Buy weed Ferghana

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy weed Ferghana

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license , which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited. Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants in East Asia, grown for grain and fiber as well as for recreational, medical, and ritual purposes. It is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world today, but little is known about its early psychoactive use or when plants under cultivation evolved the phenotypical trait of increased specialized compound production. The archaeological evidence for ritualized consumption of cannabis is limited and contentious. Here, we present some of the earliest directly dated and scientifically verified evidence for ritual cannabis smoking. This phytochemical analysis indicates that cannabis plants were burned in wooden braziers during mortuary ceremonies at the Jirzankal Cemetery ca. In prehistoric and early historic Central Eurasia, many plants were used for their secondary compounds, and several are still in prominent use today, notably the opium poppy Papaver somniferum , ephedra Ephedra spp. Plants in the Cannabis genus represent a hybrid complex, with ongoing controversy relating to taxonomy; the lack of taxonomic clarity combined with continual gene flow between wild and domesticated populations has hampered attempts to study the origins and dispersal of this plant 5 , 6. Wild cannabis grows across many of the cooler mountain foothills from the Caucasus to western China, especially in the well-watered habitats of Central Asia. However, cannabinol CBN levels in most wild cannabis plant populations are low, and it remains a largely unanswered question as to when, where, and how the plant was first cultivated for higher psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol THC production 6. Little is known about the prehistoric use of cannabis outside eastern China, where it was domesticated as an oil-seed crop 7 , 8. While recent well-reported and photographed cannabis macroremains have been recovered from burials in the Turpan Basin ca. Historically, cannabis plants used for ritual and medicinal purposes involved oral ingestion or inhaling the smoke or vapors produced by burning the dried plant. Smoking is defined as the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material 11 and is today often associated with cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. However, smoking pipes were likely introduced to Eurasia from the New World 12 , and no clear evidence exists for them in Central Asia before the modern era. However, most of the archaeological reports of ancient drug remains were published several decades ago, and re-examination of some of these reports has led to the claims being refuted discussed below. Modern scientific studies are thus needed to corroborate the remaining reports. Here, we investigated residues from archaeological artifacts recovered in the Pamir Mountains Fig. The chemical analysis reveals ancient cannabis burning and suggests high levels of psychoactive chemicals, indicating that people may have been cultivating cannabis and possibly actively selecting for stronger specimens or choosing plant populations with naturally high terpenophenolic secondary metabolites 6. Alternatively, a process of domestication through hybridization between wild and cultivated subspecies may have inadvertently led to stronger chemical-producing plants through human dispersal and subsequent selection 7. A Map of Eurasia showing the location of the Pamir Plateau and the sites mentioned in this study. Ten wooden braziers, containing stones with obvious burning traces, were recently exhumed from eight tombs at the Jirzankal Cemetery also known as Quman Cemetery on the Pamir Plateau Figs. These wooden burners were not associated with any macrobotanical remains, and their immediate use was not clear. The Jirzankal Cemetery dates to approximately years ago 16 and contains material culture that links the occupants to peoples further west in the mountain foothills. The stone rings and burial mounds find parallels in the mortuary practices of contemporaneous populations in the mountains of Central Asia; however, the rows of stones are unique to this area. A Plan view of the Jirzankal Cemetery; B black and white stone strips on the cemetery surface; C circular burial mounds with stone rings. Photo credit: X. We extracted organic material from 10 wooden brazier fragments and 4 burnt stones and analyzed them using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry GC-MS. In our first test, biomarkers of cannabis 19 were found on the internal charred layer of one wooden vessel code: M Subsequently, we analyzed ancient cannabis dating to — BCE; fig. S1 from the Jiayi Cemetery, Turpan to obtain a chemical reference signal Fig. A secondary round of testing, based on the reference signal, identified CBN, which is the oxidative metabolite of THC 20 , on the remaining wooden vessels from the Jirzankal Cemetery. We detected the chemical signature of CBN on all of the burnt residues, except for one, from the inside of the wooden braziers and on two of the stones. As a control, no cannabinoids were found on the samples that we collected from the exteriors of the vessels. The experimental results are summarized in Table 1 see also figs S2 to S15 , and they suggest that cannabis plants were intentionally burned by laying hot stones in the braziers. I and E refer to internal and external surface fragments of the wooden braziers, respectively; S refers to stones inside the wooden braziers. THC is the most potent psychoactive component in cannabis, but it readily decomposes and oxidizes into CBN if exposed to air, light, or heat 20 , The cannabinoids detected on the wooden braziers are mainly CBN, indicating that the burned cannabis plants expressed higher THC levels than typically found in wild plants. A pattern of relatively equivalent amounts of THC and CBD would be expected for wild cannabis plants 20 , 22 , but evident peaks corresponding to cannabinoids of CBD and its degradation products such as cannabielsoin were not detected in the burning residues. Given that the Jirzankal samples contained higher intensity of CBN than the ancient reference sample, there is no reason to expect that we would not see peaks corresponding to CBD if it had been present in the braziers. These results suggest that the cannabis burned by those using the Jirzankal Cemetery might have been physiologically altered through hybridization domestication or a poorly understood expression of genetic plasticity in the plants. The kafiristanica clade is today restricted to mountainous