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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. This research purpose was focused to document the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge TEK associated with important wild plants and indigenous communities residing in mountainous zone of District Sudhnoti of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan and to determine their conservation status with suggestions and recommendations to protect and propagate the rare and endangered wild flora of the area for sustainable use. The data regarding traditional ethnomedicines TEMs and phytogeography with conservation analysis of wild plants were collected via structured and semi structured interviews of participants belonging to various professions and of both genders. Prior consent and permission were obtained from family heads and from all the participants, and the data were shared with all the informants through the local female translator guide. To validate the collected data, various microstatistical tools, such as the informant consensus factor ICF , fidelity level FL and data matrix ranking DMR were used. The relative frequency of citations RFC and rank order of popularity ROP were also calculated to determine and authenticate the relative importance of TEMs which may be further studied in future research and used for drug discovery. In the present study, locally important plants belonging to 69 families were documented, and the Rosaceae was the most dominant and prevalent family. The results indicated that many locally important plants have multiple uses such as food, medicine, fodder, shelter, ornamental and fuel. The TEMs obtained from these plants have been known to be useful for curing various infirmities such as flu, renal disorders, fever, malaria, cough, migraine, whooping cough, influenza, skin rashes, allergies, stomach aches, wounds and bruises, diabetes, tumours and joint pains. The ICF analysis revealed that renal calculus, malaria, fever, whooping cough, rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis were prevalent infirmities of the mountainous area. The FL analysis indicated the popularity of these plants used in various TEMs and among these Artemisia maritima and Berberis lycium were the most common. The DMR indicated that Pinus roxburghii was the most common species being used for multipurpose by the indigenous communities. The highest use value index was found for Indigofera linifolia. The relative frequency of citations was calculated to determine the importance of plants in traditional ethnomedicine, highlighting Morus nigra , Pinus wallichiana , and Rosa indica as significant species. The Jaccard index indicated a high level of novelty in the research which can be exploited for neo-drug discovery and drug development. In conclusion, this study has successfully documented the ethnobotanically and ethnomedicinally important plants in District Sudhnoti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The findings of this research contribute to the preservation and documentation of cultural heritage, as well as provide a foundation for further studies in ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and biodiversity conservation efforts for sustainable provision of wild flora to the indigenous communities which will also assist in combating drasting climatic changes. Plants play a pivotal role in sustaining human life within this biosphere and particularly people of rural areas of world primarily are dependent on wild flora. The plants serve as sources of vital life-sustaining elements, providing energy in the form of food, oxygen, and essential organic compounds necessary for the functioning of all organisms on earth. Since the emergence of mankind on this planet, our reliance on plants has been paramount, encompassing fundamental needs such as sustenance, shelter, medicinal resources, and much more 1. Additionally, plants are integral components of the ecosystem, offering a multitude of services to both humans and other organisms, including secondary and tertiary consumers. In their natural state, plants yield a wide array of crucial by-products essential for sustaining life, including fibres, oils, pigments, resins, and latex 2. In particular, these studies open new horizons for further research on crude pharmaceuticals to discover new allopathic medicines AMs. Many plants are being used as the main source of green medicines GMs in underdeveloped and developing regions; rather, in advanced countries, GMs are currently prevalent instead of AMs because the former have minimal or no adverse side effects on health 4 , 5. Prior to recommending or selecting a plant for pharmaceutical analysis, authenticated traditional ethnomedicine TEM knowledge is needed and advanced pharmaceutical research and exploration may lead to new drug discovery 6. The use of TEM information or data is highly valuable for ecologists, farmers, taxonomists, pharmacologists, watershed managers, environmentalists, conservationists and wildlife managers who greatly benefit from the native plants of an area 7 and these plants are also sources of livelihood for native villages and mountainous communities