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Nettle is a highly valued medicinal plant that is still largely neglected, both in terms of nutrition and use for pharmacological purposes. Tinctures, i. The production of alcoholic extracts is a chemically demanding process that is still usually carried out using conventional techniques, which have numerous drawbacks. The use of green technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction UAE , which is characterized by high efficiency of phytochemical extraction, shorter treatment time, and a much lower environmental footprint, is a suitable and sustainable solution. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the influence of the extraction method, conventional and ultrasound by varying two ultrasound equipment systems , time and ethanol concentration on the extraction of specialized metabolites from nettle powder. Ultrasonic extraction using a probe system significantly contributed to increase the ascorbic acid yield, polyphenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of nettle extracts compared to conventional extraction. In addition, when a probe system was used during UAE, significantly less time was required for isolation of individual specialized metabolites compared to ultrasonic extraction in the bath. It can be concluded that extraction with the ultrasonic probe system is much more efficient in obtaining higher yields of specialized metabolites from nettle powder in a shorter time average process duration 5—10 min both compared to UAE in the bath and classical extraction. However, optimization of the key factors of time, solvent type, and ultrasonic power is necessary to maintain the nutritional quality of the nettle extract in order to obtain a final product with a high specialized metabolites content, antioxidant capacity, and functional value. The future application of alcoholic nettle extracts is based on the fact that these products have significant potential as functional foods and pharmacological preparations for the treatment of a number of but also to strengthen the immune system, mainly due to the rich nutritional composition and high content of various specialized metabolites. The prepared extracts can be safely taken orally by diluting the tinctures with water immediately before ingestion. Stinging nettle Urtica dioica L. Although it is widespread and grows wild all over the world, its potential, especially in terms of its pharmacological and health properties, has not been fully exploited. This valuable medicinal plant is still considered a weed and is very often cleared and removed from farmlands, and frequently its natural habitats are increasingly threatened. The peculiarity of this species is reflected in its characteristic leaf structure, which is covered by stinging hairs, and which is ultimately the main obstacle to its consumption and processing, especially when fresh, as a vegetable 1 , 3 — 5. Stinging nettle is known for its rich composition of various biologically active compounds, specialized metabolites SM and its complex chemical composition, which is why it has many beneficial effects on human health but is still the subject of numerous studies. It is interesting to note that all parts of the plant root, stalk, leaves, and seeds have a significant nutrient composition and a different SM profile. Depending on the harvest time in the year, the intended use of the nettle is determined. For medicinal purposes, the leaves Urticae folium are mostly used while also the whole plant Urticae herba can be used for pharmacological purposes, being collected from spring to flowering. Nettle is specific in terms of retrovegetation, i. From medicinal, pharmacological, and nutritional point of view, the leaves of stinging nettle are the most important part of the plant, as they contain numerous different specialized plant compounds and SM are specific primarily for their numerous health benefits. In addition, it is important to emphasize that U. Since the main limiting factor in the consumption of fresh stinging nettle leaves is the incandescent bulbs that often cause a burning sensation, it is often necessary to heat-treat the leaves for consumption, which often cause loss of many nutritional properties. For this reason, the need for the production of various nettle preparations in which all the nutritional properties are preserved is increasingly being applied and demonstrated. Also, as an increasing number of people is turning to a healthy lifestyle, many natural products are becoming more sought and popular 20 , One example of such a product is a tincture, an alcoholic extract of a particular medicinal plant that has a stronger and more concentrated effect 22 — Nettle tincture is rich in nutrients and numerous SMs and therefore exhibits significant antioxidant properties and beneficial effects on human health. Thus, the alcoholic extract of nettle inhibits the activity of various bacteria antimicrobial activity 25 , is effective against Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia BPH and urinary tract infections 26 , 27 , possesses cytotoxic, antitumor, and antimetastatic effects on breast cancer 28 , can relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis, and has anti-inflammatory properties 29 , In addition, nettle extract is used as a source of natural green color natural dye or pigment of natural origin for coloring soaps and shampoos, cosmetics, various lotions, toothpastes, antibacterial