areas around Afghanistan; however, scholars have debated whether it is truly a wild population with higher THC levels or a feral or hybrid population 5. Likewise, stress tests illustrate that some plants express a plastic response of higher THC levels when presented with certain stimuli. Lower temperatures, low nutrient availability, strong light intensity, exposure to ultraviolet light, and photoperiod changes have all been suggested as factors that trigger plastic stress responses in this clade 6. All of these stressors are associated with high elevations. It is possible that high-elevation populations of a naturally higher THC—producing variety were recognized and targeted by people in the Pamir region, possibly even explaining the prominence of ritual sites in the high mountains. Moreover, the content of THC also varies across plant parts, decreasing from the bract, flower, leave, stem, root, and seed in turn 10 , The lack of seeds in the burners may suggest that nonfloral plant parts were burned, or it may suggest that seeds were removed from the floral structures because they do not contain the desired secondary compounds. There is a long history of inquiry surrounding early drug use in Central Eurasia, and much of this research started in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with debates over what the mythical soma of the Rigveda or haoma of the Avesta might have been 1 , The original publications claim that the vessels contained Ephedra and P. However, follow-up studies of the reported cannabis from Gonur have demonstrated that the original identifications were erroneous Despite the fact that these finds are often discussed as if they are actual archaeobotanically preserved remains, the original published photo shows that they are actually impressions of plant parts on a ceramic sherd. In addition, the sherds have been re-examined by specialists, and the round impressions are clearly of broomcorn millet grains Panicum miliaceum , not of Cannabis or Ephedra 7 , Likely due in large part to the single reference in The Histories , historians and archaeologists have linked Central Asian people of the first millennium BCE to cannabis. However, it is highly unlikely that the cannabis plants on the steppe before the first millennium BCE were cultivated, and no evidence for wild populations with high THC levels exists for the steppe. He noted that people would sit in a small tent, and the plants were burned in a bowl with hot stones. Frozen tombs from the Pazyryk culture ca. A small wooden tent frame was recovered with copper containers in one of the Pazyryk kurgans barrow 2 ; the copper containers contained stones with evidence of burning and carbonized morphologically wild hemp seeds 7 , 15 , The original publication also mentions recovery from the kurgan of a leather pouch, which contained cannabis seeds, coriander Coriandrum sativum , and yellow sweet clover Melilotus officinalis Other finds of seeds in vessels from burials in Eastern Europe and Central Asia have been called hemp or cannabis, but without further verification, they have limited credibility 2. Furthermore, according to The Histories , ancient Scythians used the cannabis smoke as a kind of cleaning rite similar to bathing after the burial; however, the smoking revealed both in the Pamirs in the present study and in the Altai Mountains was obviously performed during the burial and may represent a different kind of ritual, perhaps, for example, aimed at communicating with the divine or the deceased. While most of the claims of archaeological cannabis in Central Asia are spurious, as mentioned above 7 , 28 , new discoveries of ritual cannabis use in western China are well documented and scientifically studied. The recent discovery of a cannabis burial shroud, comprising 13 desiccated plants, from the Jiayi Cemetery ca. In addition, dried stems, fruits, and branches were preserved in burials in the Yanghai tombs ca. The wooden bowl shows characteristics of prolonged use as a mortar, indicating that cannabis was pulverized before consumption; however, there is nothing in the tomb to indicate that it was burned or smoked, and the psychoactive plant might have been orally consumed. The lack of evidence for cultivation of hemp plants in this region leaves open the possibility that there were wild varieties with naturally higher phytochemical levels or that the domestication process did not follow conventional models. The burning of cannabis inside the braziers suggests that fire was an important part of the funerary rites at the Jirzankal Cemetery, as it has been in Central Asia from at least the late third millennium BCE, when human cremations are recorded from Kazakhstan 33 , 34 and Xinjiang 35 , The ritual use of fire during funerals continued in Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia with the Zoroastrian practices of the Sogdians, and many Sogdian tombs in western China have evidence of burning Some scholars have suggested that cannabis formed part of Zoroastrian religious and mortuary practices during the first millennium CE 38 — 40 , possibly illustrating a long-term continuity in certain cultural practices. Numerous wooden artifacts were preserved inside the tombs at the Jirzankal Cemetery, such as plates, konghou Chinese harps , and bowls, mostly made from birch trees Betula sp. Among the 70 wooden objects analyzed, only 4 were made from juniper trees presumably Juniperus sabina , and 3 of those were braziers When burned, juniper releases a rich turpentine perfume, which is important for Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies today. As carbonized fragments of juniper wood have been recovered from archaeological sites across Central Asia at ecoclines lower in elevation than those occupied by present-day trees, scholars have suggested that people may have been specifically collecting the wood for its aromatic smoke for millennia The preliminary results of the human bone analysis at the Jirzankal Cemetery show perforations in some skulls and signs of fatal cuts and breaks in several bones 16 ; the excavators interpret these as signs of human sacrifice. While further research is needed to verify these claims, it is possible that a complex set of religious practices occurred at these sites in the first millennium BCE. Other artifacts in these tombs suggest ritual practices—for example, the presence of an angular harp, an important musical instrument in ancient funerals and sacrificial ceremonies. In addition, many of the artifacts from these tombs have clear burn marks on them. We can start to piece together an image of funerary rites that included flames, rhythmic music, and hallucinogen smoke, all intended to guide