Buying Ecstasy Greece

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Buying Ecstasy Greece

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. MDMA is a synthetic drug chemically related to the amphetamines, but with somewhat different effects. In Europe, MDMA use has generally been associated with episodic patterns of consumption in the context of nightlife and entertainment settings. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for MDMA in Europe, including prevalence of use, seizures, price and purity and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Reported use of the drug appeared to decline temporarily during periods of social distancing during the early phases of the COVID pandemic. The currently available data would, however, suggest an overall relatively stable level of consumption but with national variations in the recent trends observed and the caveat that overall supply side indicators are suggestive of a slight recent decline in availability. About half of the European cities reporting wastewater analysis found an increase in MDMA residues between and , although in most other cities some decline was noted. Overall, available indicators suggest that MDMA production continues within Europe, both for domestic consumption and for export to non-EU markets. The information available is strongly suggestive that most MDMA production continues to be largely concentrated in or around the Netherlands. There are some signs of a reduction in the volume being manufactured in the most recent data. An important caveat here is that this information mostly covers the first years of the pandemic and needs to be interpreted with caution. In addition, while overall the average MDMA content of tablets and purity of powders remained stable in , a recent decrease in the MDMA content of ecstasy tablets was noted in some important source countries, most notably the Netherlands. With a typical MDMA content of to milligrams, the overall strength of tablets available on the retail marketplace still remains high by historical standards. It is difficult to interpret the more recent data with any certainty, but a possible decline in production volumes and some reductions noted in MDMA tablet content may indicate that producers have experienced greater problems sourcing precursor chemicals or that some producers may have switched to producing other substances, either because of market demand or because they are more profitable. It may also reflect a perceived consumer demand for lower-strength products. The use of MDMA is rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe but acute poisonings and deaths are sometimes associated with the consumption of this substance. The use of MDMA therefore continues to represent an important issue for prevention and harm reduction messaging and interventions. The availability of higher strength products potentially increases the risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the consumption of this substance. Interestingly, a decline in MDMA-related presentations by a quarter was observed in sentinel hospital emergency departments with data for and This data set, however, is difficult to interpret in respect to overall trends, as it is not nationally representative, has limited coverage and may reflect either changes in consumption or reporting during the pandemic. While it is again difficult to generalise due to limitations in national and European coverage, the available information from drug checking services suggests that MDMA products are generally less subject to adulteration than other illicit drugs they screened in This does occur however, as illustrated by the inclusion of synthetic cathinones in MDMA tablets observed on some occasions. These sorts of mixtures may also increase the risk to consumers of experiencing unexpected adverse effects and potential harm. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of MDMA use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Mean daily amounts of MDMA in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and April Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. No overall trend emerges from the data on MDMA use. Of the 11 European countries that undertook surveys since and provided confidence intervals, 1 reported higher estimates than their previous comparable survey, 9 reported stable estimates and 1 reported a decrease. Seizures of MDMA precursors increased to 2. The Netherlands, however, reported a lower average MDMA content of ecstasy tablets mg per tablet. MDMA market in Europe. Table 2. Prevalence of drug use in Europe, trends Country Country code Geographical scope Substance Recall period Age Austria AT National Table 3. Masaryk Water Resesrch institute, p. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page. Forensic Toxicology Labs. Prevalence data presented here are based on general populaton surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points.