in the area 8. Knowledge of TEMs has great potential for maintaining life sustenance and maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems on earth Because constant and rapid changes in the genome of pathogens have led them to be multidrug resistant MDR against many known AMs, the use of GMs or TEMs could be a better option because of the synergistic effect of the phyto-constituents present in medicinal plants. GMs have been declared safe, economic and effective with no or minimal side effects on the human body. According to one global estimate, , seed plants have been explored or known to humans of which only a few thousand are used in TEMs 11 while just a small fraction of 50, plants are pharmacologically and chemically examined for novel drug discovery Pakistan due to its phytogeography and climatic conditions possesses a diverse spectrum of medicinal and aromatic plants MAPs with an estimated plants out of a total of taxa known as curative plants and some of these are used for allopathic drug discovery 13 , Currently, around the globe, including Pakistan, extensive ethnobotanical work is being carried out to preserve and document TEMs and further their utilization in AMs through analytical techniques The Azad Jammu and Kashmir AJK areas have unique, rich and diverse plant biodiversity and are important sources of medicinal plants for local people It is worth noting that a few studies on the utilization of locally important curative herbs have been conducted in the past 17 , Inadvertently, most investigations were reported qualitatively, although quantitative ethnobotanical research is quite rare in the AJK territory. The administrative area of the AJK has been divided into ten districts and the District of Sudhnoti is one of those with rich bio-culture and phytodiversity; in this area, very sporadic and scarce TEM work has been conducted. It is worth noting that due to the diverse ethnic groups and presence of loft hilly terrains in the AJK region people sometimes speak the same language but in variable dialects based on the amalgam of culture and religious touch While numerous studies have been conducted on the ethnobotany of the area 19 , 20 , the field remains dynamic, offering opportunities for ongoing refinement and expansion of existing knowledge. Moreover, the forces of modernization, urbanization and globalization introduce shifts in traditional practices and knowledge over time, potentially impacting the accuracy and relevance of ethnobotanical data. Thus, this study contributes another scientific report to the existing literature, acknowledging and addressing the evolving nature of ethnobotanical research and its implications for understanding local plant-use practices. This study highlights the imperative need to conduct thorough quantitative ethnobotanical investigations of plants within the study area. Such research holds immense importance for future endeavours in ethnopharmacology and the conservation of flora. Phytographically the Azad Jammu and Kashmir areas are located in the northern region of Pakistan and have an area of 13, Km 2 Fig. The study area of District Sudhnoti has an area of Km 2 which is located between Maps of Azad Kashmir and Sudhnoti. A Main map of Pakistan showing the administrative sub regions labelled in different colours. Each sub region is highlighted to indicate its boundaries and labels for clarity. B Inset map of the Sudhnoti region, highlighted in yellow to emphasize its location within Azad Kashmir. This inset provides a detailed view of the Sudhnoti sub region for better spatial context. Maps created using R Studio version 4. The landscape of the area is steep and mountainous. The climate of this area ranges from subtropical to temperate with Pinus roxburghii dominating in lower places and Pinus wallichiana dominating at higher altitudes. Snowfall occurs in December and January, with the majority of rainfall occurring between July and September Table 1. The weather in the area is mild and humid throughout most of the year and the vegetation in the region includes a diverse range of herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers The ethnobotanical data regarding the locally important plants in the study area were collected through several planned field visits from to via visual appraisal VAA and rapid rural appraisal RAA techniques, while the TEK data were recorded in the field notebook using a questionnaire platform through application of structured and semi-structured interview protocols The semi structured and structured questionnaires were used to obtain ethnobotanical data from local communities that possessed various demographic profiles and vocations Table 2. During the surveys, important information, i. The local female translator was hired to conduct interviews from female communities in local languages and dialects in the Pahari, Kashmiri and Saraiki languages. The data and samples of each plant species were properly gathered and processed using a Lab personal computer PC and the collected specimens were preserved by using a standard herbarium preparation process. All the collected specimens were identified using published photographs and illustrations, taxonomic