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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The prevalence of allergic diseases in children has increased for several decades. We evaluated the correlation between pollen count of weeds and their sensitization rate in Seoul, Airborne particles carrying allergens were collected daily from 3 stations around Seoul. Skin prick tests to pollen were performed on children with allergic diseases. Sensitization rates to weed pollen, especially ragweed and Japanese hop in children with allergic diseases, increased annually ragweed, 2. The age for sensitization to pollen gradually became younger since 4 to 6 yr of age, 3. In conclusion, sensitization rates for weed pollens increase in Korean children given increasing pollen counts of ragweed and Japanese hop. For several decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases in children and adolescents has generally increased. Many studies have illustrated this worldwide trend, although there was substantial variability across studies 1 - 4. There are a number of reports suggesting that the increase of allergic diseases results from environmental change-related risks such as air pollution and climate change. Among allergic diseases, seasonal allergic diseases are expected to increase due to changes in the distribution, quantity and quality of pollen allergens and the duration of pollen season 5. In particular, seasonal allergic rhinitis and other seasonal allergic diseases are also likely to worsen because of the interactions between heavier pollen load and increased air pollution 6 , 7. Some studies have found that recent increases in airborne pollen counts may be due to environmental and climate changes. Specifically, climate change is suggested to impact the amount and season of pollen, as well as the distribution of plant and pollen and other plant attributes 8 - However, several questions remain regarding the direct relationship between climate change and increased pollen count in each country. The impact of rising CO 2 on ragweed biomass and reproduction has been demonstrated. As such, an increase in pollen exposure can be expected given changes in CO 2 and temperature associated with global climate change 11 , Ragweed plants grow along the road and cultivated fields, fallow lands, meadows and building areas. Ragweed growth is carbon dependent, and recent increases in atmospheric CO 2 concentration should result in potential increases in pollen production Ragweed is not a native Korean plant, but came from western countries following the growth of economic and commercial trade since the s. Japanese hop pollen has been reported as one of the major pollen types in East Asian countries. Japanese hop, a weed plant belonging to the Cannabinaceae family, is widespread in both rural and urban areas Mugwort spreads in the temperate and humid zones of the northern hemisphere, European countries as well as parts of Asia. Studies have identified the potential cross-reactivity between ragweed and mugwort pollen allergens In addition, the expansion of ragweed to formerly mugwort-dominant areas is consistent with increases in weed pollen allergies The three aforementioned allergens have recently been considered as major causative allergens in autumn pollinosis in Korea. Seoul, the capital of Korea, is located in the northern region of the country. It is the country's most important economic, cultural, and political hub and houses a population of 13,,, or about one-fifth of the Korean population. Surrounding the Seoul metropolitan area are many satellite cities. The present study was conducted to determine which allergic diseases have increased due to the aforementioned pollen allergens by analyzing changes in sensitization rates to weed allergens in Korean children and changes in weed pollen counts in Seoul over the last 13 yr. Airborne particles containing allergens were collected daily from 3 pollen collecting stations Hanyang University Hospital, the National Institute of Meteorological Research and Hanyang University Guri Hospital for 13 yr between July 1, and December 31, using a 7-day-Burkard sampler Burkard Manufacturing Co. The collected samples were sent to Hanyang University Guri Hospital, which was charged with identifying and counting the pollen in separate aluminum cases. The counts of airborne pollen grains were calculated and recorded per m 3. Mean pollen counts in Seoul were calculated by averaging the pollen counts of the 3 collecting stations, as the distance between the three stations was less than 20 km. To assess the sensitization rate to allergenic pollen, data was collected from pediatric patients under 15 yr of age who suffered from allergic rhinitis, asthma, and allergic conjunctivitis. Data was collected from 3 hospitals where skin allergy tests were feasible. These patients did not exhibit any positive results in previous allergy tests or laboratory examinations such as skin tests and allergy blood tests. Data was analyzed annually