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Buying Ecstasy Cagliari

In the last decade, the trend of drug consumption has completely changed, and an incredibly high number of new psychoactive substances NPS have flooded the drug market as legal alternatives to common drugs of abuse. Indeed, the acute effects of NPS and their long-term side effects are not always known, and safety data regarding their toxicity are often unavailable. Considering that a total of NPS were reported in the period —, it is clear that such a situation poses additional challenges for identification, control, and treatment strategies. We felt that the time has come to deepen and expand our understanding of the peripheral and central actions of NPS and their health consequences. As a result, the present Research Topic brings together 16 papers 9 original articles and 7 reviews of excellent quality and broad impact which cover the main classes of NPS and explore further their toxicology and pharmacology, with a particular emphasis given to the role of NPS in modulating brain neurotransmission and behavior. This Research Topic includes 2 original articles on synthetic cannabinoids, 2 original articles on synthetic cathinones, and 2 reviews summarizing the acute and chronic effects of these two classes of NPS. Their study shows that repeated treatment with JWH induces tolerance to its hypothermic and cataleptic effects and produces transient increases in serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor responsiveness without affecting 5-HT 2A receptor responsiveness in male rats. To provide further insights on the mechanisms of action underlying the stimulant effects of synthetic cannabinoids, a multidisciplinary Italian study coordinated by Matteo Marti from the University of Ferrara Italy , showed that the naphthoylindole compound JWH and the unrelated adamantylindazole AKB48 induced psychostimulant effects in male mice through mechanisms mediated by both cannabinoid CB 1 and dopamine receptors and likely facilitated the release of ventral striatal dopamine without affecting the activity of the dopamine transporter DAT Ossato et al. The first provides a detailed investigation of pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of mephedrone 4-methylmethcathinone, MEPH and its primary metabolite nor-mephedrone nor-MEPH to four different substrates, i. Finding that hyperthermic reaction is more pronounced in the group-housed condition relative to individually housed rats confirms the risk for users to suffer from serotonin syndrome especially when the drug is used in crowded conditions. Moreover, they showed that also 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV , a potent pyrovalerone cathinone that recreational users substitute for amphetamines, is rapidly absorbed, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is excreted primarily as metabolites and, consistent with its primarily dopaminergic mechanism of action, acts as a typical stimulant with modest hyperthermic and psychomimetic properties Horsley et al. Finally, authors provided an exhaustive review on synthetic aminoindanes and discussed their therapeutic potential in medical research along with their pharmacology, behavioral effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity Pinterova et al. To summarize the last evidence coming from both animal and human studies on these two main classes of NPS, we provided a comprehensive review on epidemiology, pharmacology, central effects and clinical features, legislation, and regulation of both synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. We also discussed why they result in adverse medical and psychiatric effects that seem to be higher than those induced by the natural parent compounds, i. But the world of NPS is immense, and other drugs besides cathinones and cannabinoids have been studied. These two NPS were identified from samples obtained from London dance club amnesty bins or samples purchased on the internet and analyzed by Davidson et al. The authors showed that while 3,4-CTMP increases the release of dopamine more potently than methylphenidate likely by blocking the DAT , ethylphenidate possesses a weaker effect and increases dopamine release only modestly while both NPS, like methylphenidate, increase noradrenaline efflux. Today, DNP has re-emerged within the body-building community and extreme dieters, particularly among young adults, and is sold mostly over the internet under a number of different names as a slimming aid. Using a sequential mixed method design and based on a hypothetical scenario as if 2,4-DNP was a licensed pharmaceutical drug, the authors elegantly discussed the factors men and women may consider before buying a weight-loss drug such as 2,4-DNP Bleasdale et al. Yet, it is increasingly consumed recreationally for its euphoric, relaxing, and hallucinogenic effects. Authors here reported for the first time trends, awareness, and perceptions of the use of hippy crack among young adults in England and highlighted a worrying willingness of most respondents to use it in the future coupled with a clear lack of awareness of the serious side effects e. Considering that some medications e. To take stock of the situation, in a collaborative Malaysia, Germany, Switzerland review, Hassan et al. Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other new synthetic opioids with various chemical structures, such as AH, U, and MT, have burst relatively recently onto the illegal drug market as NPS. In this Research Topic, Jolanta Zawilska from the Medical University of Lodz Poland provided an updated information on the properties of novel synthetic opioids, with a special emphasis given to their acute toxic effects, and reviewed case reports of fatalities involving these drugs. With two different contributions, Orsolini et al. To conclude the Research Topic, the French group of Laurent Karila and colleagues presented an overview of new technologies in the field of addiction and discussed how they can improve assessment of and interventions in addictive disorders Ferreri et al. The field of NPS is too broad to present a comprehensive overview, but the series of papers in this special issue provide an excellent illustration of the relevant topics, which warranted their publication together. They illustrate the rapidly expanding research on NPS encompassing epidemiological analyses, pharmacological mechanisms, and toxic effects. In light of the great interest that this Research Topic has already attracted and of the increasing number of NPS currently on the market, we have decided to edit in a follow up Frontiers Research Topic on NPS with the ultimate goal of stimulating research and education in the areas of prevention and treatment. Contributions in any aspect related to the complex world of NPS e. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Keywords: psychoactive drugs, drug abuse and addiction, intoxications, internet drug, legal highs. Psychiatry The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Psychiatry , 11 March Editorial: Novel Psychoactive Drugs. Weinstein 2.

Cagliari, 'too many drugs in Piazza Giovanni XXIII'

Buying Ecstasy Cagliari

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Buying Ecstasy Cagliari