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CEREAL SYSTEMS INITIATIVE FOR SOUTH ASIA

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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. The response of native plants to allelopathic interference of invasive species may differ from species to species. In this study, the phytotoxic effects of Ageratina adenophora were tested on two native shrubs Osbeckia stellata and Elsholtzia blanda of Nepal. Both the shrubs were grown in pots under treatments of A. Then, the seedling length and biomass were compared among the treatments. The results show that A. The invaded soil by A. The results indicate that the native O. Overall, this study has provided valuable insights regarding the effects of A. Ageratina adenophora Spreng. It is the native weed in Mexico 1. It has become highly invasive and rapidly spread worldwide including Asia, Australia, and Africa 1 , 2 , 3. In the invaded regions, it has threatened the biodiversity of native forests, rangelands, and farmlands 4. This weed has the capability to regenerate by vegetative methods and also reproduce from its minute seeds which are produced in huge numbers. It proliferates rapidly in the invaded sites and forms its monoculture 5 , 6. Ageratina adenophora has been naturalized in Nepal where it was first reported in 7. It has been spreading throughout the country from tropical regions to northern border crossing through the subtropical mountain region 7. It has been spread along the trails, roads, disturbed sites, and margins or open canopy areas of the forests of Nepal 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , This plant is known to have negative impacts on native vegetation 15 , 16 , It affects plant community composition, species diversity, and abundance Thapa et al. Allelopathy has been one of the mechanisms affecting other plants by A. Negative impacts on physiology and morphology of some crops e. Negative effects on native seed germination and growth by volatile compounds from the litter of A. In the inhibition, there is role of several allelochemicals present in the aerial and underground parts of this plant 23 , 24 , The allelochemicals are the secondary metabolites that can be classified according to their carbon skeletal structure and type of functional groups such as alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids Thus, the functional group analysis is one of the most satisfactory and applicable methods of determining organic compounds which also lends towards the identification of organic compounds Although the previous studies have documented the negative impacts of A. For this, several experiments can be performed by testing the effect of A. Some native species are found frequently associated with A. Another, the native species might have resisted the negative effects of invasion and therefore, the association has no significant negative relationship or sometimes there might be a positive interaction between them. Such phenomena cannot be predicted easily by simple field observations. Two of the native species Osbeckia stellata and Elsholtzia blanda in the mid-hill region of central Nepal are frequently associated with A. Both of these species are the most common subtropical native shrubs in Nepal. As discussed above, it cannot be expected that these two native species are either tolerating the negative effects of A. In such a condition, proper experiments should be designed to know the actual interactions among them. In this study, growth response of above mentioned native shrubs were tested against A. In addition, the chemical groups present in the leachates and the potential impact of A. Testing phytotoxicity of A. It would have significance to know the parts and chemicals found in A. Shoots of both the native species E. Interestingly, the shoot length of O. Effect of A. In the case of root length, there was no stimulatory or inhibitory effects on E. The roots of O. Similar to the shoot length, A. Comparing to the control plants shoots were lighter in the treatments of A. The root leachate did not inhibit the dry weight of O. The dry weight of roots in both the native species was increased by A. There was no significant effects of both the leaf and root leachate on the root dry weight of E. The root leachate also increased dry weight of roots in O. Ageratina adenophora litter did not increase or decrease the content of chlorophyll - a and b in both E. Infrared spectroscopy IR analysis showed that all the leachates leaf, litter, and root of A. The wavenumber of the hydroxyl group was Spectra of IR analysis in A. The names of the functional groups are given in Table 1. The concentrations of organic matter OM , total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium were significantly high in the invaded soil comparing to the uninvaded soil Table 2. Ageratina adenophora litter showed positive effects on E. Both the shoots and roots of native E. A similar effect was found in shoot and root biomass as well Fig. It confirms that A. On the other hand, shoot length and biomass were reduced by A. From this result, it can be stated that E. Overall, the impacts of A. Simultaneously, the toxic effect of root and leaf leachates on chlorophyll contents Fig. In the case of native O. The root leachate increased root length and biomass but decreased shoot length and biomass Figs. This effect may create an abnormality in the root-shoot ratio as there is a stimulatory effect on one part aerial or underground and an inhibitory effect on another part aerial or underground. The root-shoot ratio indicates overall health of plants 28 , Any change in normal root-shoot ratio plants would be an indication of a change in the overall health of