people into an altered state of mind. At the Jirzankal Cemetery, these cannabis offerings are associated with burials of people of varying social status For instance, eight tombs with wooden braziers were primary or secondary burials, and they consisted of shaft chambers with or without a short passage, which might be related to the size of the tombs and the number of occupants. In general, the large tombs have short passages and were often held for more than two occupants. However, only 1 of the 10 tombs for the immigrant individuals had a mortuary wooden brazier 44 , perhaps indicating that cannabis burning was a local burial practice. Although knowledge of psychoactive cannabis use has long been associated with ancient elites, such as shamans, the mind-altering property of cannabis is a powerful tool in ritualistic and recreational activities. The Pamir Plateau is an essential channel of cultural communication and trade that connected ancient China, Central Asia, and southwest Asia The results of strontium isotope analysis of the human remains from the Jirzankal Cemetery show a high frequency of population movement in this region In addition, glass beads and angular harps, which were typical cultural traits of Western Asia 45 , and silk that was unique in eastern China were also unearthed at the site. These finds further highlight the active cultural exchange taking place on the Pamir Plateau before the establishment of Han governmental regulation in the last century BCE, including taxation and military outposts along the northern routes of the Silk Road. The dispersal of cannabis across the mountain barriers may have played a role in driving the higher THC levels of these specific varieties, with the hybridization of disparate and genetically isolated populations resulting in higher chemical-producing offspring. Likewise, ruderal cannabis plants tend to express high levels of phenotypical plasticity 6 , a trait associated with many crop progenitors. High elevation—related stressors could have helped drive higher THC levels in wild or maintained populations around the cemetery. Ultimately, this study illustrates that the earliest targeted use of cannabis with higher levels of THC originated in western China or the broader Central Asia region, in contrast to the situation in East Asia where early cultivation of cannabis targeted the oily seeds for food and eventually the long stem cells as durable fibers for clothing and cordage. According to the radiocarbon dating results table S1 42 , 44 and the characteristics of the unearthed artifacts 16 , the use of this cemetery dates between and years ago, with material culture traits that parallel those from archaeological sites further west in Central Asia. Large areas of black and white stone strips were created on the landscape using black and white pebbles. From to , the Xinjiang Archaeological Team of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences carried out two archaeological excavation seasons at the site, and the entire cemetery was divided into four zones A, B, C, and D; Fig. Zone A is located in the northeast of the cemetery on the third terrace at an altitude of meters above sea level masl and contains seven tombs, with the black and white stone strips to the north. Zone B is located on the second terrace of the ancient riverbed in the southwest, at an altitude of masl. To one side of the tombs mainly in the northeast is a large area of black and white stone strips Fig. Zone C has eight tombs and is located between zones A and B. Zone D is located northwest of zones A to C and is on the top of the Yardang platform, at an altitude of masl, where the archaeological features are not obvious. Most of the tombs at the Jirzankal Cemetery consist of a shaft chamber covered by circular piles of stones. Both primary and secondary burials have been recovered from the site; and the mortuary goods included a large number of pottery items, stone tools, wooden objects, and textiles mainly wool and no hemp was found , as well as some copper objects, ironware, and glass beads Red dots in A refer to the tombs containing wooden braziers; brazier M was excavated from zone D. In this study, samples from nine sets of wooden brazier fragments and four burnt stones from zone B and one set of brazier samples from zone D were analyzed using GC-MS. Wooden vessel M from zone B was in a highly degraded state when unearthed. There were two wooden braziers excavated from each of tombs M9 and M25; these tombs contained one male occupant and three individuals two male and one female , respectively. For the other six tombs, only one brazier was found in each tomb, and the number of the deceased housed within ranged from one to five. The human bones in tomb M12 showed characteristics of secondary burial. The ancient cannabis plant that we used to obtain the chemical baseline fig. S1 was from tomb M ca. The ancient cannabis remains were desiccated and well preserved; they included morphologically identifiable seeds and inflorescences of cannabis. An approximately mg sample of wood was collected from each fragment of the wooden braziers internal charred surface and external surface and was ground into powder. After filtration, the sample was subjected to GC-MS. The ancient cannabis reference sample was first cut into small pieces and then placed in a centrifuge tube, also extracted twice for 20 min with sonication. All of the extracts were analyzed using the same method. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1. MS was performed in the electron impact mode at 70 eV. Mass spectra interpretations were primarily derived from searching of the National Institute of Standards and Technology database. We thank H. Rao for helpful advice and X. Jiang for sampling assistance. We also thank M. Merlin and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of this work. Contributions from Y. Author contributions: Y. All authors participated in the discussions of the results and commented on the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. Ancient cannabis plant from tomb M ca. Chromatograms of the burnt stone in the wooden brazier M from the Jirzankal Cemetery. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Sci Adv. Find articles by Meng Ren. Find articles by Zihua Tang. Find articles by Xinhua Wu. Find articles by Robert Spengler. Find articles by Hongen Jiang. Find articles by Yimin Yang. Find articles by Nicole Boivin. Email: yiminyang ucas. No claim to original U. Government Works. Open in a new tab. Radiocarbon dates from the Jirzankal Cemetery. Chromatograms of the wooden brazier M from the Jirzankal Cemetery. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sample description.