literature and the Flora of Pakistan by taxonomist Prof. The prepared specimens were assigned voucher numbers MUH- submitted to the herbarium of the Department of Botany of the university for future reference and use, granting public access. In accordance with ethical standards and regulatory procedures, the experimental protocol for our field research involving the collection of plants was duly approved by the Departmental Ethical Committee DEC. All the rules informed by the forest officers were followed by the relevant researchers, students and field workers. All participants were provided with informed consent, and their rights, privacy, and confidentiality were rigorously upheld throughout the study. Furthermore, the research activities were conducted in accordance with all applicable national laws and international standards governing plant research. Any necessary permits or approvals were obtained from relevant authorities to ensure full compliance with legal and ethical frameworks. Our experimental research and field studies on plants were carried out in strict accordance with the guidelines and legislation set forth by the institutional, national, and international regulatory bodies, ensuring the ethical and legal integrity of the research process. The use value index UVI is a quantifiable assessment of the relative differentiation of species. The tool is used to identify important plant species in the research region based on the number of people who use them. The high index value of a species can be attributed to its frequent use in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses by a large number of informers. It was determined using the method of Savikin et al. The incidence of a single species of plant used for a certain condition was measured using the relative frequency of citations. It was assessed using the following formula, which was developed by Vitalini et al. The ROP is calculated by the following equation:. Using the following methodology, the reported disorders were classified into 22 categories linked to body systems based on the information gathered from the interviews. The factor has a value ranging from 0 to 1, as stated in previous literature 28 , The fidelity level FL was calculated for the most common practice category by calculating the proportion of informants who demanded the use of a certain plant for the same central reasons This analytical tool was used to compare the results of this study to those of previous studies conducted at the same or adjacent locations or in other parts of the country or world Personal observation was also included. The data was collected through following formula The study utilized the Cultural Importance Index CI as a pivotal tool for evaluating the significance of plants within traditional knowledge systems and cultural practices. By examining cross-intra-cultural data across three distinct parameters—plant use in various cultures, ethnomedicine preparation modes, and application methods in diverse localities—the researchers sought to compare these findings with the data collected in their present research, specifically focusing on Sudhnoti, AJK. The CI was calculated using the following equation. NU is the total number of uses; N is the total number of participants while UR is the use report. In addition to CI, the study employed advanced statistical analyses, such as the Spearman correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis PCA , to delve deeper into the relationships among key variables: age of participants, ethnobotanical knowledge, and application frequency. By quantifying knowledge on a scale from 1 to 10 and assessing usage frequency on a scale from 1 to 7 across various age groups as mentioned in Table S2 supplementary , the study aimed to uncover nuanced patterns and correlations that contribute to a richer understanding of traditional plant use and cultural dynamics in the AJK region. The present study utilized a floristic checklist of species belonging to 69 families and the family Rosaceae, which were ranked 1st 13 species , 2nd 12 species and 3rd 10 species. According to the ethnobotanical studies, the collected species consisted of 87 herbs, 22 shrubs, 36 trees and five species, which were ferns or climbers Fig. The demographic and socio-economic data across various variables was presented in Table 2. In terms of language distribution, the majority speak Urdu 40 persons, For occupation, Herbalists constitute the largest group 40 persons, Males constitute the majority persons, The age distribution shows a significant proportion of individuals aged more than 60 years 56 persons, In terms of educational levels, the majority are illiterate 65 persons, Ethnobotanical research revealed that out of the plant species identified in this study, approximately eight 8 were utilized as food, 13 for fuel, and eight 8 for timber. Approximately of these plants were used for medicinal purposes as sources of green medicine. The use of plants as a source of fuel is very prevalent because people in the area live in mountainous terrains and have no access to liquid petroleum gas LPG or other forms of energy for cooking. Many local plant speciesare used