for the years between and Table 1. Skin prick tests were conducted to evaluate the sensitization rate to various pollen allergens. A positive reaction to skin prick tests was defined when wheals of more than one-half the area of histamine reaction was obtained by using commercial aeroallergen extracts standardized in biological units BU. To assess the sensitization rates to pollen allergens, the allergens were sorted into 3 representative pollen allergens that were included in the skin test extracts: tree, grass and weed pollen allergens. Birch, alder, and oak pollen represented tree pollen allergens. Timothy, rye and orchard grasses represented grass pollen allergens. Ragweed, mugwort, and Japanese hop represented weed pollen allergens. To obtain a more accurate distribution of the sensitization rates to pollen allergens in children, patients were divided into 4 age groups: 1 4 to 6 yr; 2 7 to 9 yr; 3 10 to 12 yr; and 4 13 to yr-old Table 2. The 1 to 3-yr-old group was excluded due to a low incidence and prevalence. Annual sensitization rates to pollen allergens were compared between the 4 age groups. We examined and compared the annual variation in weed pollen counts. Statistical analysis for annual variation was performed by using basic statistics of anomaly data. The sensitization rates to pollen allergens released by tree, grass and weed plants were evaluated and compared between age groups by using time series analysis. The correlation between the sensitization rate to pollen allergen and annual pollen count of each plant were analyzed by using multiple regression models. The protocol and consent forms of this study were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Hanyang University Guri Hospital Results show that there are two peak pollen-scattering seasons in Korea. On average, the first peak is from the beginning of April to the mid-June, and the second one is from the mid-August to the end of September. On October, the pollen collection markedly decreased. In spring, pollination of tree pollen was high in Seoul. Alder pollen started to pollinate in the mid-February. It was followed by birch, juniper and poplar in March; and oak, elm, and willow in April and May. In autumn, pollination of weeds was high. Mugwort began to pollinate in the beginning of August, followed by ragweed, Japanese hops, English plantain, dock and lambsquarters in August and September, and continued to pollinate up to the mid-October. Weed pollen grains were mostly collected from the mid-August to the end of September. Among these pollen grains, ragweed, mugwort and Japanese hop were most commonly collected in Seoul. Annual weed pollen counts from to in Seoul. Weed pollen included ragweed, Japanese hop and mugwort which are common weed plants in Korea. On the other hand, counts of mugwort pollen did not change significantly until Fig. Changes in annual weed pollen counts from to in Seoul. A Ragweed. B Japanese hops. C Mugwort. Among the three groups of pollen allergens weed, tree and grass , sensitization rates to weed and tree gradually increased. Among them, sensitization rates to weed pollen were 4. Sensitization rates to tree pollen were 4. There was no significant increase in sensitization rates to grass plants Fig. Among weed pollen, sensitization rates to ragweed and Japanese hop increased significantly between and Sensitization rates remained high after Sensitization rate to ragweed was 2. Sensitization rate to Japanese hop was 1. Annual sensitization rates to pollens from to in Seoul. Annual sensitization rates to ragweed, mugwort and Japanese hop. In the 4 to 6 yr age group, sensitization rates increased from 3. In the 7 to 9 yr age group, sensitization rates increased from 4. Although the 10 to 12 yr age group exhibited a slight increase in sensitization rates from 5. In the 13 to 15 yr age group, sensitization rates increased slightly from 5. Annual sensitization rates to weed pollen allergens according to age. Weed pollen included ragweed, Japanese hop and mugwort. The present study shows that since , counts of ragweed pollen increased rapidly in Seoul through , plateaued since , and then decreased in Sensitization rates to weed allergens have increased significantly in children between and Annual sensitization rates to pollen have increased in children living in Seoul, especially for children less than 9 yr of age. In line with observations of a significant increase in weed pollen, sensitization rates to weed pollen in children have increased proportionately over the same period. The prevalence of 'diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, ever' in a study of more than 25, elementary students was In addition, the prevalence of 'treatment of allergic rhinitis, last 12 months' was The effects of environmental change on respiratory allergic diseases are not yet completely understood. There have been a few epidemiological and experimental studies on the relationship between asthma and environmental and climate changes 12 , Some studies have