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Nearly half of legal professionals support regulating AI in law due to concerns over ethics and accuracy. Existing user? Sign in. But you can share your requirements with us, and we will help you find the right lawyer for your needs in Quetzaltenango. Cannabis is illegal for recreational use in Guatemala, including in Quetzaltenango. However, in , a landmark ruling by the Constitutional Court of Guatemala declared that the cultivation, consumption, and transport of marijuana for personal use is decriminalized. This means that individuals can possess a small amount of marijuana for personal use without facing criminal charges. It is important to note that commercial production, sale, and distribution of cannabis are still illegal in Guatemala. You may need a lawyer in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala for various reasons related to cannabis, such as applying for a license to cultivate medical cannabis, understanding the local laws and regulations surrounding cannabis, and defending yourself in court if you are facing charges related to cannabis possession or trafficking. In Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, the cultivation, sale, and distribution of cannabis for recreational use are illegal. However, the possession of a small amount of marijuana for personal use is decriminalized. It is important to stay informed about the local laws and regulations surrounding cannabis to avoid any legal issues. Cannabis is illegal for recreational use in Guatemala, but the possession of a small amount for personal use is decriminalized. Yes, you can apply for a license to cultivate medical cannabis in Guatemala. It is important to comply with the local regulations and guidelines for cultivating medical cannabis. The possession of a small amount of cannabis for personal use is decriminalized in Guatemala. However, trafficking, sale, and distribution of cannabis can result in severe penalties. It is illegal to transport cannabis across borders in Guatemala. You could face criminal charges if caught transporting cannabis. It is not legal to consume cannabis in public in Guatemala. Consumption should be done in private spaces to avoid legal issues. If you are facing cannabis-related charges in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, it is recommended to seek legal advice from a lawyer who is familiar with the local laws and regulations surrounding cannabis. While the cultivation of cannabis for personal use is decriminalized in Guatemala, it is important to be aware of the quantity allowed and to avoid selling or distributing cannabis. There are no specific restrictions on the types of cannabis products you can possess for personal use in Quetzaltenango. It is important to be informed about the local laws and regulations surrounding cannabis to avoid any legal issues. Selling cannabis accessories, such as pipes and vaporizers, is legal in Guatemala. However, it is important to avoid promoting the use of cannabis in any way to comply with the law. You can stay informed about the latest cannabis laws in Quetzaltenango by following updates from the government, consulting legal experts, and staying informed about any changes in the local regulations regarding cannabis. For more information about cannabis laws and regulations in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, you can visit the website of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance of Guatemala. Additionally, consulting a local lawyer who is knowledgeable about cannabis laws can provide valuable insights and guidance. If you are in need of legal assistance related to cannabis in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, it is recommended to contact a local lawyer who specializes in cannabis law. They can provide you with legal advice, guidance, and representation to help you navigate the complex legal landscape surrounding cannabis in Guatemala. Open menu. From the blog. For Lawyers. Close menu. Find lawyers. Criminal Defense. List of the best lawyers in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala We haven't listed any Cannabis lawyers in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala yet But you can share your requirements with us, and we will help you find the right lawyer for your needs in Quetzaltenango Find a Lawyer in Quetzaltenango. Why You May Need a Lawyer You may need a lawyer in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala for various reasons related to cannabis, such as applying for a license to cultivate medical cannabis, understanding the local laws and regulations surrounding cannabis, and defending yourself in court if you are facing charges related to cannabis possession or trafficking. Local Laws Overview In Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, the cultivation, sale, and distribution of cannabis for recreational use are illegal. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is cannabis legal in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala? Can I apply for a license to cultivate medical cannabis in Quetzaltenango? What are the penalties for possessing cannabis in Quetzaltenango? Can I transport cannabis across borders in Guatemala? Can I consume cannabis in public in Quetzaltenango? Should I hire a lawyer if I am facing cannabis-related charges? Can I grow cannabis at home for personal use in Quetzaltenango? Are there any restrictions on the types of cannabis products I can possess in Quetzaltenango? Can I sell cannabis accessories in Quetzaltenango? How can I stay informed about the latest cannabis laws in Quetzaltenango? Additional Resources For more information about cannabis laws and regulations in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, you can visit the website of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance of Guatemala. Next Steps If you are in need of legal assistance related to cannabis in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, it is recommended to contact a local lawyer who specializes in cannabis law. Disclaimer: The information provided on this page is intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. While we strive to present accurate and up-to-date information, we cannot guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currentness of the content. Laws and regulations can change frequently, and interpretations of the law can vary. Therefore, you should consult with qualified legal professionals for specific advice tailored to your situation. We disclaim all liability for actions you take or fail to take based on any content on this page. If you find any information to be incorrect or outdated, please contact us , and we will make efforts to rectify it. Find my Lawyer.