as sources of fuel, and approximately thirteen species are predominantly used as fuel for cooking and heating purposes in the study area. The commonly used plants were Senegalia modesta , Elaeagnus umbellata , Dalbergia sissoo , Indigofera heterantha , Desmodium elegans , Dodone viscosa , Justicia adhatoda , Punica granatum , Populus alba , Salix alba , Pyrus pashia and Ziziphus jujuba. According to the study results, approximately eight 8 plants, namely, Cyperus esculentus , Imperata cylinderica Desmodium elegans , Morus alba , Grewia eriocarpa , Grewia oppositifolia , Rosa brunonii , Morus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia , were utilized as animal and cattle fodder because the leaves of many of these plants were pleasant to graze by goats and other domestic rodents. Many of these local plants are collected and utilized to feed household animals such as cows and buffaloes to increase milk and butter yield. Among the recorded plant species, approximately eight 8 species, Pinus roxburgii , Pinus wallichiana , Senegalia modesta , Juglans regia , Morus alba , Morus nigra , Olea ferruginea and Populus alba , were frequently used for the construction and preparation of furniture or other home appliances. A study of plants prevalent in the area revealed that residents of District Sudhnoti predominantly use plant species as Traditional Ethnomedicines TEMs to treat a variety of diseases. These diseases include skin conditions, blood disorders, fever, stomach ailments, infectious diseases, dysentery, wounds, pain management, diabetes, headaches, cancer Sartan , fever pyretic , toothaches, stomach ulcers, constipation, kidney problems, as well as cardiac and digestive issues. The most commonly utilized plant part in this study was the leaf with 75 citations , followed by the roots 27 citations , whole plants 15 citations , stems 11 citations , fruits 9 citations , flowers 7 citations , and bark 6 citations ; the corresponding data are shown in Fig. The leaf is the most prevalently used because it is easy to collect, it is used in recipes and it is lavish. Local plants are used in various forms to treat various infirmities and diseases. The common plant use forms used were decoction 89 citations , powder 33 citations , extract 20 citations , juice 19 citations , paste 18 citations and raw use 5 citations , and the graphical features are presented in Fig. The mode of administration is entirely dependent on the number of oral and exterior illnesses that must be addressed. The number of plants used for individual ailments ranges from one to several, and plant divisions have been reported as active compounds against a single disease. The cross-intra-cultural analysis shows that districts like Kotli, Sudhnoti, and Bhimber exhibit a notable abundance of plants employed for treating various ailments, the use of plant part Fig. Cross-intra-cultural comparison among four locations of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, for various ethnomedicinal applications. Moreover, the Spearman correlation analysis Fig. Specifically, there exists a significant positive correlation between participant age and both ethnobotanical knowledge and ethnomedicinal use of a plant per week. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation is observed between ethnobotanical knowledge and ethnomedicinal use of a plant per week. These findings suggest that as participant age increases, there tends to be an increase in both ethnobotanical knowledge and ethnomedicinal use of plants per week. Furthermore, individuals with higher ethnobotanical knowledge are more likely to engage in frequent ethnomedicinal use of plants. Correlation examination among the variables age of participant, ethnomedicinal knowledge measured at a scale of 1—10, and plant use frequency per week for ethnobotany. A Principal component analysis showing aggregation of variables depicting strong correlation B Spearman correlation map. From the plants listed in Table 3 , several species exhibit invasive characteristics. Imperata cylindrica , for instance, is recognized as an invasive species due to its aggressive growth patterns, capable of outcompeting native vegetation. It forms dense monocultures, leading to reduced biodiversity, altered ecosystem functions, and heightened fire risks due to its flammability 7. Similarly, Cannabis sativa has the potential to become invasive if it escapes cultivation and establishes itself in natural habitats. Its growth can disrupt native vegetation, degrade habitats, and interfere with ecosystem processes Furthermore, Cuscuta reflexa is a parasitic plant that poses a threat to native vegetation by attaching itself to host plants, extracting nutrients, and weakening or killing them in the process. Parthenium hysterophorus , identified as a highly invasive and aggressive annual herb, competes with native plants for resources, diminishes crop yields, induces allergies in humans and livestock, and adversely affects human health and biodiversity. Additionally, Robinia pseudoacacia is considered invasive in certain regions beyond its native range. It forms dense stands, outcompetes native vegetation, alters soil chemistry, and disrupts ecosystem