demonstrated that urbanization, high levels of vehicle emissions and a westernized lifestyle correlate with a higher frequency of pollen-induced respiratory allergies. Singer et al. Among weed plants, ragweed is known as the most important airborne allergen in autumn. Ragweed grows largely in vacant or waste lands around urban areas Because the amount of ragweed pollen has increased in Korea during the last few years, the Ministry of Environment has carried out the identification and surveillance of ragweed foci. Major accumulation of ragweed foci have been detected in the Seoul metropolitan area and other northern provinces of Korea However, there was no information on ragweed in reports on pollen distribution during the s In the present study, ragweed pollen was commonly collected the middle of August and the end of September. There may be several possible reasons why the presence of ragweed has increased rapidly in Seoul through to First, with economic growth, many parts of Korea have been changed. In particular, Seoul, the largest and most quickly-changing city in Korea, and farmlands around Seoul have been transformed into industrial and residential areas. Due to potential increase in unused land, ragweed, which exhibit reproduction have proliferated spectacularly. Studies also suggest that in developing land, ragweed seeds in soil were contaminated onto clothes and other products and were carried nationwide via vehicles 5. This tendency was also observed in the s, suggesting that environmental changes such as greenhouse gas amounts influenced the proliferation of ragweed in Korea. However, results of this study indicate that ragweed pollen amount plateaued in and then decreased in , with ragweed pollen counts plateauing until This phenomenon may be due to the decline of ragweed plants around Seoul due to systematic monitoring of the colonization of ragweed plants by the Ministry of Environment from These initiatives may have contributed to the plateau curve of ragweed pollen in Seoul Similarly, the Swiss annual report of indicates that European countries may also be experiencing the effects of removing ragweed plants from The study reports a plateau pattern of ragweed pollen amounts since followed by a decrease in Although counts of ragweed pollen decreased since , sensitization rates to ragweed pollen kept rising even after that point. This phenomenon might imply that even though counts of pollen decreased, sensitization to pollen lingered for a long time after children were sensitized to pollen. In addition, sensitization rates to weed allergens have increased every year in young children less than 9 yr of age. This might be due to several factors. First, as stated earlier, environmental changes may have an increasing impact on the distribution and quantity of pollen, followed by increased sensitization to pollen even in early childhood. Second, there have been recent increases in the number of children who live in urban areas of Korea and attend day care centers from infancy. Consequently, exposure to outdoor allergens associated with outdoor activity as well as indoor allergens may have increased. Japanese hop Humulus japonicus grows rapidly and spreads out as an annual vine with double- and single-hooked climbing hair Its rapid growth causes serious problems in riverine wetlands as Japanese hop covers neighboring weeds in the growing season and hinders the growth of the other plants. Such plants that cause significant changes in the structure and function of an ecosystem are known as invasive plants Japanese hop allocates energy to the stem rather than the leaf as a survival strategy to get more light and a larger habitat. Most nutrients in Japanese hop correlate with growth rate. Therefore, preferentially the eradication program must evaluate its situation under the given circumstances to find the best methods and consider life history and physiological characteristics of species We believe that pollen of the Japanese hop should be considered as a relevant allergen during the autumn season and thus be included in skin test batteries in Korea. This study concludes that sensitization rates for weed pollens increase in Korean children with increasing pollen counts of ragweed and Japanese hop. The results of this study should provide important contributions to the discussion on the relationship between counts of pollen and sensitization rates in symptomatic allergic patients over an extended period of time. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Korean Med Sci. Find articles by Joo-Hwa Kim. Find articles by Jae-Won Oh. Find articles by Ha-Baik Lee. Maria Hospital, Busan, Korea. Find articles by Seong-Won Kim. Find articles by Im-Joo Kang. Find articles by Myung-Hee Kook. Find articles by Bong-Seong Kim. Find articles by Kang-Seo Park. Find articles by Hey-Sung Baek. Find articles by Kyu-Rang Kim. Find articles by Young-Jean Choi. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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