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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Cao Y: data collection, statistical analyses, finding interpretation, and manuscript writing. Shi Y: funding acquisition, study design, project management, data collection, statistical analyses, finding interpretation, and manuscript writing. To assess 1 the validity of online crowdsourcing platforms in enumerating licensed brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries and 2 the validity of state licensing directory and online crowdsourcing platforms in enumerating active brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries in California. Validity measures, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, were calculated when applicable. In identifying licensed dispensaries in BCC, Leafly had the highest sensitivity. There were 2, businesses combined from BCC and online crowdsourcing platforms, among which were verified to be active brick-and-mortar dispensaries. Weedmaps had the highest sensitivity. Weedmaps overall had the highest sensitivity in all three dispensary categories. Weedmaps had the highest sensitivity in more populated counties whereas BCC had the highest sensitivity in less populated counties. Each secondary data source has strengths and limitations. The findings inform surveillance and research regarding how to best strategize data use when resources are limited. Keywords: Marijuana dispensaries, brick-and-mortar outlets, marijuana commercialization, crowdsourcing, sensitivity and specificity. Following recreational marijuana legalization and commercialization in the US, marijuana dispensaries have served as a major venue for marijuana retail sales in neighborhoods. Nonetheless, research on the impacts of marijuana dispensaries on public health remains limited Berg et al. Availability, accessibility, and point-of-sale marketing of retail outlets have been associated with attitudes, perceptions, and health behaviors in tobacco and alcohol literature Anderson et al. Marijuana dispensaries may impact marijuana-related outcomes in a similar manner. They may increase availability and accessibility of marijuana Paschall and Grube, , promote greater awareness and consumption through marketing activities D'Amico et al. A major challenge in understanding the availability and retail environments of marijuana dispensaries is identifying a complete and accurate list of marijuana dispensaries in neighborhoods. In a state operating a statewide licensing system, one can obtain the official licensing directories from government databases. Nonetheless, most of these directories are updated infrequently. More importantly, they do not reflect the operation status of dispensaries in reality or capture unlicensed dispensaries that are common in areas with weak law enforcement. Business directories provided by commercial providers e. Unfortunately, these commercial databases had not systematically gathered information on marijuana dispensaries by the time of this study. One can also conduct a field census with direct search and observation to enumerate a certain type of business in a geographic area. It is considered to be the best practice in outlet identification and often used to validate the business lists obtained from commercial databases D'Angelo et al. The limitation of field census is obvious: the required efforts and resources increase exponentially as the geographic area of interest expands. Due to practical and budget concerns, most tobacco, alcohol, and food outlet studies that adopted this method searched retail outlets in smaller regions such as a county D'Angelo et al. State-level field censuses, especially in a large state like California, are nearly nonexistent. In light of the challenges of using conventional approaches to identify marijuana dispensaries, existing studies have primarily relied upon a single or a few online crowdsourcing platforms, such as Weedmaps, Leafly, and Yelp, to obtain dispensary information voluntarily submitted by dispensary owners and marijuana users Freisthler and Gruenewald, ; Freisthler et al. Because these platforms serve as online communities to promote dispensaries, products, and share experiences, they are perceived to be more up-to-date and comprehensive than official licensing directories. Particularly, these platforms provide data on both licensed and unlicensed dispensaries. Despite the increasingly common use of online crowdsourcing platforms in marijuana research, the validity of this approach has not been comprehensively assessed at statewide level. To date, only two studies have conducted validation in a single county both in Los Angeles County , one before recreational marijuana commercialization Pedersen et al. In this study, we examined the validity of using secondary data sources, including the state licensing directory and commonly used online crowdsourcing platforms, in enumerating brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries across the entire state of California. California is the most populous state with the longest history of medical marijuana legalization since in the US. In November California legalized recreational marijuana and in January California initiated retail sale of recreational marijuana in dispensaries. Although California allows delivery services, in this study, we