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A total of rhizobial bacteria were isolated from root nodules of Lens culinaris Medik endemic to Tunisia and they belonged to the species Rhizobium leguminosarum , and for the first time to Ensifer and Mesorhizobium , genera never previously described as microsymbionts of lentil. Phenotypically, our results indicate that L. Based on the concatenation of the 16S rRNA with relevant housekeeping genes gln A, rec A, dna K , rhizobia that nodulate lentil belonged almost exclusively to the known R. Interestingly, R. The E. Symbiotic gene phylogenies showed that the E. Indeed, the nodC and nodA genes from the M. On the basis of these data, R. Although several studies have been carried out to assess the diversity and identity of rhizobia that nodulate members of the tribe Viciae , there were few reports investigating rhizobia isolated from lentil. Recently, Rashid et al. It is therefore important to examine lentil symbionts from other geographical regions to establish whether lentils are exceptional from other legumes of the tribe Vicieae in having different symbionts Rashid et al. Nodulation and cross-inoculation assays are necessary to determine the host range of lentil rhizobial species, and nucleotide sequences from nodulation genes may be used to provide complementary information Santillana et al. Considering the importance of L. Bacteria were isolated, as described by Rejili et al. The carbonate content of the soil samples was determined using a Bernard calcimeter, according to the method described by Vatan For rhizobial isolation, four plants were considered for each location and 8—11 lentil pink nodules were selected for each site. Nodules from Sidi Bouzid, Nabeul, Beja and Bizerte locations are collected by trapping experiment and for the remaining locations nodules are collected from field-grown lentil. The purity of each isolate was ensured by repeated streaking of single colonies onto yeast extract mannitol agar plates YMA Vincent The new isolates used in this study and the soil properties are listed in Table 1. Bioclimatic map of Tunisia showing the location of studied sites. Twenty six phenotypic features were used for characterization of studied isolates. Acid and alkali production was determined in YMA medium with bromothymol blue indicator 0. In all experiments, growth was recorded after 5 days in triplicate. Gel normalization, background substraction and zone definition were performed as previously described Rademaker et al. The results of gene sequences were analyzed for homologies to sequences deposited in the GenBank. A neighbor-joining tree was reconstructed and bootstrapped with replications replications of each sequence using Mega6 software Tamura et al. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW software Chenna et al. The GenBank accession numbers for the sequenced genes reported in this paper are included in Table S1 Supporting Information. Seeds germination and plant inoculation were performed as described by Rejili et al. Cross-nodulation test of the two isolates LBi 2 and LB 4 were performed with Medicago sativa and Cicer arietinum host plants, respectively. Inoculation was performed with 10 8 —10 9 cells of each isolate. The uninoculated plants T N: N-fertilized and uninoculated plants and T 0: non-fertilized and uninoculated plants were included as controls. N-fertilized plants were maintained with Jensen's medium containing 0. Plants were harvested 7 weeks after planting and observed for nodulation. Nitrogen-fixing effectiveness of nodules was expressed in percent of dry weight of the aerial biomass of the test plant to that of nitrogen control plants, which were maintained with Jensen's medium containing 0. A total of bacterial isolates were obtained and purified from root nodules 8—10 isolates from each site. Soils from all sampling sites were alkaline, with pH 8. Carbonate content varied from 2. The ability of new bacterial isolates to renodulate Lens culinaris Medik host was tested. Results showed that all isolates were able to induce nodules in their host plant. Symbiotic properties of 11 isolates, belonging to each distinct PCR-RFLP genotype, reported significant differences in the capacity to infect the host plant and to fix atmospheric nitrogen Table 2. The two strains, LZ 1 and LMa 7 affiliated to Rhizobium leguminosarum , showed the highest nodule numbers per plant, Infectivity and symbiotic efficiency of the representative 16S rRNA gene sequenced isolates. Six replicates were considered for each treatment. The 16S rRNA gene of all isolates was amplified, resulting in a single band of about pb. This size corresponded well to the expected size of the 16S rRNA gene of most members of the Rhizobiaceae Laguerre et al. The obtained profiles were combined and analyzed using the UPGMA algorithm, and a similarity dendrogram data not shown was performed. Cluster 1 was the largest group with isolates. Cluster 2 consists of nine strains. Cluster 3 includes 10 strains. Bar, 0. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with these new and reference sequences. The aligned sequences for 16S rDNA, rec A, dna K and gln A were concatenated, and an alignment of approximately nucleotides was obtained. The concatenated tree showed that L. The other strains were distributed between R. Bootstrap values using replicates for NJ are indicated at branch points. Bars, 0. Nod C and nod A are proteins required for synthesis of the rhizobial nodulation factors involved in legume infection signaling. To characterize the nodulation genes of the L. In addition, the strain LBi 2 shared nod A sequence similarity between E. However, the nod C of this strain sequence showed low similarity with E. No nod C sequence of E. A Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of nod A gene sequences of Tunisian L. B Neighbor-joining tree based on nod C sequences showing the relationships of the Tunisian L. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotides. Our results reported that LBi 2 strain was able to induce nodules on Me. Similarly, the LB 4 strain was able to induce nodules on C. Phenotypically, all isolates are fast growers, and acid producers. As little work has been done on Lens culinaris Medik symbionts, lentil root nodule bacteria were isolated from different localities across Tunisia and characterized by a polyphasic approach Vandamme et al. Nodulation test showed that all isolates were able to re-induce nodules with lentil within 7 weeks, and RFLP-PCR pattern analysis defined three different patterns, supporting that our strains were genomically related to different species Laguerre et al. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the new strains are grouped on the phylogram in the Ensifer , Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium genera, as are many other indigenous legume symbionts from Tunisia Zakhia et al. Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. In Egypt, Zahran et al. From three different geographical origins Turkey, Syria and Germany and different localities across Bangladesh country, Rashid et al. The 16S rDNA gene sequences of these two strains are closely identical with 10 nucleotides differences along pb. These observations imply that the rRNA genes of rhizobia may occasionally undergo possible horizontal gene transfer or recombination, variable mutation rates and simple stochastic variation Eardly et al. Surprisingly, the strain LBi 2 belonged perfectly to E. It is also known that plants have a broad or narrow range of rhizobia by which they can be effectively nodulated e. Mimosa sp. The presence of bacteria belonging to different genera in the same host plant might be a result of genetic diversification and adaptation of the bacteria to their environment Fuentes et al. For instance, we report Table 1 that R. High EC The biogeographical pattern and the genomic results imply that soil directs the symbiosis between lentil and rhizobia in Tunisia, and that rhizobia have to undergo the selection pressures from both host legume and soil conditions, as reported earlier Zhang et al. Very recently, Sankhla et al. Acacia jacquemontii being nodulated by diverse and promiscuous Ensifer species. Although lentil host genotype was the main factor determining rhizobial diversity, Lemaire et al. In order to provide complementary information on host nodulation Mergaert et al. Although many publications have previously shown that lentil was nodulated by R. Jordan ; Rivas et al. Recently, in arid and semi-arid regions of Algeria, Boukhatem et al. So, it would now be interesting to perform the cross-nodulation test of our strains on clover species and to clarify the taxonomic status of the species R. In the phylogram of nod A sequences, the strain LBi 2 had nod A gene sequence that was identical to E. Merabet et al. Nodulation efficiency of LBi 2 with Medicago sativa host plant showed that it was symbiotically effective Table 3. Interestingly, in the Bizerte location where E. In addition, Fterich et al. The analysis of the nod C sequence of LB 4 symbionts provided results congruent to those of the nod A genes and they are almost identical to nod C and nod A genes of M. Mesorhizobium mediterraneum species was described to specifically nodulate Cicer arietinum chickpea host plant Nour et al. The LB 4 strain was symbiotically effective on C. The highly similar nod C and nod A genes between LB 4 and reference strain evidenced that lateral transfer of the symbiotic genes might have occurred among the lentil-nodulating rhizobia in Tunisia Sullivan et al. According to the symbiotic gene sequence and the C. The presence of M. By phenotypic and symbiotic efficiency analysis, we reported a great diversity among and within strains as mentioned by Trinick and Hadobas a for other legume plants. The two strains LZ 1 R. For phenotypic analysis, the majority of the isolates are able to grow at pH between 6 and 8. Previous publications reported that most strains of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium species are very acid sensitive Brockwell, Bottomley and Thies , while Lemaire et al. As for salinity and temperature tolerance, our results showed that lentil R. These results corroborate our earlier reports on the root nodule bacteria isolated from wild legumes in Tunisia Rejili et al. In summary, our study is the first report on the characterization of L. We evidenced a novel biodiversity among bacteria isolated from L. We demonstrated that, in Tunisian soils, rhizobia that nodulated lentil belonged almost exclusively to the known R. Ensifer numidicus has been described as a specific symbiont of the Argyrolobium-Lotus creticus-Acacia ; M. Furthermore, our results reported that these new species were able to nodulate effectively lentil, which indicated that they were fully compatible with the host plant. The degree of specificity between leguminous plants and rhizobia is highly variable. Our results show that the host spectrum of R. Supplementary Data. Synergistic interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Google Scholar. Symbiotic characterization and diversity of rhizobia associated with native and introduced acacias in arid and semi-arid regions in Algeria FEMS Microbiol Ecol 80 Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs Nucleic Acids Res 31 Google Preview. Taxonomic and symbiotic diversity of bacteria isolated from nodules of Acacia tortilis subsp. Symbiotic root nodule bacteria isolated from yam bean Pachyrhizus erosus J Gen Appl Microbiol 48 Mesorhizobium septentrionale sp. Nodulation of legumes from the Thar desert of India and molecular characterization of their rhizobia Plant Soil An invasive Mimosa in India does not adopt the symbionts of its native relatives Ann Bot Geniaux E Amarger N Diversity and stability of plasmid transfer in isolates from a single field population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Rhizobiaceae Conn. Effect of herbicides and hand weeding in control of weed in winter and spring sown lentil Lens culinaris L. Iran J Crop Sci 6 68 Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences J Mol Evol 16 Bacterial genospecies that are not ecologically coherent: population genomics of Rhizobium leguminosarum Open Biol 5 Compatibility of rhizobial