I Spent the Night in Greece’s Favorite Drug Hangout

Buying Ecstasy Greece

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The Z-drugs are indicated for the short-treatment of insomnia, but they are associated with abuse, dependence and side-effects. There are only sparse data about Z-drug prescribing in Greece. We analyzed data from the Greek prescription database, considering prescriptions for the available Z-drugs in Greece, i. There were 1,, prescriptions for Z-drugs zolpidem: More than half of the patients Most patients The average annual prevalence of at least one prescription for Z-drugs in the Greek population during — was approximately 0. The monthly number of prescriptions was relatively stable with a median number of A considerable number of patients are prescribed Z-drugs in Greece, more often older adults, females and patients with psychiatric comorbidities. Due to the limitations inherent to medical claims databases, further research is warranted in order to elucidate the potential abuse and misuse of Z-drugs. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia CBT-I is the recommended first-line treatment, it is not widely available and may not be effective for all individuals \[ 4 \]. Thus, pharmacological interventions are frequently used, with a wide range of effective drugs available that are generally divided into two main categories: the benzodiazepine receptor agonists, i. The prescription patterns of Z-drugs are particularly of great importance, as these medications were initially marketed and perceived as safe alternatives to benzodiazepines, yet they can also result in abuse and dependence, among other side-effects \[ 4 , 6 \]. The prevalence of Z-drug prescriptions can vary significantly across different countries and regions \[ 7 — 11 \], which makes it challenging to make generalizations. There are generally only sparse data about the situation in Greece. The implementation of a nationwide electronic prescription system during the s represented a significant shift from paper-based to digital prescriptions for medications. However, it was not mandatory to issue electronic prescriptions for medications with abuse potential, including Z-drugs, until As a result, the current study aims to analyze prescriptions for Z-drugs from the Greek nationwide prescription database, with the aim to investigate the prevalence of Z-drug prescriptions, their characteristics and trends. This was a retrospective pharmaco-epidemiological study using the Greek nationwide prescription database. Anonymized data from the Greek nationwide prescription database were used. The dataset contained information about the age, sex, prescribed medications classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification, ATC , diagnosis classified with International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision, ICD , the month dispensed by the pharmacies, the geographical region, and the specialty of the prescribing physician. No information was obtained about the prescribed dose and dosing schedule, except for the number of prescribed boxes. Zaleplon and eszopiclone were not considered, since they were withdrawn by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently from the Greek market. In Greece, prescriptions are issued by the physicians and subsequently dispensed by the pharmacies. Therefore, we considered only dispensed prescriptions. We were unable to obtain any data for prescriptions other than those containing Z-drugs among patients who were prescribed them. This may have resulted in gaps in our dataset concerning co-morbidities and co-prescribed medications. The investigated timeframe was between We examined differences between prescriptions by psychiatrists or neurologists and by other medical specialties using a t-test or Mann—Whitney U test for continuous variables and a chi-squared test and odds ratios OR for dichotomous variables. The prevalence of patients with a least one Z-drug prescription was estimated using the population data from the Hellenic Statistical Authority as the denominator \[ 13 \]. In particular, we calculated the overall age- and sex-standardized annual prevalence for each year , separately, and also determined the weighted average annual prevalence over the period of — We also calculated the annual prevalence stratified by age group and sex. Differences in the prevalence between the two years were quantified with ORs. It is worth noting that the prevalence was not estimated for and , as data for these years were only available for certain periods. We examined the monthly trends of prescriptions within the three-year investigated timeframe We standardized the monthly number of prescriptions per , persons by dividing them with the estimated average total population of Greece between and , which was 10,, There were two important dates within this timeframe: i the date of the electronic prescription mandate on In addition, there was an unexpected shortage of Z-drugs in Greece during the period roughly from April to August The monthly number of prescriptions before and after the electronic mandate was compared with a Mann—Whitney U test, but excluding the time period after the shortage of Z-drugs i. Data analysis was conducted in R statistical software v. During the investigated period of three years, 1,, prescriptions for Z-drugs zolpidem Among the total prescriptions, The most frequently diagnoses are presented in the eAppendix The most prevalent diagnoses were sleep disorders ICD G47 in In addition, In the prescriptions that had a diagnosis of anxiety