dynamics 7 , 20 , The data concerning the use of plants in ethnomedicines by local residents for curing different diseases were analysed by applying statistical tools such as the relative frequency of citation RFC to determine the most common application of plants. The RFC number ranged from 0. Plants such as Habenari latilabris Lindl. Table 2 shows the minimum frequency of citation for numerous plant species, including Morus nigra L. Jackson 0. The significance of a species was assessed by using the use value UV tool, which is commonly in the range of 0. The maximum usage values for Potentilla nepalensis Hook 0. The minimum usage value for Tribulus terrestris L. A higher ICF indicates a higher rating for treating sickness conjunction with greater uniformity. The commonly occurring infirmities include diuretic, laxative skin issue, anticancer and antipyretic effects. The rank order priority ROP is a quantitative index tool that is usually used to substantiate and correlate the EB usage of cited plant species by indigenous inhabitants of a study area. The recorded ROP values ranged between 4. Low values of ROP for different plants indicate that younger generations have lost interest in the EB or that these plants are not easily available because of the reduced population size in the study area. The findings given in our study were connected to the findings of eight previous studies conducted in the many associated areas described in Table 5. The data indicated that among the 60 varieties of plants, the information nearness record ranged from The Jaccard index suggests a substantial similarity in plant species composition between Sudhnoti AJK in and the aligned area The temporal aspect, spanning multiple years, provides insights into potential variations in plant species over time Table 5. According to the ethnic demography of the area, most people in the area are rural and are predominantly dependent on plants and natural resources for life. It was found that village dwellers in the area are primarily dependent on plants Table 2 ; these results are congruent with past works showing that, in the AJK, most people are farmers and depend on resources for life necessities 32 , Sudhnoti likely experiences a range of climatic conditions due to its varying elevations, which could include subtropical climates in lower elevations, characterized by hot summers and mild winters. As elevation increases, Sudhnoti transitions to temperate and potentially alpine climates, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels This gradient in climatic conditions across Sudhnoti contributes to the diversity of plant species found within the district. The geographical location influences factors such as sunlight exposure, day length, seasonal variations, and temperature gradients, all of which impact plant growth and distribution. In this study, a total of species were collected and identified properly, out of which plant species were used as TEMs in the area. It is also known that plants are good sources of medicines, and local people also use plants for curing veterinary medicines. According to the ethnobotanical studies, the collected species consisted of 87 herbs, 22 shrubs, 36 trees and five species, which were ferns or climbers. This difference in the ethnobotanical study may be a direct outcome of the lack of proximity to some biological barrier resulting from geographic imprisonment of species and grouped diversities in living and vegetation spaces Due to the presence of many environmental factors, there was less opportunity to trade ethno-pharmacological information. It was concluded from these investigations that geological isolation between groups has an extraordinary effect on changes in the local plants and floral diversity and categorized diversity in living and vegetative habitats There were fewer opportunities for transferring ethno-pharmacological information due to the variety of contextual conditions. These analyses indicated that geological isolation between groups has a remarkable influence on changes in floral variety Since the beginning of life, there has been a close relationship between humans and plants. The current study demonstrated that the original inhabitants of the Sudhnoti area heavily rely on local flora for essential life supplies, such as fuel, fodder, food, furniture, medicines, fruits, vegetables, fence materials, and roof thatching, among others This can be rationalized by the fact that the bulk of the population lives in rural regions and that individuals earn relatively little each year The most serious danger to the flora of Sudhnoti is the harvesting of wood for timber and fuel. Pinus roxburghii , Senegalia modesta , Pinus wallichiana , Dalbergia sissoo , Morus spp. The results indicated that the original information was primarily limited to the older people of the area and herbalists traditional healers , while scarce information was shared among the younger generation, who also took the least interest in TEMs In addition, our research showed that rural groups were more familiar with ethnobotanical information than were urban communities. The local people are the most familiar with these plants and their treatment