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. We present an assessment of the extent, diversity, and nutritional contribution of the milpa through a quantitative analysis of data from a survey conducted in small scale farm households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala WHG. The milpa is a traditional agricultural system in which maize is intercropped with other species, such as common beans, faba beans, squashes or potatoes. Our study shows that more than two-thirds of the 1, plots recorded were under the milpa system, with a great diversity of crop combinations. As shown with the plots for which specific yields were available, milpa systems present higher total productivity than monocropped maize, expressed as total energy yield of the harvested crops in the respective system, and were also better at providing the recommended daily allowances of fourteen essential nutrients, based on a Potential Nutrient Adequacy PNA indicator. Maize-bean-potato, maize-potato, and maize-bean-faba intercrops had the highest PNAs, and monocropped maize, the lowest. These results support the implementation of milpa systems tailored to different agro-ecologies in order to improve nutrition in the WHG and a variety of similar regions. Maize Zea mays is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the world, produced on almost million hectares in practically all countries of the world 1. The milpa typically comprises maize intercropped with common beans Phaseolus spp. Archaeological and historical evidence identifies the milpa as the backbone of agriculture in pre-Columbian times in the vast region spanning from northeast North America to southern Central America 4 , 5 , 7. Farmers throughout Mesoamerica continue to grow maize in variants of the milpa system in a range of agro-ecologies from arid and semiarid zones to the temperate highlands and tropical lowlands. In addition to being intercropped with common beans and squash, maize may be grown with faba beans Vicia faba , peppers Capsicum spp. The degree of variation in the milpa systems depends on different factors including climate, soil type, topography, natural vegetation, traditional knowledge, culture and diets. Studies of the total productivity of milpas grown under partially controlled conditions, have shown them to be an example of efficient traditional cropping system. In milpa systems, niche complementarity, competition, and facilitation among species, contribute synergistically to overall performance 7 , 9 , 10 , chiefly through the efficient use of land, water, nutrients, and light 11 , The squash shades the soil surface, reducing moisture loss and impeding weed growth Fig. This contribution of the milpa to nutrition is especially relevant for small-scale farm households and communities such as the WHG, whose inhabitants consume nearly all they produce 13 , Here we report on the extent and diversity of milpa systems in the WHG using data collected on a survey of farm households located across 59 villages of the region. We also present a quantitative analysis to assess, at the plot level, the potential contribution of the different milpa systems to food and nutritional security, by determining the number of persons a given area of milpa can adequately feed. With data from all the plots for which there were specific yield values, we calculated, at plot level, both the total crop productivity expressed as total energy yield of the harvested crops in the respective system and the Potential Nutrient Adequacy PNA , which is a recently developed indicator based on ecological niche theory To our knowledge, this is the first report on the relation between the milpa intercropping diversity and its nutritional capacity, at least the first that takes on account data from more than one or a few plots or crop combinations. We believe the results of this analysis can inform a variety of research and development efforts oriented to improve the lives of rural families in the WHG and similar regions. The households surveyed, reported a total of 1, plots, with an overall combined area of The average agricultural area per household is 0. Maize plots reported in the survey of farm households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Milpa systems and their varied crop combinations are represented in different colours. Numbers in the boxes superimposed on the arrows are the percentages, of number of plots and area under the respective milpa system, of the total 1 maize plots. Because of the structure of the survey applied we could only calculate yield values for the different crops reported from plots i. Maize yield a and total caloric yields vs maize yield b under maize monocrop and milpa systems polycrop in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. However, because of the difference in sample size for the different intercropping systems, the results should be taken with caution. Maize yield of milpa systems in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Crop combinations are ordered by their mean