Uzbekistan to start legally exporting cannabis to Europe in 2023

Buy weed Ferghana

Welcome back, dear reader. The book I am going to feature this time is an autobiographical memoir of the first Mughal, founder of the dynasty of the same name, Zahiruddin Babur, adventurer-prince of Turkic origins, who fought his way into India in the early part of the sixteenth century. It is inscribed with the name of one Mitchell King whose signature bears the date of King you will notice has, a sense of humor and writes his name in a way that you would read the title as the Memoirs of Mitchell King:. Babur who crowned himself as Emperor of Hindustan upon his conquest of a good part of northern India, was a Chaghatai Turki from Ferghana in eastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan. Chaghatai is a name derived from Chaghatai Khan, the son of Chenghiz or Genghis Khan, the celebrated Mongol conqueror. Having been aware through my life of the beauty of Persian and Hindustani poetry, one would discount the references to a rhetorical parade. A thing of beauty is a thing of beauty, and its joys are forever. The map in the book is an interesting delineation of the country of origin of Babar. Macartney corrected by the Hon. The map was drawn by Charles Waddington of the Bombay Engineers in Often in disguise, these individuals would not attract the attention that a Caucasian entrant into these regions would immediately acquire. Indian linkages with Central Asia come alive when Babur speaks of these features of his place of birth. Ferghana provided no taste of empire and Babur wanted more. For men of ambition, reach exceeds grasp. Afghanistan became the stage from which he would move to Hindustan. There, in the East, for Babur, lay India. In the November of , Babur finally set out to invade India. It was his fifth attempt to conquer the country. The land that he encountered was a different universe, and not easy to comprehend. He had never been in the Germail countries with a warm temperature before, and India, Hindustan, was one of these. He was beholding a new world, in his own words. By the summer of , his troops had fought and defeated those of his main opponent, Ibrahim Lodi. For the victor, Babur, the riches of Hindustan, were there for the taking, and take, he did. But he saw his achievement in defeating Ibrahim Lodi as being on a different level from the conquests of his two predecessor conquerors. Again, as in the past, northern India had succumbed to pillage, the cycle of conquest had repeated itself. Every such battle brought death and destruction, an inheritance of sorrow and suffering. He was drawn to Hindustan. He devotes a lot of space in his memoir to describing the animals of the country, the elephant in particular and the rhinoceros. Interestingly, the latter animal abounded in the jungles of Peshawar now in Pakistan and near the river Indus, a fact difficult to fathom today. The peacock was another object of fascination. Among fruits, he was drawn to the mango about which he cites this verse:. Babur was not impressed by the people of the country or their dwellings. He obviously had little knowledge of the culture and civilizational achievements of India and had formed hasty first impressions of Indian society. But if he was a builder of pleasure gardens, he also saw himself as a warrior of Islam. He was now the ruler of all he surveyed throughout much of Northern India. He had been the quintessential wanderer throughout his life, and the succession of incessant military campaigns had taken their toll on his health which had begun to decline. By early , his memoir had ceased to be updated. The record of his conquests marks his place in history, together with his establishment of the rule of his family and successors over Hindustan. These are the second acts in many of our lives as inhabitants of this storied, ancient land. Share this post. Out of Ferghana and Bokhara nirupamamenonrao. Copy link. Nirupama Menon Rao. May 15, Ready for more? Start Writing Get the app. Substack is the home for great culture. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts.

Buy weed Ferghana