and Ahvaz and the addiction ward of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz Women Lack of purpose in the life of academic failures, lack of love in family emotional relationships and divorce and separation of parents, abundance of drugs and availability in the environment were among the factors that led people to consume Methamphetamine. Main theme Factor Code Description References Physical dimension Genetic factors Genetic transmission of tolerance thresholds from parents to offspring through genetics 14 Sex According to some articles, methamphetamine use has been reported the same and even more often in women than men. One study reported having a lower than a high-school education middle school as a factor leading to substance abuse. Main Theme Codes of Factors Description References Socio-economic Parents' level of education Parents' high level of education reduces the likelihood of addiction among their children. Main Theme Code of Factors Description References Living environment Address Place of residence indirectly can be one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Also, close monitoring of law enforcement agencies on the sale and distribution of various drugs is a good deterrent to the spread of addiction in society. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Studies in the time range from to were accepted. Original article, review, letter, editorial, conference paper, communication. Articles whose findings were based on the purpose of the study studies in which the factors and components affecting the use of methamphetamine were mentioned. Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences 9. Investigating the role of addiction in motorcycle accidents in Mashhad. Addicted motorcyclists who have been hospitalized due to an accident. Improving knowledge, cultural beliefs, and safe alternative recreational activities, legislating strict laws and controlling borders are ways to restrict tendency to addiction and the resultant reduction of accidents. Crystal methamphetamine use among young adults in the USA Gender of residence and offspring have a significant relationship with substance use. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review A history of engaging in a variety of high-risk behaviors, a history of a psychiatric disorder, and family environment were significantly associated with methamphetamine use. Accommodation, employment and peers are important factors in substance abuse. There is a direct relationship between substance use and religion. Age of onset of substance use and sexual arousal are factors in substance use. Prevention of methamphetamine psychedelics by adolescents Methamphetamine consumption is associated with mental disorders and family dispute. Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students 8. Factors affecting the use of psychedelics were residence status, having drug users and other substance use. Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood Substance use is related to race, gender, peer group, family, and socioeconomic factors. Gender, educational status and residence of students have a significant relationship with substance use. Consumption of methamphetamine causes neurological and psychological disorders. Gender differences in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of methamphetamine inpatients in a Chinese population Moreover, the BMI of females was significantly lower than that of males. Methamphetamine consumption and ambition are higher in men than women. Relationship between methamphetamine cravings and personality traits in methadone maintenance clients Vulnerability and craving for drugs were seen in methamphetamine users. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin crack The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, such as sweets of night parties, has led to an increase in industrial substances, including methamphetamine , among the young people. Investigating the status and trend of substance abuse and dependence in Iranian women Gender and history of substance use are the factors that lead people to methamphetamine. The effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on tempting beliefs and substance-related beliefs in patients addicted to industrial substances All people dependent on industrial materials who had referred to addiction treatment centers in Isfahan. Beliefs related to substances, gender, and education were among the factors that led to substance abuse. Profile of substance use in addicted women Gender, education and socioeconomic status affect substance use. Research population included all staff in industrial environments. Factors such as discrimination or low welfare, low wages, environmental factors such as insufficient attention in the workplace are associated with substance use. Social, economic and population characteristics of substance dependents treated in North khorasan drug rehabilitation centers Substance-dependent patients treated in methadone maintenance clinics. Demographic characteristics of people and history of substance use have a significant relationship with Methamphetamine consumption. Incidence of and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients in the postoperative period Eric C. Mortality due to substance abuse was performed in Kermanshah forensic medicine from to Gender, occupation, education and age group are related to substance use. Personal and environmental factors affecting drug abuse tendency in addicts: a qualitative study Raising parents' awareness about drugs and drug use, monitoring children, especially adolescents, and social support for addicts can be helpful in controlling addiction and drug addiction. Effective factors in youth drug abuse in Iran: Analysis of fuzzy cognitive maps based on expert opinion Addiction of family members, unemployment of deviant peers are factors affecting drug use. Addiction: A big challenge of social security in Iran Unemployment, poverty, discrimination and inequality, corruption, despair are the factors that lead to addiction. A survey of causes of the drugs abuse tendency and psychoactive drugs from viewpoint of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Students The Regional Planning Journal has accepted and implemented the terms and conditions of the following centers in the process of managing, judging and publishing scientific articles Access to facilities and leisure is related to substance use. Family, friends, school and religion are factors influencing addiction. Evaluation of neuropsychological functions in substance users according to the type of substance used, duration of use and education of individuals Social factors such as job, access to drug, and history of drug use are factors in the tendency to Methamphetamine. Volitional determinants of self-harm behaviour