efficacy. The commonly used plants were leaves, stems, bark, fruits, flowers, roots, and whole plants and were the most commonly used plants in this study Many of the major active chemicals required for life on Earth are found in these regions. Because the leaf is a photosynthetic component of plants, it serves a vital function in medicine and is easily accessible throughout the year. The most common procedure used was decoction, which is composed of powder, paste, juice, extract, and raw material. The primary mode of recipe or medication formulation was decoction, and similar findings were also cited in previous works 23 , The Jaccard index was used to compare the obtained ethnomedicinal information with that of previously published publications, and it was used to explore the novelty of the research. A comparison technique was used to find new drugs from technical approaches The study revealed that out of a total of plants, many plants are used as sources of fuel by cutting valuable trees for domestic and commercial purposes. The common species used for fuelwood were Senegalia modesta , Elaeagnus umbellata , Dalbergia sissoo , Indigofera heterantha , Desmodium elegans , Dowia viscosa , and Pinus roxburghii; P. Previous studies have shown that Pinus spp. However, this illegal cutting of trees has culminated in drastic and severe pressure on the flora of the area. These results are congruent with previous works 23 , 34 showing that the leaf is the most commonly used part of most TEMs in different parts of the world. The key cause of loss in many species is that leaves are easy to collect, and they are inexpensive; hence, local people sprout all or most of their leaves from young plants, which leads to drastic loss of photosynthesis. The common necessity of using leaves in various TEMs is their role as active parts of the plant and possession of high concentrations of phytoconstituents in the leaf parts due to the maximum photosynthesis process 44 , 45 , In this study, one of the key factors that caused a loss of biodiversity was recognized as overgrazing by domestic animals in forest areas, which led to the loss of many plants in the area. This research work was consistent with previous work in the same field from other areas of the world 28 , Similar results were also obtained for the AJK zone by previous researchers, such as Khan et al. These findings are congruent with past previous works 28 , 29 , In the present study, ROP ranged from 4. The low values of ROP for different plants indicated that younger generations have lost interest in ethnobotany or that these plants are not easily available for TEMs, possibly because of their restrictive population in the study area 48 , Similarly, previous researchers have reported similar TEK findings for the plants from different areas, and our results are consistent with these findings 48 , Hence, the high medicinal value of the plants has made them popular and prevalent in various essential botanical drugs, which might be useful for further pharmaceutical analysis to discover novel drugs and prepare indigenous communities and local people in the country 47 , 48 , From the cultural perspectives, sustenance of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Sudhnoti, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, seems to be influenced by a combination of social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge is often deeply intertwined with the cultural identity of communities. The passing down of knowledge from one generation to another is seen as a way of preserving cultural heritage. Similarly, traditional practices, rituals, and ceremonies often involve the use of plants for medicinal, spiritual, or symbolic purposes 3. This connection reinforces the importance of plants in the cultural fabric of the community. The belief in the efficacy of traditional medicinal practices and the spiritual significance attributed to certain plants contribute to the sustained use of ethnobotanical knowledge Cross-cultural comparisons underscore the prominence of medicinal plants in ethnobotanical studies across AJK. While districts like Kotli 3 , Sudhnoti 35 , and Bhimber 28 exhibit a notable abundance of plants employed for treating various ailments, the use of plant part, mode of ethnomedicinal preparation, and specific application method utilized may vary contingent upon local availability and entrenched cultural traditions. Previous studies highlight mounting pressures on native vegetation due to the over-exploitation of medicinal plants, particularly noticeable in areas like Sudhnoti and Neelum 19 , Distinct challenges faced by each community, such as healthcare accessibility alternatives, can significantly influence patterns of plant use. A deeper exploration of cross-cultural examination unveils nuances in flora composition between high-altitude regions like Neelum Valley 36 and foothill areas like Poonch 21 , precipitating preferences for different medicinal plants. Unique cultural beliefs surrounding specific plants are observed, with certain communities favoring plants imbued with religious significance for medicinal purposes. Furthermore, variations in preparation methods, such