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Lucas Berard-Chenu has also benefited from funding from the European Union's Horizon research programme Snow is manufactured by spraying micro-droplets of water in a cold atmosphere, which solidify before they hit the ground. The consistency is close to that of compacted snow. There has been no shortage of criticism of this production method, which started to be aired in the mids. In September , the mayor of La Clusaz, a commune to the west of Chamonix, decided to suspend the construction of a reservoir that would have largely supplied water for snow manufacture, following years of opposition from environmental organisations. As the climate crisis worsens, the suitability of this adaptive technology is likely to inspire more debate. In a journal article , we uncovered the ways the winter sports industry is locked in a state of dependency around snowmaking. Snowmaking has been developed by the French winter sports industry since trials began in The technology is increasingly deployed as a regular tool to improve conditions on the slopes. Despite the rise of this technology and technical advances being made, changing weather conditions under climate change is a limiting factor. Now, the effects of climate change are reducing the snow cover depth as well as opportunities to produce snow. Even though future climate factors risk limiting the effectiveness of snowmaking , moving away from it seems difficult for the winter sports sector. This situation has only recently been analysed. Prior choices of investing in this technology and the increases in snow cover achieved in the past encourage continued spending, starving other activities of resources, whether economic or natural, like water supply. This path dependence is as likely to lead ski tourism down an expansionary route as one of contraction, with markedly different consequences for mountain regions. To take the expansionary scenario — investing in snowmaking has shored up a seasonal, weather-dependent activity which displays the characteristics of a heavy industry. On top of this now comes expertise and increasingly sophisticated techniques for snowmaking, plus the growth of dedicated services. Ultimately, snowmaking secures a tourism offer for France within the mature and competitive European ski market. However, snowmaking could also go down a route of contraction. Outlays of investment in snowmaking only really benefit the ski industry — maintaining a sectoral specialisation of the economy in winter sports tourism. This risk of over-specialisation can have knock-on effects on mountain regions as a whole. This may delay the inevitable changes and lessen the impact of steps aimed at diversifying Alpine economies. Thus a vicious circle forms — the bias toward investment in snowmaking equipment captures resources which could be used to start the ball rolling toward eventual transition. This requires a co-ordinated economic and institutional response. It may be that the state has a role to play now, to help these areas break free from a dependence on skiing — indeed from tourism altogether — amid the reality of climatic and environmental change. Its mission is to support and promote the development of fundamental and applied research in all disciplines, and to strengthen the dialogue between science and society. For more information, visit the ANR website. Translation from French to English by Joshua Neicho. This article was originally published in French. Edition: Available editions Europe. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. A snow cannon overlook a ski slope in the Vosges, eastern France. Freedom from bad winters Snowmaking has been developed by the French winter sports industry since trials began in Climate change Artificial snow The Conversation Europe. Events More events.

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