and suicidal risk in persons with borderline 34 personality disorder. No evidence of subgroups found in amphetamine consumers in Iran Anxiety Depression Age of onset of substance use is one of the factors that lead people to Methamphetamine. Shokrgozar S. Psychotic and mood disorders were the factors that led people to Methamphetamine. Factors such as family friends in the place of residence have a significant relationship with substance use. There is a positive and significant relationship between family conflicts, lack of supervision over children's behavior and parents' positive attitude towards substance use. There is a significant relationship between education and age with substance use. Investigating the sequential patterns of methamphetamine use initiation in Iran Age of onset of use and type of consumables were effective in Methamphetamine consumption. Past-year methamphetamine use among US young adults: Factors such as gender, race, gender, place of residence and history of substance use are directly related to Methamphetamine consumption. Women referring to addiction treatment centers in Abadan and Ahvaz and the addiction ward of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz. Lack of purpose in the life of academic failures, lack of love in family emotional relationships and divorce and separation of parents, abundance of drugs and availability in the environment were among the factors that led people to consume Methamphetamine. Family and peer group were important factors in people's tendency to Methamphetamine. Genetic transmission of tolerance thresholds from parents to offspring through genetics. According to some articles, methamphetamine use has been reported the same and even more often in women than men. The age of onset of drug use, especially methamphetamine, has reached adolescence. IQ can be one of the factors influencing people's tendency toward substances. There is a relationship between irrational ambition and addiction. One of the important personality factors of addicted people is curiosity. The person has first used drugs for pleasure and entertainment. Low self-confidence has been identified as a personality factor among addicts. Introversion and extroversion have been identified as personality factors of addicts. Feeling lonely and isolated has been reported to be an important factor in substance abuse. Psychological problems have been reported to be an important factor in substance abuse. Depression has been reported to be one of the major causes of substance abuse. Anxiety has been diagnosed as one of the psychological problems of drug abusers. Love failure has been identified as an individual factor in substance abuse in some drug abusers. Having a deep religious connection is inversely related to addiction. Drug abusers' education level is one of the factors in their tendency toward drugs. Job type and work environment are one of the factors leading to substance abuse. High household income has been reported in some studies as a factor leading to methamphetamine use. The marital status of drug users is one of the factors affecting drug use. Parents' high level of education reduces the likelihood of addiction among their children. Low family income can be one of the effective factors leading to addiction. High wealth and well-being can be one of the factors leading to addiction. Lack of parental supervision is one of the important factors leading to addiction. Lack of family emotional environment can be one of the important indirect factors leading to addiction among children. The severity of family disputes is one of the direct influencing factors leading to addiction among people. Violence in the family of drug abusers, especially between parents, is one of the factors influencing drug abuse. Parental divorce is one of the factors that lead children to addiction. The death of family members is one of the factors that indirectly lead people to addiction. Family addiction is one of the direct factors influencing drug abuse. An addicted spouse can be a direct factor influencing drug abuse. Place of residence indirectly can be one of the factors that lead people to addiction. School and academic failure are among the factors that lead people to drugs. One of the important factors that cause people to use methamphetamine is participating in a group of friends and peers. Most of the literature reports simple and easy access to drugs as one of the important factors that lead people to addiction. A criminal environment makes access to drugs easier and simpler. Population growth can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. The structure of society, especially now that we have a young structure, can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. Migration can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. Social injustice is one of the factors that lead to addiction. Feelings of social disgust are one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Industrial development is one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Lack of job opportunities causes unemployment and directly affects people's tendency to addiction. Unemployment is one of the important factors influencing people's inclination towards methamphetamine use. Poverty and inequality are among the socioeconomic factors that lead to addiction. Inflation indirectly affects the tendency of people to become addicted. The economic crisis indirectly affects people's tendency towards addiction. Appropriate information policies about the effects of addiction have an important role in primary prevention, so rapid educational programs and awareness through the media and cyberspace are important solutions to deal with this ominous phenomenon in society and to keep teenagers and young people from falling into the addiction. Implementation of primary prevention programs in society is one of the factors reducing the tendency toward addiction. Support and counseling service systems play a very important role in returning healthy people to society before and after drug abuse. Reducing dependence and belonging to society and values:. The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, as sweets of night parties. The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, such as sweets of night parties, has led to an increase in industrial substances, including methamphetamine, among young people. Mass media and the Internet, and satellites indirectly affect the consumption of industrial substances such as methamphetamine. Advertising considers drug abuse to be effective in relieving thoughts and reducing mental problems. People use drugs, including industrial ones, to achieve peace of mind. The expansion of media in rural areas can be effective in preventing drug abuse.

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