as decoctions or poultices, underscore the diverse approaches to medicinal plant utilization across communities 7. Intercommunity knowledge exchange, facilitated by factors like trade routes and social interactions, leads to overlaps in plant use among bordering communities. The presence of multiple languages in AJK poses challenges in accurately documenting traditional plant knowledge, necessitating the assistance of local translators to ensure precise understanding. Ethnobotanical knowledge is typically transmitted orally from experienced community members elders, herbalists to younger generations. This form of transmission ensures the continuity of knowledge within the community. Learning often occurs through apprenticeship, where individuals acquire practical knowledge by actively participating in the collection and use of plants under the guidance of experienced practitioners. From the data gathered, it can be assumed that Sudhnoti communities in Azad Kashmir often rely on agriculture for subsistence. Traditional knowledge of plant use for agricultural practices, crop management, and pest control is crucial for livelihoods and food security. Furthermore, for those practicing herbalism, the economic aspect of plant use becomes significant. The sustainable harvesting and sale of medicinal plants contribute to the economic sustenance of individuals and communities The unique flora and fauna of an area create an environment where people have adapted to and have a deep understanding of the local plant species. This connection encourages the continued use of plants in various aspects of life. The recognition of the value of certain plants for medicinal or cultural purposes may drive efforts to conserve local biodiversity. Apart from these factors, external interest, such as tourism or the involvement of researchers, may contribute to the documentation and validation of traditional knowledge. This external recognition can reinforce the importance of preserving and transmitting this knowledge. Traditional knowledge is often held by older community members, and the cultural respect for elders ensures the passing down of knowledge to younger generations. Understanding and respecting these factors is crucial for sustainable development, conservation of biodiversity, and the continuation of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Sudhnoti, Azad Kashmir To explore the novelty of the research, the Jaccard index was determined, and it was discovered that there was a shift in traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in the youth and linked regions. The most surprising level of resemblance was found with the investigation of having uncovered ethnic values, similar kinds of vegetation and geology in the two regions This proved that there were many reports of the use of TEMs, which had not been reported from the District Sudhnoti or other districts of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. This novel indicator could be exploited for further novel drug discovery and development Ethnobotanical knowledge reported in the research might be applied in enhancing the well-being of rural and local communities in Sudhnoti, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Serving as a repository of traditional wisdom, this knowledge contributes significantly to primary healthcare by providing accessible and culturally relevant remedies. Additionally, the use of edible plants enriches local diets, addressing nutritional needs, especially in regions where agriculture might be limited 3. Beyond health, ethnobotanical practices reported might contribute to the economic sustenance of communities, offering livelihoods through herbalism and promoting sustainable resource management. The cultural and spiritual significance of certain plants fosters a sense of identity and community cohesion. Furthermore, this knowledge contributes to environmental conservation by promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices. By empowering communities through education and awareness, ethnobotanical knowledge becomes a key element in building resilience against external challenges, ensuring the holistic well-being of Sudhnoti local populations. This research work will be very useful for future drug discovery based ethnomedicinal information, cultural data conservation and phytodiversity conservation of wild flora of the area for sustainable availability. Research has revealed the prevalent use of plants in traditional ethnomedicines TEMs for treating various ailments. Notably, the leaves and decoction form of TEM were the primary modes of application in the area. The detrimental factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity included the cutting of woody trees for lumber and fuel, overgrazing, and human-induced fires. This investigation suggested that plants exhibiting a high use value index UVI and possessing therapeutic properties warrant further pharmacological scrutiny or screening. This step is crucial for substantiating ethnobotanical knowledge and identifying potential novel medications, ultimately leading to advancements in nano-drug discovery and drug development. We declare that the data support the discoveries in the present study and are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request. Campbell, M. Antiproliferative activity of Chinese medicinal herbs on breast cancer cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. PubMed Google Scholar. Arshad, M. 