or depressive disorder, about half of them had not a co-prescribed anxiolytic or antidepressant. About half of the prescriptions concerned patients in Attika The characteristics of patients are presented in Table 1. ICD and co-prescribed medications ATC codes that were reported in at least one of the prescriptions of the patients. The denominator in the frequencies was ,, unless otherwise reported. The prescribing physicians were in the following order: internists There were differences between prescriptions by psychiatrists or neurologists and by other medical specialists eAppendix- 2. Prescriptions by psychiatrists or neurologists were on average in younger patients median 69 years vs. They had also less frequently an indication of sleep disorder In addition, they had more frequently a co-prescription for anxiolytics In the prescriptions that had a diagnosis of anxiety or depressive disorder, co-prescription with anxiolytic or antidepressant was more frequent by psychiatrists or neurologists compared with other medical specialists The estimated annual prevalence of patients with at least one Z-drug prescription in the Greek population was 0. In addition, the prevalence increased in compared to , particularly among younger age groups, yet a decrease was noted among individuals over the age of 85 years eAppendix- 3. The weighted average of the annual prevalence over —, stratified by age group and sex, is presented in Fig. Prevalence of Z-drug prescription in Greece. The figure presents the weighted average annual prevalence over — stratified by age group and sex. The monthly number of prescriptions per , persons for the whole period was relatively stable with a median of Before the electronic prescription mandate October to July , the monthly number of prescriptions per , persons had a median of Monthly trends of prescriptions for Z-drugs in Greece. The figure presents the monthly number of prescriptions standardized per , persons within the three-year investigated timeframe The dashed lines indicate important dates, namely the electronic prescription mandate However, after March , there was an unexpected medication shortage during the COVID pandemic, which was reflected by a rapid decrease and a subsequent increase in the monthly number of prescriptions. Our analysis was the first to investigate the prescription characteristics and trends of Z-drugs in Greece. We analyzed 1,, prescriptions for Z-drugs corresponding to , unique patients , which were registered to the Greek nationwide prescription database within a three-year time period — The prevalence was higher in females and almost exponentially increased with the age, i. Patients had often other co-prescribed psychotropic medications e. Our analysis also indicated that the prevalence of Z-drug prescriptions increased in , which coincided with the start of the COVID pandemic and an associated increase in insomnia \[ 3 , 15 \]. This increase was particularly notable in younger populations, while a decrease was even observed among those aged over 85 years eAppendix- 3. Our findings were consistent with previous studies from other countries, reporting similar patterns of Z-drug use and prescription characteristics \[ 7 — 11 \]. A concerning trend was the substantial prescribing of Z-drugs among older adults, despite the potentially elevated risk of side-effects such as cognitive impairment, confusion, falls, fractures, and pneumonia \[ 4 , 16 \]. Although this finding may reflect a higher prevalence of insomnia in older adults, it highlights the importance of regularly evaluating the risk—benefit profile of Z-drugs and considering safer alternative interventions, especially for this vulnerable population \[ 17 \]. Efforts should be made to increase the implementation of efficacious psychosocial and behavioral interventions, such as CBT-I, although their availability and accessibility are generally poor \[ 4 , 18 \]. Moreover, shared decision-making between patients and physicians should be implemented to evaluate the benefits and harms of currently available medications \[ 4 , 5 , 19 \]. However, further research is needed, as there is limited randomized evidence on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia in older adults \[ 20 \]. Furthermore, our study found that more than two-thirds of the patients were exclusively prescribed by internists and general practitioners, likely reflecting the higher prevalence of insomnia in primary care settings and the distribution of medical specialists in Greece. However, general practitioners may often encounter challenges in optimally diagnosing and treating insomnia as well as the frequently coexisting major mental disorders \[ 18 , 21 \]. Notably, almost half of the patients with anxiety or depressive disorders did not receive a prescription for an antidepressant or anxiolytic. This situation was more frequently observed in prescriptions by medical specialties other than psychiatrists or neurologists. However, it is worth noting that our study may have underestimated the extent of co-prescription for medications, since we did not have access to data for prescriptions that did not include Z-drugs e. Therefore, this finding can provide an additional explanation to the observed increase in the prevalence of Z-drug prescriptions during compared to , considering that the mandate was only active for approximately half of the period. Moreover, this policy could facilitate the surveillance of prescriptions for drugs with abuse and dependence potential, which could be further enhanced by building an infrastructure