genotypes within natural populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae for nodulation of host legumes Appl Environ Microb 69 Louvrier P Laguerre G Amarger N Distribution of symbiotic genotypes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae populations isolated directly from soils Appl Environ Microb 62 5. Rhizobium pisi sv. Advantages of multilocus sequence analysis for taxonomic studies: a case study using 10 housekeeping genes in the genus Ensifer including former Sinorhizobium Int J Syst Evol Micr 58 Survey of Rhizobium sp. Intragenomic diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Multilocus sequence analysis of root nodule isolates from Lotus arabicus Senegal , Lotus creticus , Argyrolobium uniflorum and Medicago sativa Tunisia and description of Ensifer numidicus sp. Phenotypic characteristics of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from Acacia spp. Genomic heterogeneity of strains nodulating chickpeas Cicer arietinum L. Genetic diversity of an Italian Rhizobium meliloti population from different Medicago sativa varieties Appl Environ Microb 62 Characterisation of Phaseolus symbionts isolated from Mediterranean soils and analysis of genetic factors related to pH tolerance J Biotechnol 91 Reclassification of the strain R. Genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating lentil Lens culinaris in Bangladesh Syst Appl Microbiol 35 98 The phenotypic, phylogenetic and symbiotic characterization of rhizobia nodulating Lotus sp. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of wild legumes in Tunisia: Soil fertility dynamics, field nodulation and nodules effectiveness Agr Ecosyst Environ 60 Genetic diversity of rhizobial populations recovered from three Lotus species cultivated in the infra-arid Tunisian Soils Prog Nat Sci 19 Influence of temperature and salinity on the germination of Lotus creticus L. Genotypic and symbiotic diversity of Rhizobium populations associated with cultivated lentil and pea in sub-humid and semi-arid regions of Eastern Algeria Syst Appl Microbiol 37 Strains of Mesorhizobium amorphae and Mesorhizobium tianshanense , carrying symbiotic genes of common chickpea endosymbiotic species, constitute a novel biovar ciceri capable of nodulating Cicer arietinum Lett Appl Microbiol 44 8. Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Bradyrhizobium Syst Appl Microbiol 32 Characterization of rhizobia from legumes of agronomic interest grown in semi-arid areas of Central Spain relates genetic differences to soil properties J Basic Microbiol 52 66 Molecular characterization of nitrogen fixing microsymbionts from root nodules of Vachellia Acacia jacquemontii , a native legume from the Thar Desert of India Plant and Soil Phylogenetic diversity based on rrs, atpD, recA genes and 16S—23S intergenic sequence analyses of rhizobial strains isolated from Vicia faba and Pisumsativum in Peru Arch Microbiol Syst Appl Microbiol 37 8. Freeman and Co. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield components in lentil Lens culinaris Medik. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. Trinick M Hadobas P Symbiotic effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Parasponia and tropical legumes on Parasponia host species Plant Soil a Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics Microbiol Rev 60 Population genetics and phylogenetic inference in bacterial molecular systematics: the roles of migration and recombination in Bradyrhizobium species cohesion and delineation Mol Phylogenet Evol 34 29 Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments Science Rhizobium etli bv. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from nodules of the legume genera Astragalus, Lespedeza and Hedysarum in northwestern China Microbiol Res Genetic diversity of nodulating and non-nodulating rhizobia associated with wild soybean Glycine soja Sieb. Identification of rhizobial strains nodulating Egyptian grain legumes Int Microbiol 16 Biodiversity and biogeography of rhizobia associated with soybean plants grown in the North China Plain Appl Environ Microb 77 Diverse rhizobia associated with Sophoraalopecuroides grown in different regions of Loess Plateau in China Syst Appl Microbiol 33 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. FEMS Journals. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Journal Article. Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar trifolii, Ensifer numidicus and Mesorhizobium amorphae symbiovar ciceri or Mesorhizobium loti are new endosymbiotic bacteria of Lens culinaris Medik. Sami Dhaoui , Sami Dhaoui. Oxford Academic. Mokhtar Rejili. Tel: ; Fax: ;. Peter Mergaert. Mohamed Mars. Revision received:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Figure 1. Open in new tab Download slide. Table 1. Open in new tab. Geographical origin. RFLP clusters. Table 2. Nodule number. Aerial part dry weight. Relative effectiveness. Plant host. LBg 3 Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Table 3. Medicago sativa LBi 2 Table 4. Cluster 1. Cluster 2. Cluster 3. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Symbiotic characterization and diversity of rhizobia associated with native and introduced acacias in arid and semi-arid regions in Algeria. Manipulation of rhizobia microflora for improving legume productivity and soil fertility. Taxonomy, distribution and evolution of the lentil and its wild relatives. Symbiotic root nodule bacteria isolated from yam bean Pachyrhizus erosus. Nodulation of legumes from the Thar desert of India and molecular characterization of their rhizobia. An invasive Mimosa in India does not adopt the symbionts of its native relatives. Diversity and stability of plasmid transfer in isolates from a single field population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Three phylogenetic groups of nodA and nifH genes in Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium isolated from leguminous trees growing in Africa and Latin America. Google Scholar PubMed. Host plant effect on competition among strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Transfer of Rhizobium loti , Rhizobium huakuii , Rhizobium ciceri , Rhizobium mediterraneum and Rhizobium tianshanense to a new genus: Mesorhizobium. Karim Mojein. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Toward a more robust assessment of intraspecies diversity, using fewer genetic markers. Bacterial genospecies that are not ecologically coherent: population genomics of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium on the basis of 16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer region sequences. Compatibility of rhizobial genotypes within natural populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae for nodulation of host legumes. Plasmid profiles and restriction fragment length polymorphism of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. High diversity of chickpea Mesorhizobium species isolated in a Portuguese agricultural region. Symbiotic diversity, specificity and distribution of rhizobia in native legumes of the Core Cape Subregion South Africa. Distribution of symbiotic genotypes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae populations isolated directly from soils. Advantages of multilocus sequence analysis for taxonomic studies: a case study using 10 housekeeping genes in the genus Ensifer including former Sinorhizobium. Some characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum isolates from un-inoculated field-grown lentil. Genetic diversity of an Italian Rhizobium meliloti population from different Medicago sativa varieties. Characterisation of Phaseolus symbionts isolated from Mediterranean soils and analysis of genetic factors related to pH tolerance. Molecular characterization of symbiotic root nodulating rhizobia isolated from lentil Lens culinaris. Genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating lentil Lens culinaris in Bangladesh. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of wild legumes in Tunisia: Soil fertility dynamics, field nodulation and nodules effectiveness. Genetic diversity of rhizobial populations recovered from three Lotus species cultivated in the infra-arid Tunisian Soils. Genotypic and symbiotic diversity of Rhizobium populations associated with cultivated lentil and pea in sub-humid and semi-arid regions of Eastern Algeria. Strains of Mesorhizobium amorphae and Mesorhizobium tianshanense , carrying symbiotic genes of common chickpea endosymbiotic species, constitute a novel biovar ciceri capable of nodulating Cicer arietinum. Characterization of rhizobia from legumes of agronomic interest grown in semi-arid areas of Central Spain relates genetic differences to soil properties. Molecular characterization of nitrogen fixing microsymbionts from root nodules of Vachellia Acacia jacquemontii , a native legume from the Thar Desert of India. Phylogenetic diversity based on rrs, atpD, recA genes and 16S—23S intergenic sequence analyses of rhizobial strains isolated from Vicia faba and Pisumsativum in Peru. Nodulating strains of Rhizobium loti arise through chromosomal symbiotic gene transfer in the environment. Symbiotic effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Parasponia and tropical legumes on Parasponia host species. Genetic diversity among Bradyrhizobium isolates that effectively nodulate peanut Arachishypogaea. Population genetics and phylogenetic inference in bacterial molecular systematics: the roles of migration and recombination in Bradyrhizobium species cohesion and delineation. Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments. Genetic diversity of rhizobia from Leucaena leucocephala nodules in Mexican soils. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from nodules of the legume genera Astragalus, Lespedeza and Hedysarum in northwestern China. Biodiversity and biogeography of rhizobia associated with soybean plants grown in the North China Plain. Diverse rhizobia associated with Sophoraalopecuroides grown in different regions of Loess Plateau in China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals. Issue Section:. Download all slides. Supplementary data. Supplementary Data - zip file. Views 1, More metrics information. Total Views 1, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. In progress issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Web of Science 5. Latest Most Read Most Cited Limited gut bacterial response of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus to dietary manipulation and captivity. Pseudogymnoascus destructans invasion stage impacts the skin microbial functions of highly vulnerable Myotis lucifugus. Metabarcoding reveals ecologically distinct fungal assemblages in river and groundwater along an Austrian alpine to lowland gradient. Taxonomic and functional partitioning of Chloroflexota populations under ferruginous conditions at and below the sediment-water interface. A cross-system evaluation. More from Oxford Academic. Biological Sciences. Science and Mathematics. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. 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Buy weed online in Djerba

Exercise a high degree of caution in Tunisia due to the countrywide risk of terrorism. Avoid non-essential travel to the following areas due to the presence of a military zone, the risk of terrorism and the limited cellular coverage: the Delegation of Remada Mount Orbata This advisory excludes areas less than 20 km from the Algerian border and 30 km from the Libyan border where you should avoid all travel. Back to top. Demonstrations and strikes occur occasionally, particularly to denounce the deterioration of economic, political and social conditions in Tunisia. They sometimes lead to civil unrest and clashes with the security forces. Although demonstrations take place throughout the country, they are mainly concentrated in downtown Tunis. Strikes in transportation and public services occur occasionnally. Rail, sea, air and public transport services could therefore be affected. There are reports of shortages of fuel and certain foodstuffs. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation. Mass gatherings large-scale events. On May 9, , a shooting took place near the Ghriba synagogue on the island of Djerba, resulting in several casualties. This attack took place despite an increased presence of security forces as part of the annual Lag Ba'omer pilgrimage. Terrorists have previously targeted resorts and tourist attractions, as well as government and military installations. Individuals suspected of terrorism or arms trafficking have been captured in various parts of the country, including Tunis. The presence of extremist groups and regional instability pose a threat to the safety of foreigners, religious sites and tourist facilities. Security forces are on constant alert and conduct anti-terrorist operations throughout the country to prevent attacks. Despite the preventive efforts of security forces, terrorist acts could occur at any time. Targets could include :. These zones mainly include the central-western mountain ranges in the governorates of Kasserine and Kef, including :. Avoid all travel to fenced-off military zones such as the area south of the city of Remada, in the governorate of Tataouine. The Tunisian armed forces could arrest you if you enter without prior authorization. Due to the movement of suspected terrorist cell members, militants and smugglers between Tunisia and neighboring countries, the Tunisian government has increased the presence of its armed forces on the border with Algeria. However, the threat of cross-border terrorist activity remains, and attacks still target the Tunisian armed forces. There is a risk of terrorist attacks and kidnappings along the Algerian border, particularly in the mountainous regions of the following governorates:. Improvised explosive devices IEDs have been found in these areas. The Algerian and Tunisian armed forces carry out joint anti-terrorist operations on both sides of the border, notably in the governorates of Jendouba, Kasserine and Kef. Deteriorating security conditions and the presence of terrorist groups in Libya continue to have an impact on the security situation along the border with Tunisia. There is a strong presence of Tunisian armed forces on the border with Libya, notably to control the passage of migrants to and from Libya, as well as from the Mediterranean Sea. The state of emergency has been in effect in Tunisia since and is regularly extended due to the threat of terrorism. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, occurs occasionally, especially in tourist areas. A rise in crimes of opportunity is also reported across the country and particularly in Tunis, including:. Advice for women travellers. In some cases, their personal information is revealed on social media, where individuals call for violence against them. Security forces sometimes carry out arbitrary arrests and illegal searches and use violence and blackmail to force people to hand over their phones and belongings. This information may be used as evidence in legal proceedings. If you are a victim of violence or detained by local authorities due to your sexual orientation, gender identity or any other sexual characteristic, you should report it immediately to the Canadian Embassy in Tunisia. Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics. There have been several reports of products ordered online, including on social media, which do not correspond to the description given. Individuals trying to obtain compensation face phone numbers that are no longer in service or online pages that no longer exist. In some resorts, young Tunisians are looking to marry older Canadians either to enrich themselves or to come to Canada. Keep in mind that you could be the victim of a scam if strangers or new acquaintances bring up the subject of marriage. Overseas fraud. Bicycles, electric scooters and motorcycles are not always equipped with reflectors or headlights, and often zigzag between cars. Pedestrians sometimes walk in the street due to the absence of sidewalks, and often weave in and out of cars to cross the street. Vehicles don't always stop at crosswalks or when the light is red at an intersection. In remote areas, including the area south of Jebil National Park and in desert zones, cell phone reception is not always reliable and resources for obtaining assistance are limited. Yellow taxis are generally available, but few are equipped with working seatbelts. You can hail a taxi on the street or order one via a mobile app that indicates the fare, which is usually higher. City buses are crowded and regularly behind schedule. Crime, especially petty crime, can occur on board. Petty crime, such as purse snatching, can occur on trains. Derailments and collisions occur every year. Intercity trains and buses are considered more reliable, but safety standards may differ from those in Canada. We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards. Information about foreign domestic airlines. Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. We have obtained the information on this page from the Tunisian authorities. It can, however, change at any time. Verify this information with the Foreign Representatives in Canada. Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond the date you expect to leave Tunisia. Official travel. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination. Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Tourist visa: not required for stays up to 90 days Business visa: not required Student visa: not required. If you wish to stay in Tunisia for more than 90 days, contact the nearest Tunisian embassy or consulate before your departure for information on visa requirements. Tunisian authorities may ask Canadians who also have Tunisian citizenship to present their Tunisian passport when entering and leaving the country. You may be questioned extensively as to why you are not traveling with your Tunisian passport. Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever vaccines section. This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below. Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations. Be sure that your routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination. Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella MMR , diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella chickenpox , influenza and others. You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. Yellow fever is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito. Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection. It is recommended that you contact the nearest diplomatic or consular office of the destination s you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements. About Yellow Fever. Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada. There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact such as oral-anal sex with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus. Practise safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present. In this destination, rabies is carried by dogs and some wildlife, including bats. Rabies is a deadly disease that spreads to humans primarily through bites or scratches from an infected animal. While travelling, take precautions , including keeping your distance from animals including free-roaming dogs , and closely supervising children. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal while travelling, immediately wash the wound with soap and clean water and see a health care professional. Rabies treatment is often available in this destination. Before travel, discuss rabies vaccination with a health care professional. It may be recommended for travellers who are at high risk of exposure e. Tick-borne encephalitis TBE is a risk in some areas of this destination. It is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system brain and spinal cord. It is spread to humans by the bite of infected ticks or occasionally when unpasteurized milk products are consumed. Travellers to areas where TBE is found may be at higher risk during April to November, and the risk is highest for people who hike or camp in forested areas. Protect yourself from tick bites. The vaccine is not available in Canada. It may be available in the destination you are travelling to. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air. Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles. Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus. Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids e. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards. The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza flu is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling. The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere. The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air. It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water. Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions. The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration drinking lots of fluids. Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling. Typhoid is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time. Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination. Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:. To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page. The virus that causes chikungunya is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can cause fever and pain in the joints. In some cases, the joint pain can be severe and last for months or years. Insect bite and pest prevention Chikungunya. Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets places where live animals are slaughtered and sold or caves. Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock pigs, cows , monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:. Sexually transmitted infections STIs , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine. Doctors and hospitals generally require payment on the spot at the time of treatment, and may also ask for a deposit or payment in advance, depending on the type of consultation or treatment required. Your private insurance may be accepted in certain clinics if they obtain a payment guarantee from your insurance company. Medications available in Tunisia may differ from those available in Canada, and some may be difficult to find, especially in rural areas. Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays. The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety. Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres. Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are severe. Those convicted of these offences are subject to heavy fines and prison sentences of up to life. Avoid engaging in religious activities that contradict or challenge Islamic teachings and values. They could also be arrested and face other charges such as:. International Driving Permit. If you are a Canadian citizen, but also a citizen of Tunisia, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited while you're there. A child born to a Tunisian mother or father can be considered by the Tunisian authorities as a Tunisian citizen, no matter where he or she was born and what other citizenship he or she has acquired. In cases where one or more family members hold Tunisian citizenship, parents should consider the risks before their children travel to Tunisia, including that:. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. It does not apply between Canada and Tunisia. If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies. Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country's judicial affairs. Special permits may be required for certain types of goods. You should consult the regulations in force and contact the Tunisian customs authorities before importing or exporting goods to or from Tunisia. Prohibitions and restrictions — Tunisian Customs in French and Arabic. The majority of the population is Muslim. Dress conservatively, and respect religious and social traditions to avoid offending the local population. Avoid taking pictures of military installations, government buildings and embassies. Ask permission before taking people's pictures. ATMs are widely available in tourist areas and can be found in all major centres. Many establishments in urban and tourist areas accept credit cards. There are restrictions on the import and export of foreign currency. You must declare all foreign currency in your possession equal to or superior