mouthwashes, and edible fats 7. It is used for sparse and weak hair, prevents alopecia The preparation of tinctures, i. Conventional techniques often entail numerous disadvantages: prolonged extraction time, use of harmful organic solvents, use of higher temperatures, as well as negative effects on phytochemicals. Therefore, recently, various modern extraction methods have been increasingly developed and researched, primarily based on environmentally friendly technologies. The main advantage of such technologies is lower environmental impact, energy efficiency, significantly shorter process duration, and significant preservation of nutritional properties of the final product extract , which is characterized by the higher concentration of valuable biologically active compounds and consequently increased antioxidant activity 32 — One such non-invasive extraction technique, that is characterized as a clean and green technology, is ultrasound-assisted extraction UAE. The use of UAE is based on the phenomenon of transient cavitation, a mechanism of sonication in the liquid medium Another significant advantage of sonication for extraction is the improved preservation of nutrients. In particular, numerous studies demonstrate the preservation of bioactive compounds during sonication, high reproducibility in a shorter time, easier handling, lower temperatures during processing, and the use of lower amounts of solvents 33 , 34 , 38 , To achieve higher yields of specialized metabolites from plant material during solid—liquid extraction using high-intensity ultrasound, several variables need to be optimized, generally classified as physical the ultrasound waves applied during UAE and the equipment used , medium-dependent solvent properties, temperature, and the presence of gasses , and matrix-dependent parameters matrix, structure, particle size, and solid—liquid ratio There are three types of laboratory ultrasound equipments that are commercially available and most commonly used: the ultrasound bath, the ultrasound probe or horn system, and the cup-and-horn system. These devices differ primarily in the amount of power supplied to the system, which ultimately affects the cavitation process and the efficiency of the process itself. In general, probe and cup-horn systems are more efficient compared to baths, mainly because the amount of acoustic energy can be controlled by adjusting the amplitude and ultrasound intensity. Also, it is important to note that those devices are usually supplied with higher ultrasound power compared to the baths, which significantly reduces the time of extraction. Nevertheless, ultrasonic baths are still the most widely used and popular systems for ultrasonic application, mainly because of the much lower price, but also because they are suitable for sensitive materials due to the lower cavitation effect 41 — The powder was prepared from fresh leaves of cultivated stinging nettle grown in a greenhouse at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture in the Department of Vegetable Cultivation. The nettle was grown in a greenhouse in a floating hydroponic system during the spring-summer growing season from March 18 sowing to June 8, harvest of the above-ground mass. Nettle was placed in the pools filled with a nutrient solution containing a combination of salts suitable for growing leafy vegetables. Nettles were repeatedly mowed during the pre-flowering period at a height of 15—20 cm above the lower two nodules. Fresh nettle leaves from the third mowing period in July were used to prepare the powder. Immediately after mowing, the above-ground part of the plant was taken to the laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport of the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture where the nettle leaves were separated from the stems by hand and laid out to dry in natural conditions. The drying process under natural conditions to the desired water content took 5 days. The ground sample was passed through a system of several sieves with different pore sizes to determine an average powder particle size of 1 mm. Regardless of the extraction method, 2. Ethanol with a volume of ml was used as an organic solvent for the extraction. For the purpose of the experiment, i. Part of the samples was separated for treatment by ultrasonic probe system, part for treatment in an ultrasonic bath, while classical extraction by solid—liquid technique was a control sample. The classical extraction was performed in such a way that the prepared samples were left at room temperature for 24 h with occasional stirring. After the designated extraction time, the samples were filtered through Whatman filter paper and used for further analysis. The setup of the experiment is shown in Table 1. For the purposes of UAE, the equipment type was varied. The UAE treatment in the ultrasonic bath Bandelin RK H, Germany was carried out by placing the samples in beakers in an ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 35 kHz and a nominal maximum power of W, with varying treatment times of 10, 15, and 30 min. Since the nominal output power of the devices used was not the same, different treatment times were adapted to ultrasound efficiency for each type of ultrasound device. After each treatment, samples were filtered through Whatman filter paper to separate the solid phase and obtain a liquid nettle extract. During sonication, the temperature of the samples was measured with a laser thermometer Raytek—MiniTemp