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We are grateful to the local people for their support in every aspect of this study, and we are also grateful to the indigenous vegetable sellers, village dwellers and informants for their support, valuable information and all the individuals who supported me during field work. Box , Riyadh, , Saudi Arabia. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors contributed in reviewing, writing and editing the manuscript and have approved the submitted version. Correspondence to Muhammad Ishtiaq or Hosam O. The author is the native of the study area where the research was carried out, and the questionnaires were answered by the healers and local people with their own will and consent to help their own community. Additionally, verbal informed consent was obtained from each informant before the interviews. The interview procedure was explained to each participant in their local language. Other things were not applicable. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. Reprints and permissions. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of important local plants in Sudhnoti, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Sci Rep 14 , Download citation. Received : 11 January Accepted : 17 September Published : 27 September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Drug discovery Plant sciences. Abstract This research purpose was focused to document the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge TEK associated with important wild plants and indigenous communities residing in mountainous zone of District Sudhnoti of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan and to determine their conservation status with suggestions and recommendations to protect and propagate the rare and endangered wild flora of the area for sustainable use. Composition, medicinal values, and threats of plants used in indigenous medicine in Jawi District, Ethiopia: implications for conservation and sustainable use Article Open access 09 October Ethnopharmacological study of native medicinal plants and the impact of pastoralism on their loss in arid to semiarid ecosystems of southeastern Iran Article Open access 23 September Local knowledge, practices, challenges of ethnopharmacologically used medicinal plants in Benin and implications for brain illnesses Article Open access 13 November Introduction Plants play a pivotal role in sustaining human life within this biosphere and particularly people of rural areas of world primarily are dependent on wild flora. Materials and methods Study area Phytographically the Azad Jammu and Kashmir areas are located in the northern region of Pakistan and have an area of 13, Km 2 Fig. Full size image. Full size table. Results Floristic diversity The present study utilized a floristic checklist of species belonging to 69 families and the family Rosaceae, which were ranked 1st 13 species , 2nd 12 species and 3rd 10 species. Discussion According to the ethnic demography of the area, most people in the area are rural and are predominantly dependent on plants and natural resources for life. Data availability We declare that the data support the discoveries in the present study and are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request. References Campbell, M. Article Google Scholar Bernal, J. Google Scholar Mahmood, A. Google Scholar Ali, H. Google Scholar Husain, S. Google Scholar Gomez-Beloz, A. Article Google Scholar Ishtiaq, C. Article Google Scholar Upton, R. Google Scholar Lewis, W. Article Google Scholar Scotland, R. Article Google Scholar Thind, S. Google Scholar Umair, M. Article Google Scholar Khan, M. Article Google Scholar Liaqat, I. Google Scholar Husain, Z. Google Scholar Ali, S. Google Scholar Savikin, K. Google Scholar Khanum, H. Google Scholar Ajaib, M. Google Scholar Gonzalez-Tejero, M. Google Scholar Ahmed, E. Article Google Scholar Mehwish, M. Google Scholar Farooq, S. Google Scholar Leonti, M. Article Google Scholar Ajaib, M. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the local people for their support in every aspect of this study, and we are also grateful to the indigenous vegetable sellers, village dwellers and informants for their support, valuable information and all the individuals who supported me during field work. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate The author is the native of the study area where the research was carried out, and the questionnaires were answered by the healers and local people with their own will and consent to help their own community. Consent for publication Prior consent and permission were obtained from family heads and from all the participants. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1. Supplementary Material 2. About this article. Cite this article Ishtiaq, M. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research.
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