plants The effect of the root and leaf leachates on chlorophylls of O. These results have confirmed that the invasive A. There are not many validations showing the effects of A. Most commonly the researchers consider the crop plants and weeds as the test species. The results of some of the previous studies are in support of the findings of our study. For example, Das et al. The crop plants were Triticum aestivum and Brassica campestris and the weeds were Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora and Cyperus rotundus. They have found that the extracts of A. Similarly, Thapa et al. Regarding the allelopathic mechanism of inhibition to native plants by invasive plants, the plant parts which are potential to produce harmful allelochemicals should be identified. Our study reveals that the fresh leaves and roots of A. Diverse chemical compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols, and alkaloids have been reported from A. As examples, Zhou et al. Quinic acid derivative 5- O - trans - o -coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester; chlorogenic acid methyl ester; macranthoin F and macranthoin G were isolated by Zhang et al. Including these chemical compounds and other monoterpenes from the aerial parts of A. For the identification of at least the functional groups in chemicals found in the leachates of A. The IR analysis is the most common and widely used spectroscopic technique for determining functional groups of chemical compounds existing in the leachates. The analyses had confirmed four functional groups in the leachates. The wavenumbers The wavenumbers ranged from Similarly, the wavenumbers ranged from Existence of these functional groups confirms that the allelochemicals identified by previous researchers are present in the root, leaf, and litter leachates and they are almost similar based on the functional groups. But, the treatments of the root leachate, fresh leaf leachate, and litter have shown different effects on the tested native species i. Hence, it can be expected that the concentrations of allelochemicals may vary in different parts of A. Also, further analysis of chemical compounds and their allelopathic effects should be explored to understand the exact effect on particular native species. The study on allelopathic inhibition of the invasive species on the selected native species markedly shows that aerial and belowground parts leaves and roots are phytotoxic to the native plants. Fresh leaves, litter, and root extracts of A. Phenologically, A. Meanwhile, the native species E. This coincidence has a high probability of facing allelopathic effect by the native seedlings because the rainwater washes the allelochemicals from aerial parts of A. Therefore, it is recommended that the whole body of A. This could prevent the release of allelochemicals from invasive species and mix them into the soil. If the underground parts are left unremoved there will be new sprouts. The removed plant materials should be managed properly, for example, the burial of the removed parts could be one option of the management The alternate options might be the utilization of removal parts for composting as the application of compost from A. We have tested A. It is well known that A. Impacts of A. Hence, it is suggested that the influence of particular invasive species on the soil should be studied at different invaded locations. Soil analysis shows differences in pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and potassium Table 2. It could be one of the mechanisms to inhibit seed germination, seedling growth, and development of native species Soils may become acidic as a result of leaching allelochemicals through rainwater. Here also, it is likely that the growth and development of native E. Previous studies regarding the soil pH for E. The organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the A. The available potassium was also increased by the invasion of A. This result was contrasting with the finding of previous studies, for instance, Thapa et al. Soil samples in this study were taken from a mixed plant community of the uninvaded sites. Therefore, during comparison of these parameters, type of uninvaded sites should also be characterized. Moreover, the contradictory results on soil parameters may mislead the readers or researchers to understand the actual pattern of invasive species interactions. Hence, it is suggested that the plant community and history of alien plant invasion as well as the degree of invasion level should be considered to know the actual pattern of changes in soil properties by invasive plants. Also, updating the soil status of native plant communities on the periodic basis would have a great significance for future predictions. From the results, it is obvious that increasing the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus, and potassium in the invaded sites may support the native species. However, the allelopathic effects has an equal chance to harm the native species. It is necessary to evaluate the contribution of such nutrients by invasive plants and the other allelochemical dose released by them in the invaded sites. If the dose of harmful allelochemicals released is higher than the nutrient contribution to the soil, the native plants may not take benefits from the nutrients provided by invasive alien plants. Based on the field observation, it was difficult to predict the reasons behind association between the native species O. Our results clarify that the duration of A. The contribution of A. The current study highlights that the interaction between A. Hence, regular observation and abundance measurement of the native species are recommended to confirm our prediction. In conclusion, the