of Addictovigilance \[ 22 \]. Additional policy changes may also be useful in reducing Z-drugs prescriptions \[ 23 \], but their potential drawbacks should be taken into consideration, including the increased complexity in clinical practice and the possibility of patients switching from Z-drugs to benzodiazepines or other substances with abuse potential \[ 24 , 25 \]. Our analysis has certain limitations. First, there was insufficient information about the prescribed dose that precluded any further investigation. While the data included the number of Z-drug boxes, there were no further details regarding the prescribed dose. Therefore, a more elaborate analysis considering also estimations of continuous and long-term use of Z-drugs was not possible. The relationship between the prescribed dose and sex would also be important given that women have a lower clearance of zolpidem. Accordingly, an FDA warning recommended the use of lower doses of zolpidem in women in order to avoid residual morning sleepiness and impairments in psychomotor performance \[ 26 \], yet the evidence basis of this warning has been questioned \[ 27 \]. Second, data for prescriptions that did not contain Z-drugs were not obtained. Therefore, we could not conduct a more comprehensive analysis of the comorbidities and concomitant medications. Accordingly, although our dataset included information about ICD codes, it was not possible with the current data to differentiate between whether a diagnosis was the reason for prescribing Z-drugs or a comorbidity. Third, it is important to acknowledge that our method of identifying diagnoses based on at least one prescription with the corresponding ICD may have led to an overestimation of the prevalence of certain conditions \[ 28 , 29 \]. Nevertheless, there is no universally accepted approach, and we preferred to prioritize a higher sensitivity given that we did not have access to all the prescriptions of the patients. Fourth, the available data covered a limited timeframe of three years, during which the COVID pandemic and medication shortages occurred, potentially influencing the prescription patterns. However, there were no substantial changes in the monthly number of prescriptions, except during the period of medication shortage. Finally, we acknowledge that we did not register a detailed protocol for this study, which had, however, a descriptive and explorative nature. In conclusion, this was the first study that utilized the Greek national prescription database in order to explore the Z-drug prescribing. The prevalence was higher and substantial in older adults, as well as there were considerable rates of psychiatric comorbidity and concomitant psychotropics. The majority of the prescriptions were conducted by internists and general practitioners. Therefore, our findings underscore the high frequency of Z-drug prescriptions in older adults, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring of their benefit-risk ratio in this vulnerable population. However, due to the limitations inherent to medical claims databases and the insufficient information about the dose, duration of use and concurrent prescribed medications, further research is warranted to evaluate the potential abuse and misuse of Z-drugs in Greece. Additional file 1: eAppendix Descriptive characteristics of prescriptions. Prevalence estimates of Z-drug prescriptions stratified by age and sex in and This work was part of the master thesis of Vasileios Fragkidis. SS: study concept and design, data analysis, interpretation of the results, drafting the first version of the manuscript. KF: study design, data analysis, interpretation of the results. VF: study concept and design, acquisition of the data, data analysis, interpretation of the results. GP: supervision of the project, acquisition of the data, study concept and design, data analysis, interpretation of the results, drafting the first version of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript. There was no specific funding source for this project. The data are not readily available because they are property of the Greek Ministry of Health. Requests to access the dataset should be directed to sitecontact moh. The study was an analysis of anonymized data from the Greek nationwide prescription registry database. The study was reviewed and approved on Therefore, access to the anonymized data was permitted by the Greek Ministry of Health and informed consent to participate was accordingly not applicable. All methods were carried in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in the Declaration of Helsinki, whenever applicable. Not applicable. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. BMC Psychiatry. Find articles by Spyridon Siafis. Find articles by Konstantinos N Fountoulakis. Find articles by Vasileios Fragkidis. Find articles by Georgios Papazisis. Received Nov 3; Accepted Apr 18; Collection date Open in a new tab. The denominator in the frequencies was ,, unless otherwise reported a We did not have access to data for all prescriptions, i. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Psychiatric disorder other than sleep disorder. Co-prescribed medications ATC a. Prescriptions only by psychiatrists or neurologists. At least one prescription by psychiatrist or neurologists. Prescriptions only be medical specialties other than psychiatrists and neurologists. Frequency of prescriptions for Z-drugs within the three-year period. Number of prescriptions in patients with more than one prescriptions in 53, individuals.

Buying Ecstasy Greece