FS, Raytek, Toronto, ON, Canada in time intervals of 60 s to monitor the temperature change during ultrasonic treatment, as shown in Figures 1 — 4. Figure 1. The prepared solution was allowed to stand for about 20 min, filtered through Whatman filter paper and 10 ml of filtrate was used for titration with DCPIP. The reaction procedure was as follows: 1 ml of the nettle alcoholic extract and 1 ml of the Folin—Ciocalteu reagent diluted with distilled water were added in a volumetric flask with a volume of 50 ml and allowed to stand for 3 min. Additionally, 3 ml of a saturated sodium carbonate solution Na 2 CO 3 was added, the flask was filled to the mark with distilled water and allowed to stand for 3 h at room temperature with intermittent shaking. The absorbance of the blue color was measured spectrophotometrically Shimadzu i, Shimadzu Co. The prepared samples were blown with nitrogen N 2 and allowed to stand for 24 h at room temperature, after which, the same Folin—Ciocalteu reaction as for the TPC was carried out. The final solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper and transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask filled with acetone to the mark. Absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically Shimadzu UV i, Duisburg Germany at , , and nm using acetone as a blank. The antioxidant capacity was determined by performing the 2,azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic acid ABTS assay according to the method described by Re et al. Trolox 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromancarboxylic acid, TE was used as the antioxidant standard, while the standard Trolox solution 2. All treatments were performed in triplicate, as in conventional and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Parameters were then analyzed classified using principal components analysis PCA, Minitab v. The properties of the phytochemicals targeted for extraction extracted compound , especially the structure of the molecule, sensitivity to process conditions such as temperature thermolabile compounds , solubility as a function of solvent polarity, etc. Vitamins are among the nutrients that are very sensitive to process conditions, especially to higher temperature and longer extraction time. Therefore, optimization of UAE process variables, especially ultrasonic power 52 , 53 , to preserve labile biologically active compounds is a major challenge. The results of AsA content in the samples of alcoholic nettle extracts are shown in Table 2. As for the combined treatments, the highest AsA levels were observed in samples treated with UAE in a system with an ultrasonic probe, with an average AsA value of Comparing the AsA yields obtained in alcoholic nettle extracts by different extraction methods conventional and UAE , regardless of solvent concentration, type of ultrasonic equipment, and time, it can be observed that significantly higher AsA values were recorded in the samples treated with UAE, on average more than 3. These results can be supported by other literature data, which also emphasize the efficiency of UAE in obtaining high AsA yields in different matrix extracts 54 — The type of ultrasonic equipment and ethanol concentration water content in ethyl alcohol significantly affected the AsA content in nettle extracts. The ultrasonic probe system was revealed to be significantly more effective than the ultrasonic bath in AsA extraction. About 2-fold higher AsA content was observed in alcoholic nettle extracts treated with the ultrasonic probe system, regardless of the ethanol concentration used. Indeed, ultrasound power as a crucial parameter has a strong influence on the efficiency of UAE extraction, and in general, the use of high intensities influenced by the amplitude setting leads to higher extraction yields. The main reason for this effect is the generation of strong shear forces, which are achieved to a much greater extent when using the probe and cup-horn systems probes compared to the bath system. In the combination of the equipment used in this study, the probe system nominal output power W delivered higher ultrasonic energy when compared to the ultrasonic bath output power W , which is the main reason for the more effective extraction of AsA with the ultrasonic probe. However, it is important to emphasize that high intensities or the application of higher ultrasound power without optimization and control can have opposite effects. They can lead to overheating of the system, resulting in degradation of thermolabile compounds such as vitamins , evaporation of solvents, generation of liquid agitation, loss of ultrasound waves, and reduction of transient cavitation efficiency 43 , 57 , As for the temperature of the medium measured during the UAE application, it can be observed, both in the probe system Figures 1 , 2 and in the bath Figures 3 , 4 , that the application of a higher ultrasound power delivered by the treatment in the probe system did not cause overheating of the matrix, i. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the application of higher ultrasonic power significantly shortens the extraction time, which is another valuable advantage of using ultrasonic probe systems. A longer extraction time can cause undesirable changes and also lead to the degradation of the extracted compounds 56 , According to the results of this study, for example, significantly higher AsA yields were recorded during the UAE treatment with the probe system for a duration of 15 min than for the same treatment duration in the ultrasonic bath, regardless of the ethanol concentration. In this case, only 5 min of treatment in the ultrasonic probe system was sufficient to obtain significantly higher AsA values than a half-hour treatment in the bath with the same ethanol concentration used. Optimizing the processing time minimizes not only the retention of bioactive compounds but also the energy consumption, thus increasing the efficiency of UAE extraction. In order to successfully perform the extraction and obtain an adequate yield of the extracted compound, another important parameter is also the type of solvent and its properties, such as polarity, viscosity, density, etc. As mentioned earlier, it is important to emphasize that vitamins including vitamin C are present in various matrix and food systems as chemically bound complexes, which have lower digestion and absorption efficiency compared to the free forms of vitamins In this context, ultrasound energy stimulates bond breaking between vitamins and their coenzymes, thus affecting the higher bioavailability of each vitamin Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Besides strong UAE efficiency on obtaining high AsA yield in nettle alcoholic extracts, the efficiency of UAE on polyphenolic compounds total phenols, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids was also observed within this study Table 2. Obtained results of significantly higher content of polyphenolic compounds in nettle alcoholic extracts treated by UAE can be supported with other literature data which also emphasize the positive effect of ultrasound on polyphenolics 62 — The obtained results also support that the greatest efficiency of the UAE extraction of polyphenolic compounds is under the main influence of ultrasonic power, whereby higher amounts of ultrasound power delivered and distributed in liquid media will increase the effect of cavitation bubbles collapse, respectively promote transient cavitation phenomena. Namely, collapsing of cavitation bubbles generates shockwaves and accelerates inter-particle collision causing the fragmentation and even degradation of cellular structure. The fragmentation of cellular structure cause decrease in particle size, increase surface area, and high mass transfer rates in the boundary layer of solid matrix thus providing better solubilization of the cell components, first of all phytonutrients such as bioactive compounds 62 , Higher amounts of ultrasound power promote significant shortening of extraction time, thus significantly higher TPC, TFC, and TNFC were achieved in only 5 min during ultrasound treatment in probe system compared to the half an hour treatment in the ultrasonic bath. Also, mild temperature increase during UAE Figures 1 — 4 further affected the enhancement of polyphenol solubility thus providing higher polyphenol yields in the UAE-treated extracts, with an emphasis on those samples treated in ultrasonic probe system with the highest TPC. Since the type of solvent and its polarity are one of the factors that strongly influence the yield of the extracted compounds, these properties should also be optimized and carefully selected for each chemical compound to be extracted. However, besides the solvent properties, which are primarily optimized to the solubility of each chemical component, some other properties should also be taken into account, especially the impact on the environment. So in this case, it is preferable to use environmental friendly solvents. So far, still the most used solvent for the extraction of polar polyphenolic compounds is ethanol, and mixtures of ethanol with water at different proportions The hydroethanolic solution in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds also depends on the food matrix or the type of plant material from which the phenols are isolated. The same trend of hydroethanolic concentration on polyphenolic compounds was also observed in the nettle samples prepared by classical extraction. As mentioned above, the efficiency of the hydroethanolic solution also depends on the food matrix. For example, authors Bamba et al. Another phenomenon caused by the process of sonolysis during UAE is increase in the degree of hydroxylation of polyphenolic compounds induced by the formation of OH- radicals as a direct result of sonolysis process on the water molecules in the matrix, thus generally affecting the improvement of the functionality and bioavailability of polyphenols 68 , Of course, other important variable in terms of the efficiency of polyphenol extraction besides the extraction method is also solvent type. Chlorophylls and carotenoids as the main pigments in nettle leaves play a crucial role in the life of plant organisms, i. Chlorophylls are potent chelating agents that have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, tend to repair cells, and increase hemoglobin levels in the blood, while both, together with carotenoids, have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects and antiseptic activity. In addition to their pharmaceutical potential, both have been used in the food and cosmetic industries as valuable natural pigment ingredients in various foods and cosmetics 70 , Since the preservation of pigmented compounds is very challenging due to the extreme sensitivity to process conditions such as system temperature, process duration, exposure to light, and oxidation tendency, it is necessary to combine the