concentrated only on brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries because delivery-only providers do not have storefronts to showcase and promote products. In addition, the wide geographic coverage of delivery services usually the entire city or county contributes little variation in marijuana availability at neighborhood level. We offered a protocol for identifying dispensaries that can be replicated in other large geographic regions with marijuana retail sales. We aimed to answer two research questions. The first question was to what extent online crowdsourcing platforms are valid in enumerating licensed brick-and-mortar dispensaries. The motivation was that many dispensaries in California operated without a license. Pedersen et al. Findings from the first question will provide quantifiable evidence on the level of agreement between state licensing directory and online crowdsourcing platforms, add surveillance data point on the operation of unlicensed dispensaries, and inform policymakers regarding the validity of using online crowdsourcing platforms as alternatives when state licensing directory is not publicly accessible or licensing information is inadequate e. The second question was to what extent state licensing directory and online crowdsourcing platforms are valid in enumerating the universe of active brick-and-mortar dispensaries. The motivation was that a single data source may not capture all active dispensaries in California and the information in a data source may not agree with how dispensaries operate in practice. Findings from the second question will provide quantifiable evidence on the strengths and weaknesses of each data source, inform surveillance and research regarding how to best strategize data use when resources are limited, and demonstrate the need for combining multiple data sources and verifying information to obtain the universe of dispensaries in a large geographic area. Dispensaries may tend to promote themselves on online crowdsourcing platforms in larger counties with keen competition, we hence further assessed validity measures by county population size. In May , we obtained marijuana business lists from multiple secondary data sources: 1 the state official licensing directory was obtained from the California Bureau of Cannabis Control BCC online license search portal, and 2 business directories were obtained from three commonly used online crowdsourcing platforms, including Weedmaps, Leafly, and Yelp. Weedmaps and Leafly specialize in marijuana business listings, whereas Yelp provides general business listings encompassing various types of industries. Because business listings included both delivery services and brick-and-mortar dispensaries, we first removed businesses if the online information indicated that they only provided delivery services without storefronts. We then removed duplicated records by hand if two or more dispensaries within a single data source had the same business name and street address. We further combined records from all four data sources and removed duplicated records across data sources. The cleaned, combined database included 2, unique businesses Figure 1. From May to July , eight trained research associates aged 21 or older called the 2, unique businesses to verify their street address, operation status, category of business, and presence of storefronts Figure 1. Each call took fewer than 5 minutes on average. As commonly done in compliance check inspections of tobacco product retailers, FDA, the research associates did not reveal the research purpose of the calls. Instead, they identified themselves as interested customers who were considering a visit in near future. An affirmative response indicated the dispensary category to be medical only. The remaining dispensaries were considered to be recreational only. If a dispensary could not be reached after five call attempts, researchers checked its recent online activities on Weedmaps, Leafly, Yelp, and Google Map Reviews. If the dispensary had any online activity within the past month e. After removing inactive businesses, businesses not selling marijuana, and businesses without storefronts during the verification procedure, the 2, unique records were reduced to businesses Figure 1. These dispensaries constituted the call-verified, combined database of active brick-and-mortar dispensaries in California. Validity statistics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value PPV , and negative predictive value NPV were computed for each of the four secondary data sources when applicable. Definitions and calculations were described in Technical Note S1. Field census is typically considered the gold standard in retail outlet research. However, it is infeasible in this study due to budget and time constraints for a statewide census. Two gold standards were adopted alternatively to answer the two research questions. Two tests were conducted. We used this test to examine the validity of using a single data source with simple online data cleaning for dispensary identification, an approach requiring moderate resources. We used this test to examine the validity of using a single data source with simple online data cleaning plus call verification for dispensary identification, an approach requiring much more resources. To illustrate these validity statistics