to the equivalent of 20, TND:. If you enter Tunisia with a sum exceeding 5, TND, you must declare the amount to airport customs so that the exceeding sum is not confiscated when you leave the country. In the event of confiscation upon leaving, you must request a refund using a form available on the Tunisian customs website. In addition, you will not be able to leave Tunisia with the equivalent of 30, TND or more, even if you declared it upon entry. Residents of Tunisia may obtain a conversion allowance of up to TND in foreign currency per calendar year under certain conditions. However, in order to leave the country as a resident with foreign currency in your possession, you must:. Currency and exchange — Tunisian Customs in French and Arabic only. Temperatures vary both geographically and seasonally. In the north, summers are hot and dry, and winters are rainy. In the south, the climate is semi-arid, and it can get very hot in the Sahara, especially in the summer. In northern Tunisia, the rainy season generally extends from October to May. In the south, rainfall is significantly less frequent due to the arid climate. In the winter, downpours can block roads. Seasonal flooding can hamper overland travel and the provision of essential services. Roads may become impassable and bridges damaged. Although Tunisia is not located in a high-risk zone for earthquakes, small tremors do occasionally occur. Earthquakes - What to do? For emergency consular assistance, call the Embassy of Canada to Tunisia, in Tunis, and follow the instructions. The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad. The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an 'as is' basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided. If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services. Learn more about consular services. There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities. Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving. You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so. Exercise a high degree of caution with regional advisories. Latest updates: The Need help? Last updated: August 26, ET. On this page Risk level Safety and security Entry and exit requirements Health Laws and culture Natural disasters and climate Need help? Regional advisory - Avoid non-essential travel Avoid non-essential travel to the following areas due to the presence of a military zone, the risk of terrorism and the limited cellular coverage: the Delegation of Remada Mount Orbata This advisory excludes areas less than 20 km from the Algerian border and 30 km from the Libyan border where you should avoid all travel. Safety and security Demonstrations, strikes and civil unrest Demonstrations and strikes occur occasionally, particularly to denounce the deterioration of economic, political and social conditions in Tunisia. Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place Follow the instructions of local authorities Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations Mass gatherings large-scale events Terrorism There is a threat of terrorism. Always be aware of your surroundings when in public places. Be especially vigilant at: sporting events religious holidays public celebrations major political events, such as elections. Terrorists may use such occasions to mount attacks. These zones mainly include the central-western mountain ranges in the governorates of Kasserine and Kef, including : Mount Chaambi Mount Mghila Mount Selloum Mount Sammama Avoid all travel to fenced-off military zones such as the area south of the city of Remada, in the governorate of Tataouine. Border regions Algeria Due to the movement of suspected terrorist cell members, militants and smugglers between Tunisia and neighboring countries, the Tunisian government has increased the presence of its armed forces on the border with Algeria. There is a risk of terrorist attacks and kidnappings along the Algerian border, particularly in the mountainous regions of the following governorates: Jendouba Kef Kasserine Improvised explosive devices IEDs have been found in these areas. Libya Deteriorating security conditions and the presence of terrorist groups in Libya continue to have an impact on the security situation along the border with Tunisia. The border between Tunisia and Libya may close at any time for an indefinite period. State of emergency The state of emergency has been in effect in Tunisia since and is regularly extended due to the threat of terrorism. Security forces have increased rights to: conduct searches make seizures detain persons of interest impose curfews If you are traveling to a place where a state of emergency is in effect: be aware that you may be subject to searches by security forces always cooperate with military and police officers carry valid ID at all times and be prepared for various checkpoints allow extra time to reach your destination follow the instructions of local authorities monitor local media for the latest information Kidnappings Although the risk is low, kidnappings may occur, particularly along border areas. During your stay : report any suspicious behavior to security forces exercise caution at all times Sports events Sports events sometimes give rise to rowdy behavior and violent incidents. Be careful if you attend sports events. Crime Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, occurs occasionally, especially in tourist areas. Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics Fraud Fraud related to online shopping occurs in Tunisia. Avoid shopping on unencrypted websites Beware of overly attractive business opportunities Don't give your banking information to strangers In some resorts, young Tunisians are looking to marry older Canadians either to enrich themselves or to come to Canada. Overseas fraud Road safety Driving habits The number of road accidents is rising in Tunisia, despite awareness campaigns. Roads are busy during the summer vacations, particularly between July and mid-September. Many accidents are caused by drivers' dangerous behavior, including : speeding sudden lane changes drinking and driving driving at night without headlights distractions failure to comply with road signs Bicycles, electric scooters and motorcycles are not always equipped with reflectors or headlights, and often zigzag between cars. In some isolated areas, emergency services may be limited and response times may be longer. Road conditions Outside major cities, roads can be dangerous for various reasons, including : uneven surfaces lack of infrastructure maintenance potholes insufficient lighting Pedestrians sometimes walk in the street due to the absence of sidewalks, and often weave in and out of cars to cross the street. Police officers often intercept cars for inspection, especially rental cars. If you drive in Tunisia : exercise caution always drive defensively be very careful if you travel after dark only use main roads and highways fill your gas tank before you travel, especially if you're traveling to remote areas avoid stopping in isolated areas In remote areas, including the area south of Jebil National Park and in desert zones, cell phone reception is not always reliable and resources for obtaining assistance are limited. Public transportation Taxis Yellow taxis are generally available, but few are equipped with working seatbelts. Taxis generally only accept payment in cash. Buses City buses are crowded and regularly behind schedule. Trains Petty crime, such as purse snatching, can occur on trains. When using public transportation: avoid storing bags in the overhead compartment or under your seat always carry your valuables and identification with you Air travel We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards. Entry and exit requirements Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. Passport Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel. Regular Canadian passport Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond the date you expect to leave Tunisia. Passport for official travel Different entry rules may apply. Other travel documents Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Useful links Foreign Representatives in Canada Canadian passports Visas Tourist visa: not required for stays up to 90 days Business visa: not required Student visa: not required If you wish to stay in Tunisia for more than 90 days, contact the nearest Tunisian embassy or consulate before your departure for information on visa requirements. In you are already in Tunisia, go to a police station or the Ministry of the Interior. Dual citizenship Tunisian authorities may ask Canadians who also have Tunisian citizenship to present their Tunisian passport when entering and leaving the country. If your Tunisian passport is no longer valid, contact the nearest Tunisian embassy or consulate. Children and travel Learn more about travelling with children. Yellow fever Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever vaccines section. Laws and culture You must abide by local laws. Drugs Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are severe. Drugs, alcohol and travel Religious proselytism Religious proselytizing is prohibited. This includes preaching, possessing or distributing religious literature or material. They could also be arrested and face other charges such as: public indecency offence to public morality Convicted offenders face fines and prison sentences ranging from six months to three years. Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics Driving You can drive in Tunisia with a valid Canadian driver's licence. You should have an International Driving Permit. Dual citizens Child custody A child born to a Tunisian mother or father can be considered by the Tunisian authorities as a Tunisian citizen, no matter where he or she was born and what other citizenship he or she has acquired. If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in Tunisia by an abducting parent: act as quickly as you can consult a lawyer in Canada and in Tunisia to explore all the legal options for the return of your child report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children's Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies. In , the lunar month of Ramadan is expected to begin on or around February In public, between sunrise and sunset, be discreet when: drinking eating smoking Photography Avoid taking pictures of military installations, government buildings and embassies. Foreign currency declaration Tunisian foreign exchange regulations are strict and complex. You must declare all foreign currency in your possession equal to or superior to the equivalent of 20, TND: upon arrival upon departure in transit If you enter Tunisia with a sum exceeding 5, TND, you must declare the amount to airport customs so that the exceeding sum is not confiscated when you leave the country. These rules apply to non-residents. Natural disasters and climate Tunisia is prone to various natural disasters, such as: drought bad weather sand and dust storms earthquakes Temperatures vary both geographically and seasonally. Drought Severe droughts can last for several years, reducing water supplies. During dry periods: always keep water supplies on hand follow the instructions of local authorities Rainy season In northern Tunisia, the rainy season generally extends from October to May. Monitor local media for updates, including road conditions Stay away from flooded areas Monitor weather reports Follow the instructions of local authorities, including evacuation orders Sand and dust storms Sand and dust storms are common. During a sand or dust storm : stay indoors keep windows closed be prepared to modify, interrupt or cancel your trip at any time monitor local media for the latest information Earthquakes Although Tunisia is not located in a high-risk zone for earthquakes, small tremors do occasionally occur. Need help? Take normal security precautions Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada. Exercise a high degree of caution There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Avoid non-essential travel Your safety and security could be at risk. Avoid all travel You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Date modified:

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