less invasive techniques, such as UAE. As the results of this study also show Table 3 , UAE contributes positively to the preservation of pigment compounds total chlorophylls and carotenoids , but with the necessary optimization of key factors such as equipment, duration, and the solvent used. In general, the highest total chlorophyll content TCh, From all of this can be concluded that UAE is an efficient method of pigment extraction with the significant preservation of its content but with the necessary optimization of key factors as suggested from other literature data 70 — Based on the obtained high content of the specialized metabolites, high values in antioxidant capacity were found for all alcoholic nettle extracts, as expected Table 2. In addition, a significant effect of all varied variables, especially solvent concentration and time, on the antioxidant capacity of the nettle extracts was found. Considering that the results of the analysis of specialized metabolites, showed a significant beneficial effect on UAE, it is expected that these samples can be characterized as having a strong antioxidant capacity. Other studies also indicate a positive effect of ultrasound on the antioxidant properties of various plant matrices 72 — 74 and can therefore be considered as an efficient means of obtaining plant products with better nutritional and thus biological properties. The efficiency of extraction assisted by high-intensity ultrasound depends mainly on several variables, some of which are related to the type of solvent or, in particular, to some of the properties, such as viscosity, density, surface tension medium , and presence of solid particles physical properties 41 , Density, viscosity, and acoustic impedance are the most important solvent properties that strongly affect extraction efficiency, as they have a major impact on the amount of acoustic power. In general, the power density generated by the ultrasonic processor in water is higher than the power density in ethyl alcohol. In addition to density, other physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity EC , organic acid content TA , and pH of extract provide additional information about the purity, concentration of ingredients, composition and stability, quality, behavior, and final use It should be emphasized that all these parameters are significantly affected by the temperature of the system as a direct result of the cavitation process. According to the results of this study Table 2 , the density of the alcoholic nettle extracts was significantly influenced by the ethanol concentration, while the extraction method classical and UAE both with the probe system and in the bath had no significant influence. EC values were both affected by ethanol concentration, method, and time of the extraction. First, the extraction method classic or UAE significantly affected the EC values of alcoholic nettle extracts, during which significantly higher EC values were observed during the UAE treatment regardless of the type of equipment used and duration of extraction. Indeed, the electrical conductivity of a solution, an extract, depends primarily on the content of dissolved nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, proteins, etc. Ultrasonic treatment could facilitate the release of these compounds contained in the cells or colloidal particles of the plant material, due to the transient cavitation effects mechanical damage to the plant tissue. Moreover, during UAE treatment, the temperature of the medium increases Figures 1 — 4 , which results in the solutes or their ionic forms acquiring higher kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces, leading to their easier movement, i. Furthermore, regarding the ultrasonic system varied, extraction in ultrasonic bath resulted in higher yields of TA, with the highest determined value of 1. In general, other literature data also suggest a significant positive impact of sonication treatment on most of the physicochemical parameters of nettle extracts studied, rather on density, electrical conductivity, pH, and total acid content 34 , 75 , 77 , The color of a product is often associated by consumers with its quality and is therefore considered as one of the most important external parameters. Indeed, food processing techniques primarily affect the external characteristics of a product, and optimization of their parameters is necessary to maintain the color of the final product. The increased temperature during processing is one of the factors that significantly affect color, mainly by accelerating enzymatic and metabolic processes in the plant material, which also translates into color changes. Non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound are therefore very effective in maintaining external quality parameters, as they do not cause a critical increase in system temperature and significantly reduce time, but optimization of process parameters is necessary to avoid side effects 79 — The best fit is shown in Table 6. As can be observed, there is an inversely proportional relationship between the parameters, i. Also in this case, the second-order equation is the one that best fits the data. Figure 5. Table 5. Significance of interactions of varied factors in the treatment of nettle alcoholic extracts for chromaticity parameters. In order to better understand and visualize the data obtained, a PCA analysis was performed. The first principal component PC is responsible for The variables