in the context of this study, we provide an example below equations and explanations in Technical Note S1. In this example, the data source of interest is Weedmaps, the gold standard is whether a record on Weedmaps was present in the BCC state licensing directory, and the test is whether a record was present on Weedmaps after online data cleaning. Sensitivity measures the probability of a record present on Weedmaps conditional on the record being included in the BCC directory, calculated as the number of records that were present on both Weedmaps and the BCC directory divided by the number of records present on the BCC directory. Specificity measures the probability of a record absent on Weedmaps conditional on the record being excluded from the BCC directory, calculated as the number of records that were neither present on Weedmaps nor present on the BCC directory divided by the number of records excluded from the BCC directory. PPV measures the probability of a record included in the BCC directory conditional on the record being present on Weedmaps, calculated as the number of records that were present on both Weedmaps and the BCC directory divided by the number of records present on Weedmaps. NPV measures the probability of a record excluded from the BCC directory conditional on the record being absent on Weedmaps, calculated as the number of records that were neither present on Weedmaps nor present on the BCC directory divided by the number of records being absent on Weedmaps. In fact, not all validity statistics were applicable to a combination of a gold standard and a test with the current study design details in Technical Note S1. Following tobacco outlet research D'Angelo et al. R Version 3. A total of 2, business records were combined from BCC and the three online crowdsourcing platforms after online data cleaning. BCC, Weedmaps, Leafly, and Yelp had , , , and 1, records included in the combined database, respectively. The overlaps across the data sources were presented in Figure S1. Only records were present in all four data sources. Following call verification, the 2, records were reduced to , which were confirmed to be active brick-and-mortar dispensaries. Among the 1, records removed during call verification, BCC, Weedmaps, Leafly, and Yelp had , , , and records included in these verified dispensaries, respectively. The overlaps across the data sources were presented in Figure S2. The dispensary category was based on self-reporting by dispensary staff in call verification. Table 1 details in Table S1 reports validity statistics using the BCC licensing directory as the gold standard. When the test was whether being present on each online crowdsourcing platform after online data cleaning, Leafly had good sensitivity. Leafly also had very good PPV. When the test was whether passing call verification, Leafly still had the highest sensitivity good:. It indicated that, call-verified Leafly records performed the best for identifying truly licensed dispensaries and call-verified Yelp records performed the best for identifying truly unlicensed dispensaries in this scenario. Table 2 details in Table S2 reports validity statistics using the call-verified, combined database as the gold standard. When the test was whether being present in each data source after online data cleaning, Weedmaps had the highest sensitivity good:. Leafly and Weedmaps had very good PPV. When the test was whether passing call verification, sensitivity statistics remained the same as when the test was whether being present in each data source. This was because call-verified businesses in each data source were a subset of the businesses included in each data source before call verification, such that the numerators and denominators for sensitivity calculation remained the same. Yelp had the highest NPV good:. It indicated that call-verified Yelp records performed the best for identifying truly not active brick-and-mortar dispensaries. Table 3 reports the agreement between BCC, online crowdsourcing platforms, and call verification in terms of the category of the licensed dispensaries. Yelp provided no standardized information on dispensary category. Table S3 quantifies category-specific validity statistics when the gold standard was whether being present in the BCC licensing directory. Table S4 quantifies category-specific validity statistics when the gold standard was whether being present in the call-verified, combined database. When the test was whether passing call verification, Weedmaps overall had the highest sensitivity in all three categories. In , California had 16 counties with a population size above one million and 42 counties with a population size below one million. Table S5 reports validity statistics by county population size when the gold standard was whether being present in the BCC licensing directory. Leafly had the highest sensitivity regardless of test definition and county population size. Table S6 reports validity statistics by county population size when the gold standard was whether being present in the call-verified, combined database. Regardless of test definition, Weedmaps had the highest sensitivity in more populated counties and BCC had the highest sensitivity in less populated counties. Call-verified, active brick-and-mortar dispensaries were mapped in Figure S3 by dispensary