yield. The nutritional functional diversity NFD of the milpa systems will always be higher than NFD of a maize monocrop, as other crops provide additional nutrients. NFD increases with crop species diversity and especially when the additional crops come from different botanical families. Assuming that milpa is the sole food provider, the potential number of people fed PNPF was calculated considering the essential components of human nutrition, the nutrient concentrations in the common edible parts of the raw crops, and the amounts of each crop produced. In this study, PNPF was highest for three intercrops: maize-bean-potatoes, maize-bean-faba and maize-potatoes Fig. The maize-bean-squash, maize-bean and maize-faba intercrops showed an intermediate PNPF for most nutrients and maize-squash and maize in monocrop had the lowest PNPF values for most nutrients. Heatmap showing the Potential Number of People Fed PNPF per ha per year numbers in the cells considering the recommended daily allowances for key human nutrients, for a range of milpa systems in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. The Potential Nutrient Adequacy PNA represents the balanced level of nutrients provided by each crop combination considering all nutrients and their recommended daily allowances See Sect. The PNA for maize-bean, maize-squash, maize-bean-squash and maize-faba were in the mid-range and did not show significant differences Fig. Crop combinations are ordered by their PNA mean value. This study showed the extent and diversity of the milpa system and its potential contribution to the nutritional security of small-scale farm households in the WHG. It highlights the importance of milpa system in the WHG and the advantages of maize intercropping over mono-cropping in subsistence farming systems. It also highlights the nutritional potential of the different milpa combinations that are traditionally grown in WHG. Whereas the classic milpa features a maize-bean-squash intercrop, in the WHG maize-bean was the most common combination with variants that included faba bean, potatoes, peas, vegetables and fruit trees. For example, the mechanisms of interspecific root interactions where maize root exudates promote nodulation of the faba bean, making maize-faba intercrops more efficient than their monocrops have been described Even higher yield advantages have been reported for the milpa system when integrated with fruit trees LERs were not calculated in this study due to the lack of robust information on the performance of all crops e. However, given that our study found no significant yield difference for maize when grown alone or with other crops, we can consider that the LER for the milpa systems in the WHG would be, in most cases, greater than or equal to 1. Further analysis, possibly including more targeted data collection and experimentation, could help identifying best crop combinations in specific agro-ecologies for improved agronomic performance of milpa systems. Our results show higher nutritional output of the milpa systems over monocropped maize in the WHG. This is based on the Potential Nutrient Adequacy PNA , which takes into account not only the diversity of nutrients and nutrient sources, as does the dietary diversity index 22 , but also includes 1 how much is produced by each crop and their nutrient concentrations and 2 the recommended daily intake for each nutrient, thus providing a more complete estimation of the potential contribution of the milpa system to the nutrition security of farm households in the WHG. Dietary diversity studies, defined as the number of food groups consumed, have shown that increasing farming diversity often increases the nutrient adequacy of the human diet The PNA of the milpa system thus offers a good estimation of its contribution to nutritional security in the WHG and supports the idea that dietary diversity and crop and animal species richness in farm households are positively correlated Beyond yield and calories, milpa systems produced significantly more other essential nutrients. The maize-bean-faba, maize-potatoes and maize-bean-potatoes associations had highest PNAs, contributing the most carbohydrates, proteins, zinc, iron, calcium, potassium, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin and vitamin C. Similar results showed that, in a trial implemented in USA, the maize-bean-squash intercrop provided more calories and proteins than a maize monocrop Based on a case study with one family farm in southern Mexico, it was shown that an average family with the average amount of land in a Mayan community could meet the daily nutritional requirements for fat, carbohydrates, fiber, protein, vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, zinc, and niacin, through diets based on products from the milpa One important limitation to highlight in these studies, as well as the one presented here, is the fact that all calculations are based on the production and concentration of nutrients in their raw form; the nutritional contribution of the cooked food considering consumption patterns portions size and frequency , the nutritional contributions of food obtained outside the milpa system such as poultry, livestock and home-gardens or purchased food, and the storage of milpa products and associated effects on nutrient stability need to be studied 25 , This study focused on the plot level, i. Results are shown at the hectare and yearly basis to allow comparison and use of standard indicators for assessing the performance of cropping systems. For example, in Fig. However, to better grasp the contribution of the milpa systems to the nutritional security of subsistence farmers households in the WHG, it is needed to take into account that 1 most farm households in the WHG have less than a quarter of a hectare an average of 0. Thus, despite the advantages of some milpa systems to provide more nutrients per unit of