most correlated with the first principal component PC1 are phenolic content 0. The second PC accounts for From Figure 6 and the correlation coefficients, it can be deduced that the first PC primarily measures extraction from the point of view of compounds with antioxidant capacity and the second PC considers the influence of ethanol concentration on the properties of the extract. In Figure 7 , you can see how the data are grouped according to the first two components. Five groups can be distinguished. One group includes the samples extracted by 5, 10, or 30 min of US treatment in a bath; another group includes the samples extracted by 5 min of US treatment with a probe and the control sample; and finally, a group that includes the samples extracted by 10 and 15 min of US probe. Figure 6. Loading plot for the variables investigated by principal component analysis. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. FB and JC: software. MD: visualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Croatian Science Foundation Hrvatska zaklada za znanost— www. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Screening of pharmacological uses of Urtica dioica and others benefits. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Bioactive compounds in wild nettle Urtica dioica L. The potential of stinging nettle Urtica dioica L as a crop with multiple uses. Ind Crops Prod. Front Physiol. 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Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and ascorbic acid from rugosa rose Rosa rugosa Thunb. Food Sci. Food Biosci. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of ascorbic acid, protein and total antioxidants from cashew apple bagasse using artificial neural network-genetic algorithm and response surface methodology. J Food Process Preserv. Martini S. Sonocrystallization of Fats. Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction UAE of - d —glucan polysaccharides from ganoderma lucidum for prospective scale-up. Resour Technol. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of ascorbic acid from fennel Foeniculum vulgare seeds and evaluation its extracts in free radical scavenging. Agric Eng Int. Density, ultrasound velocity, acoustic impedance, reflection and absorption coefficient determination of liquids via multiple reflection method. Ball GFM. Intestinal absorption and bioavailability of vitamins: introduction. Ultrasound assisted extraction UAE of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: a review. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of total phenolics and flavonoids from the leaves of Lobelia nicotianifolia and their radical scavenging potential. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Influence of extraction conditions on ultrasound-assisted recovery of bioactive phenolics from blueberry pomace and their antioxidant activity. Modification of food ingredients by ultrasound to improve functionality: A preliminary study on a model system. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. Arfaoui L. Dietary plant polyphenols: effects of food processing on their content and bioavailability. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters of chlorophyll from Chlorella vulgaris residue after lipid separation using response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol. Effect of ultrasound, steaming, and dipping on bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity of basil and parsley. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. Accelerated solvent extraction as a green tool for the recovery of polyphenols and pigments from wild nettle leaves. Study on optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from rye bran. Effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the yield and the antioxidative potential of bergenia emeiensis triterpenes. Effects of ultrasound treatments on quality of grapefruit juice. Composition, thermal and rheological behaviour of selected Greek honeys. J Food Eng. Fruit juice sonication: implications on food safety and physicochemical and nutritional properties. Food Res Int. Mechanical damage and thermal effect induced by ultrasonic treatment in olive leaf tissue. Impact on polyphenols recovery. The effect of ultrasound on particle size, color, viscosity and polyphenol oxidase activity of diluted avocado puree. Review of ultrasound combinations with hybrid and innovative techniques for extraction and processing of food and natural products. Keywords: ultrasound-assisted extraction, ethanolic extracts, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, pigments, antioxidant capacity. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Nutrition and Food Science Technology. Introduction Stinging nettle Urtica dioica L. Materials and Methods Plant Material The powder was prepared from fresh leaves of cultivated stinging nettle grown in a greenhouse at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture in the Department of Vegetable Cultivation. Preparation of Alcoholic Extracts Regardless of the extraction method, 2. Table 1. Nettle powder extraction experiment plan. Table 2. Specialized metabolites content of nettle alcoholic extracts. Table 3. Pigment compounds content of nettle alcoholic extracts. Table 4. Physicochemical parameters of nettle alcoholic extracts. Table 6. Regression results for color values vs. Figure 7. Score plot for the principal components analysis.

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