category and county population size. This study is the first to assess the validity of secondary data sources in identifying brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries across a large state. We reported the validity of online crowdsourcing platforms in enumerating licensed dispensaries and the validity of state licensing directory and online crowdsourcing platforms in enumerating active dispensaries. These findings suggested that the online crowdsourcing platforms could serve as a reasonable proxy for the licensing directory. It evidences the validity for many existing and future studies to utilize online crowdsourcing platforms for dispensary identification, especially if a licensing system is not open to the public or is updated infrequently. Such disagreement might be intentionally used as a means of attracting customers or be reflective of how dispensaries operate in practice. For instance, a business may have been closed before its license is expired and a business may not be open yet even though its license has been approved. In the final call-verified dispensaries, Solely relying on a state licensing directory would overestimate active, licensed dispensaries whereby overlook active, unlicensed dispensaries. It had the highest sensitivity in identifying recreational-only and medical-only dispensaries. It was also the most sensitive database in identifying dispensaries in more populated counties, which were mostly urban areas. The high concentration of dispensaries and intense competition in urban areas may motivate more businesses to promote themselves on this highly visible and popular platform Pedersen et al. Leafly had the lowest sensitivity in identifying active dispensaries. It also had the lowest sensitivity in identifying all three dispensary categories. It is likely because the costs of advertising on Leafly were substantially higher than other online crowdsourcing platforms specialized in marijuana Marijuanaseo, This is not surprising because Yelp, which provides a general business listing service not specifically designed for marijuana industry, had more records irrelevant to marijuana dispensary than Weedmaps and Leafly. Taken together, no single secondary data source could provide a reasonably complete and accurate list of active brick-and-mortar dispensaries in a large state like California. We recommend surveillance and research to consider their unique strengths and weaknesses when a single data source is used to minimize required resources. When resources are available, we recommend the integration of multiple secondary data sources, preferably including a licensing directory and multiple online crowdsourcing platforms, as well as verification through phone calls such as what has been done in this study or through even better approaches such as a field census. The verification could considerably improve the accuracy of the data compiled from secondary data sources. Our findings were overall consistent with the two smaller-scale studies conducted in California, both in Los Angeles County. One was conducted in , before recreational marijuana dispensaries were allowed to open Pedersen et al. This study obtained medical marijuana dispensary information from five online crowdsourcing platforms. The other study was conducted in , after recreational marijuana dispensaries were allowed to open Pedersen et al. It extracted data from Weedmaps and Yelp and verified dispensary information through site visits. Neither study reported validity statistics for each specific data source. Our study expanded on the prior research by covering a much larger geographic region, computing detailed validity statistics for each data source by dispensary category and county population size, and by using two gold standards and two tests to demonstrate validities in different scenarios and for different purposes. This study has limitations. First, due to the lack of feasibility of conducting a field census in such a large geographic region, phone calls were made to verify information obtained from secondary data sources. While this approach was cost effective, businesses not listed in these secondary data sources were excluded from the analysis, potentially the smaller, unlicensed dispensaries that did not intend to promote themselves on online crowdsourcing platforms because of cost and law enforcement concerns. Future research using field census approach is warranted to assess to what extent unlicensed dispensaries were underrepresented in our study. We could also have misclassified dispensaries as inactive if they provided incorrect contacts or could not be reached after multiple call attempts. Search terms in Yelp may not successfully capture all marijuana-related businesses. Third, regulations on online crowdsourcing platforms have been rapidly evolving. Before our data collection, Weedmaps served as the major platform to advertise and promote dispensaries including the unlicensed ones in California. Right after our data collection, California regulators required Weedmaps to remove unlicensed businesses from its website. By January , Weedmaps had removed over 2, businesses Branfalt, Weedmaps may no longer be a good data resource for identifying unlicensed dispensaries, particularly in California, even though it had satisfactory validity statistics in our study. Future studies