impacts of A. Regarding the native O. This effect may create abnormality in the root-shoot ratio. The results also show that the fresh leaves and root of A. The IR analysis confirmed four functional groups in the A. This result indicates that A. Their concentrations may differ based on the vegetative parts of A. Removal of the whole body of A. Soil analysis shows differences in pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and potassium between A. Reduction in the soil pH by A. Comparing the concentrations of organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the invaded soil with previous findings, it is suggested that the plant community and history of alien invasion as well as the degree of invasion level should be considered to know the actual pattern of changes in soil properties by an alien invasion. Monitoring the soil status frequently in the invaded regions have great significance for the future predictions. Additionally, it is necessary to evaluate the positive contribution of nutrients and the negative effects of allelochemicals released from invasive plants to estimate the net effect on the growth and development of native species. These species are found associated with A. Both reach a height up to 2 m. Both species are the highly valuable medicinal plants. In addition, both the species are important elements of native species composition in subtropical regions of Nepalese forests. The native plants were grown in pots containing soil collected from the uninvaded area and treated with A. Seeds of native E. The average annual temperature in the Chitlang village area is After the 7 th day of seed soaking, the seedlings grown were about 1 to 1. The seedlings of homogenous size were gently picked up and transplanted to the pots prepared. Six seedlings were transplanted to each pot containing the moist soil. The native seedlings were grown in the pots with the following treatments i Control distilled water , ii A. Each treatment had 6 replicated pots. The control pots were watered 10 ml using distilled water on an alternate day. Similarly, A. The litter treatment pots were watered using 10 ml distilled water over the litter. The pots were placed in the glasshouse of the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvn University, Kathmandu, Nepal and allowed the seedlings to grow. The positions of the pots were randomly changed regularly in the glasshouse to minimize the positional effect. Plants were harvested on the 48 th days after seedling transplantation. After harvesting, the length and dry weight of roots and shoots were taken separately. Infrared spectroscopy IR analysis of A. The spectrum of peaks with wavenumbers was recorded. Ageratina adenophora invaded and uninvaded soils were collected from Takhtar Community Forest, Chitlang, Makwanpur surface soil from 5 to 15 cm. Two-line transects were made, one along each invaded and uninvaded site in the forest. Ten plots of size 1 m 2 were sampled at each transect. Altogether 20 soil samples were collected 10 from invaded and 10 from uninvaded plots. The uninvaded plots were free of A. Chlorophyll contents were estimated in the leaves sampled from the plants grown in pots under different treatments as mentioned in the pot experiment. The growth parameters root shoot length and dry weight and chlorophyll content among different treatments root leachate, leaf leachate and litter of A. The experiments were conducted following relevant guidelines and regulations. Cronk, Q. Google Scholar. Tererai, F. On the present and potential distribution of Ageratina adenophora Asteraceae in South Africa. Article Google Scholar. Yu, F. A global systematic review of ecological field studies on two major invasive plant species, Ageratina adenophora and Chromolaena odorata. Niu, H. An invasive aster Ageratina adenophora invades and dominates forest understories in China: Altered soil microbial communities facilitate the invader and inhibit natives. Plant Soil , 73—85 Wang, J. Yang, G. Crofton weed Ageratina adenophora Sprengel. Chapter Google Scholar. Shrestha, B. Invasive alien plant species in Nepal. In Frontiers of Botany eds Jha, P. Alka, C. Patterns of invasion by crofton weed Ageratina adenophora in Kailash sacred landscape region of western Himalaya India. Balami, S. Herbivory damage in native Alnus nepalensis and invasive Ageratina adenophora. Thapa, L. Plant communities and Ageratina adenophora invasion in lower montane vegetation, central Nepal. Thapa, N. Invasive alien species: Threats and challenges for biodiversity conservation A case study of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In Proc. Tiwari, S. Tripathi, R. Biology of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratina adenophora. Fu, D. Effects of the invasive herb Ageratina adenophora on understory plant communities and tree seedling growth in Pinus yunnanensis forests in Yunnan, China. Flora , Airborne and belowground phytotoxicity of invasive Ageratina adenophora on native species in Nepal. Plant Ecol. Wan, F. Invasive mechanism and control strategy of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel. China Life Sci. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Plant invasiveness and target plant density: High densities of native Schima wallichii seedlings reduce negative effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora. Weed Res. Wan, H. Allelopathic effect of Ageratina adenophora Spreng. Cellular and ultrastructural changes in the seedling roots of upland rice Oryza sativa under the stress of two allelochemicals from Ageratina adenophora. Weed Biol. Zhang, F. Identification of volatile compounds released by leaves of the invasive plant croftonweed Ageratina adenophora , Compositae , and their inhibition of rice seedling growth. Weed Sci. Inderjit, E. Volatile chemicals from leaf litter are associated with invasiveness of a Neotropical weed in Asia. Ecology 92 , — Potential allelochemicals from root exudates of invasive Ageratina adenophora. Allelopathy J. Zhu, X. Effects of allelochemicals from Ageratina adenophora Spreng. Latif, S. Allelopathy and the role of allelochemicals in plant defence. Siggia, S. Importance of functional group determination in organic quantitative analysis. Rogers, E. Relationships among root—shoot ratio, early growth, and health of hybrid poplar and willow clones grown in different landfill soils. Forests 10 , 49 Thornley, J. A balanced quantitative model for root: Shoot ratios in vegetative plants. Root: Shoot ratio in developing seedlings: How seedlings change their allocation in response to seed mass and ambient nutrient supply. Das, M. Effect of aqueous extract and compost of invasive weed Ageratina adenophora on seed germination and seedling growth of some crops and weeds. Zhou, Z. Phenolics from Ageratina adenophora roots and their phytotoxic effects on Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and seedling growth. Food Chem. Zhang, M. Bioactive quinic acid derivatives from Ageratina adenophora. Molecules 18 , — Dong, L. Two new thymol derivatives from the roots of Ageratina adenophora. Molecules 22 , Zhao, X. Terpenes from Eupatorium adenophorum and their allelopathic effects on Arabidopsis seeds germination. Kollmann, J. Uprooting and burial of invasive alien plants: A new tool in coastal restoration? Jiao, Y. In situ aerobic composting eliminates the toxicity of Ageratina adenophora to maize and converts it into a plant-and soil-friendly organic fertilizer. Chen, X. Plant Sci. Impacts of Ageratina adenophora invasion on soil physical—chemical properties of Eucalyptus plantation and implications for constructing agro-forest ecosystem. Nirola, R. Ecoprint 18 , 77—83 Lu, J. The chemical constituents of Elsholtzia blanda. Acta Bot. CAS Google Scholar. Singh, T. Plants used in the treatment of piles by the scheduled caste community of Andro village in Imphal East District, Manipur India. Malla, B. Chitlang Climate Nepal Walkley, A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. Bremner, J. Olsen, S. Govt Printing Office, Toth, S. Estimation of cation-exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca, K, and Na contents of soils by flame photometer techniques. Bajracharya, D. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Download references. We are thankful to Prof. Emeritus Dr. Pramod Kumar Jha, Prof. Mohan Siwakoti, Prof. Rejina Maskey, and Prof. Ram Kailashi Prasad Yadav for every support during the study. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors contributed to the revising of the manuscript. Correspondence to Lal B. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Darji, T. Phytotoxic effects of invasive Ageratina adenophora on two native subtropical shrubs in Nepal. Sci Rep 11 , Download citation. Received : 12 January Accepted : 14 June Published : 01 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Environment, Development and Sustainability Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research, free to your inbox weekly. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Ecology Ecophysiology Invasive species Plant sciences. Abstract The response of native plants to allelopathic interference of invasive species may differ from species to species. Unveiling allelopathic dynamics and impacts of invasive Erigeron bonariensis and Bidens pilosa on plant communities and soil parameters Article Open access 03 May The effect of shrubs admixture in pine forest stands on soil bacterial and fungal communities and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Article Open access 02 October The invasive cactus Opuntia stricta creates fertility islands in African savannas and benefits from those created by native trees Article Open access 21 October Introduction Ageratina adenophora Spreng. Results Shoot and root length Shoots of both the native species E. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Table 1 Functional groups of chemicals found in A. Full size table. Table 2 Data on soil analysis A. Discussion Ageratina adenophora litter showed positive effects on E. Pot experiment The native plants were grown in pots containing soil collected from the uninvaded area and treated with A. Soil analysis and chlorophyll estimation Ageratina adenophora invaded and uninvaded soils were collected from Takhtar Community Forest, Chitlang, Makwanpur surface soil from 5 to 15 cm. Statistical analyses The growth parameters root shoot length and dry weight and chlorophyll content among different treatments root leachate, leaf leachate and litter of A. References Cronk, Q. Google Scholar Tererai, F. Article Google Scholar Yu, F. Article Google Scholar Niu, H. Google Scholar Yang, G. Chapter Google Scholar Shrestha, B. Google Scholar Alka, C. Google Scholar Balami, S. Article Google Scholar Thapa, L. Google Scholar Thapa, L. Article Google Scholar Thapa, N. Google Scholar Tiwari, S. Google Scholar Tripathi, R. Google Scholar Fu, D. Article Google Scholar Wan, F. Google Scholar Zhu, X. Google Scholar Latif, S. Article Google Scholar Rogers, E. Article Google Scholar Thornley, J. Article Google Scholar Jiao, Y. Article Google Scholar Nirola, R. Article Google Scholar Lu, J. Google Scholar Malla, B. Google Scholar Climate-data. Google Scholar Olsen, S. Google Scholar Toth, S. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article. Cite this article Darji, T. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Anthropocene.

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