land, the generalised low land availability for small scale farmers in the WHG makes it impossible for the milpa system alone to satisfy the needs of all household members. This structural problem of land availability and general marginalization of indigenous communities in the WHG has been widely documented and is one of the main causes of the endemic poverty and malnutrition in the region 13 , 14 , In conclusion, our study shows the great extent and diversity of milpa systems in the WHG. Total food productivity and nutrient functional diversity advantages in milpa systems, over maize in monocrop, were found in small-scale farm households in the WHG. The milpa system alone has not, and will not, completely satisfy food demand for farm households in the WHG but, together with other sources of food either produced on-farm or purchased, can contribute importantly to improve the nutritional situation of this impoverished and marginalised region. Depending on specific characteristics of the farm households, their agro-ecological conditions and their availability of different sources of food and nutrients, milpa systems can be tailored to improve the food and nutritional security of small-scale farmers in the WHG and in a wide range of similar regions. We conducted the survey, with support from local researchers and agronomy students of the University of San Carlos USAC , in summer of in maize-growing farm households in 64 communities of 16 municipalities of the WHG. Criteria to select communities were: location within the targeted municipalities in the Buena Milpa project, the active work of project partners within the communities, and their distribution within four selected watersheds that included farming systems at different altitudes, ranging from to masl. For household selection, enumerators walked radial transects to survey household members, choosing only households that explicitly agreed to participate and had agricultural land on at least part of which maize was grown. The survey was a closed questionnaire with questions in 18 sections including 5 project themes: milpa-maize germplasm improvement, natural resource conservation in farming system, farming system diversification, agricultural innovation systems and social inclusion. The households reported crop production on a total of 1, plots, 1, of which included maize. The other plots grew potato 85 plots , coffee 50 , vegetables 31 , bean 19 , fruit trees 12 , faba bean 7 , forestry trees 6 , pea 2 , oats, wheat, etc. For the resulting plots we constructed a tree depicting maize-system diversity in the WHG, with each node indicating the main cropping associations. So, in plots where maize is grown with potatoes and common beans, the association is termed maize-bean-potatoes. We assessed maize yield differences for monocropping and intercropping to detect a yield penalty or advantage for maize see below , including survey information only for households from which we had available yield data for all crops. In the survey, total production for each crop was recorded regardless of the number of plots on which it was grown and therefore, for households The results were further screened for complete crop information and unrealistic values on crop production levels i. Other crop combinations with very low sample sizes were maize-squash-faba 4 , maize-potato-faba 3 , maize-bean-squash-faba 2 , maize-bean-potato-faba 1 and maize-bean-potato-squash 1 , making it difficult to include them in further statistical analyses. Maize yields for plots under monocropped maize were first compared to maize yields from intercropped plots To choose the most appropriate statistical test, we checked if the outcome variable, maize yield, met the assumptions required for a parametric test. Thus, we choose a non-parametric test, the Wilcoxon rank-sum also known as the independent 2-group Mann—Whitney U Test , to compare maize yields in monocrop and intercrop. Results are shown in boxplots for yield of both groups in Fig. Maize yield was also compared between all eight crop associations, as maize yield presented a non-normal distribution and we have several groups to compare, a Kruskal—Wallis test, was performed. While in general, omnibus test like Kruskal—Wallis are used to detect the existence of at least one significant difference across groups, sometimes they fail in detecting significant differences between pairs of groups, and hence we decided to perform a post hoc test. We applied a Functional Diversity approach used in ecology research 29 — 31 to assess the nutritional performance of milpa systems. We calculated the number of people who can obtain recommended daily allowances RDA of 14 different nutrients from different milpa systems. We then calculated the Potential Nutrient Adequacy PNA 18 to determine the number of persons male adult equivalents who could obtain RDAs of a full set of nutrients from 1 ha of a milpa system, including monocropped maize and associations, using the following equation:. All values were calculated per hectare and year. PNA levels across cropping associations were also compared. First, we checked if PNA data met the assumptions required for a parametric test. Results are presented with boxplots in Fig. Finally, we would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions helped to improve the quality and readability of the manuscript. Conceptualized the study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Sci Rep. Maize intercropping in the milpa system. Find articles by Santiago Lopez-Ridaura. Find articles by Luis Barba-Escoto. Find articles by Cristian A Reyna-Ramirez. Find articles by Carlos Sum. Find articles by Natalia Palacios-Rojas. Find articles by Bruno Gerard. Received Jun 13; Accepted Jan 22; Collection date Open in a new tab. Supplementary Information Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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