should consider alternative crowdsourcing platforms that post unlicensed dispensary information. Fourth, we evaluated the three most commonly used online crowdsourcing platforms. The findings may not be applicable to other platforms such as Wheresweed. Finally, findings may not be generalizable to the identification of delivery-only services or dispensaries in other states. Notwithstanding the limitations, the findings of this study provide empirical evidence regarding the validity of using secondary data sources to identify brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries in a large geographic region. The data collection and verification protocol and validity statistics could be used by local governments and communities to best strategize regular surveillance on the availability and accessibility of marijuana dispensaries and their compliance to laws. Future research could also use these findings to replicate dispensary identification in other states where marijuana has been commercialized. We hope a comprehensive and accurate enumeration of marijuana dispensaries could facilitate future research evaluating marijuana dispensaries and their impacts on public health. Each secondary data source has its strengths and limitations in identifying brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries. Surveillance and research are encouraged to utilize these findings to best strategize data use when resources are limited. When resources are available, we recommend the use of both a licensing directory and online crowdsourcing platforms with call verification to enumerate a comprehensive and reasonably accurate list of active brick-and-mortar marijuana dispensaries in large geographic regions. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Only two dispensaries were verified to be active based on their recent online activities. All the remaining dispensaries were verified to be active by calls. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. Find articles by Yiwen Cao. Find articles by Angelina S Carrillo. Find articles by Marta M Jankowska. Find articles by Yuyan Shi. Contributors Cao Y: data collection, statistical analyses, finding interpretation, and manuscript writing. Carrillo AS: data collection and manuscript editing. Jankowska MM: finding interpretation and manuscript editing. Issue date Oct 1. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at Drug Alcohol Depend. Open in a new tab. Declarations of Competing Interest : None. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Call-verified, Combined Database. Missing not on call-verified database.

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The Jamaican entrepreneur and Bob Marley's son has a new cannabis line and a whole lot of wild stories. The Jamaican entrepreneur and son of late reggae legend and activist Bob Marley is well-known for his love of marijuana, tied to his cultural beliefs and lifestyle. That's why he says it's only natural that he launched his cannabis line and lifestyle brand Lion Order. This is the perfect opportunity now that the stigma has been lifted. In his opinion, the growing push to legalize marijuana has caused a level of widespread acceptance that his dad had hoped for. It was looked upon so bad back in the day. They downgraded us because we smoked, but now you realize lawyers are smoking herb, judges are smoking herb, all these people with clean faces and haircuts smoke herb. Asked who was the coolest person he ever smoked with, Marley plays coy. That was the one. Marley stops short of giving more details, but offers up another great memory: the first time he got caught smoking by his dad. Once I was smoking and my dad saw me and says to me 'Hey boy, where you get that from? Who give you that? Take that out your mouth! Next year, he and his many siblings are gearing up to celebrate their father's legacy with the release of the highly anticipated film Bob Marley: One Love, executive produced by his brother Ziggy Marley and hitting theaters in January. He adds, 'I'm just happy. Everything Marley is about love. What we're doing with the movie, with Lion Order, with life. We just continue the message of Rastafari, which is love, peace, serenity and togetherness. For more People news, make sure to sign up for our newsletter! Read the original article on People. After offering its customers free adapters for Tesla's Superchargers, Ford is telling its customers to stop using them. That's not great for a broadcaster. Alabama fans are dealing with a whole new reality this season. Texas fans are coping after the Longhorns' first loss of the season. Week 8 brought with it a new outlook for many teams after a surprising Saturday of action. Which of them will remain unscathed and which will stumble? What, you're surprised that Nvidia's stock is crushing it again? Try these health and wellness tips to live your best week. UCF defensive back Braeden Marshall thought he had a pick-6 touchdown against Iowa State, but dropped the ball before crossing the goal line. Selected edition. Sign in. Close this content. Read full article Janine Rubenstein. Nikhil Chitre Rohan Marley. Nikhil Chitre Lion Order Cannabis. View comments. Recommended Stories. Sports Yahoo Sports. Business Engadget. Business Yahoo Finance. Health Yahoo Life.

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