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Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

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Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

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Download PDF Flyer. View Full Editorial Board. This is strongly recommended. Sharma Submit Abstract via Email. Download Description. It was a great experience for me working with Bentham Science Publishers because of the following reasons: -High quality services -Professionalism -Cordiality -Great and kind cooperation and collaboration Dr. In recent years, nanomaterials, with a focus on their biomedical and nanotoxicologial effects have been a topic of great development and serious concerns \\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. More recently, the synthesis procedures have been focused by the researchers. Indeed, there is a growing interest in the development of eco-friendly, cost-effective, clean, green, easy to handle, and direct methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials. The driving forces of this interest is the possibility to diminish energy consumption and avoid toxic or contaminant chemicals. Moreover, the versatility of green chemistry allows producing a wide range of inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanomaterials with numerous promising applications. In green or biogenic synthesis methods, different materials of biological origin, like microorganism, cells, plants or their enzymes or extracts, are employed to synthesize nanomaterials. The focus is on a greener environment minimizing generated waste, and implementing sustainable processes. For example, the phytosynthesis of nanostructured material is an extremely captivate and challenging approach to all the researchers due to the presence of phytochemicals agents in the plant extracts i. The phytochemicals present in the plant extracts play a key role in improving reduction rate, size, and stabilization by acting as good reducing, surfactants, structure-directing, and capping agents. Alternatively, the microorganism can synthesize nanomaterials with different morphologies, porosity, and various materials. The inherently sophisticated biosynthesis machinery present in microorganisms has been a source of bioinspiration and biomimetic procedures to produce nanomaterials. These biological factories of nanomaterials have contributed to making the bridge between biotechnology and nanotechnology. In this sense, nanomaterials obtained through green procedures are now being used in different processes with applications in different fields. Therefore, this themed issue gathers articles reviewing the green synthesis of nanomaterials with various biological systems, especially the emphasis is placed on the different biobased routes and mechanisms of nanomaterials synthesis, characterization and their applications in different fields. The present thematic issue contains seven eye-catching articles from researchers of different countries. The brief and novelty of each article are reported in following The review by Wani et al. The main focus is on catalytic reactions, pollution control, and fuel cells \\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The article by Singh et al. Backx and col. The authors explored the relationship between antimicrobial properties and the parameters of green synthesis and the stabilization of AgNPs \\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The topic developed by Patel et al. The authors concluded that the morphology and composition of these nanomaterials could be fine-tuned by chemical and physicochemical methods \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The article by Wani et al. The authors provided a comprehensive outlook of the reported literature about an eco-friendly synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their biomedical applications \\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Sana et al. It has been concluded that biogenic methods are better than chemically prepared nanoparticles. Moreover, the authors suggested that green synthesis methods may be appropriate for the production and distribution of high-quality materials \\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Finally, the article by Catalano et al. The authors encouraged researchers in the field to employ a variety of analytical techniques for achieving an exhaustive characterization of new nanomaterials and, in this way, contribute to the development of validated green synthesis procedures \\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. We are especially thankful to Prof. Nikolaus Labrou, Editor-in-Chief, for accepting the proposal and giving consent for a special thematic issue publication in Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Bentham Science. We extend our deepest thanks to Sumaiya Azhar Ms. Senior Manager Publications for her kind cooperation during the process of thematic issue. Finally, we are thankful to all the contributors to this thematic issue. In last but not least, we thank the editorial team of the journal for publishing the special thematic issue in the prestigious and peer-reviewed Journal Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Human skin is also named 'The External Organ' as it represents the largest and the most superficial organ of human body. Human skin has the highest variability of functions compared to any other internal organ, therefore it has to be considered vital as, if not more, other noble organs such as the heart and brain. A genuine emergency for the whole world, and an overwhelming challenge, it represents a grave danger to human life and wellbeing. Health officials, mostly in China and India, have started encouraging an alternative medicine as a preventive measure to help those who get sick with mild to moderate respiratory infection — traditional herbal remedies. Still, for thousands of years, herbs like cloves, black pepper, caraway, turmeric, Holy basil, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, garlic licorice, and ephedra have been used to treat or as preventive medicine for respiratory infections like the common cold, influenza, fever and pneumonia. Some are thought to boost the immune system and put the body in a healthier position to fight against infections. Other traditional medicines are believed to be amazing antivirals that block certain infections from replicating in the body. Yet, because we've seen some promise with different diseases doesn't mean individuals ought to accept traditional cures give a similar advantage COVID Some remedies, like forsythia, were put to the test for SARS virus and observed to be quite positive in laboratory studies \\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Rather than the facts of research studies, people have claimed herbal medicines have kept them healthy or increased their symptoms, but the bulk of research on herbs is inconclusive. It is to be noted with an understanding that we do not have enough data with this novel coronavirus. This synergistic administration was approved and supported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and further information on the herbal treatment were recommended to other practitioners \\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The treatment procedures of Ayurveda and Siddha are based on the oral administration of therapeutic formulations prepared using natural sources such as herbs. The officials further emphasized the fact that the Ayurveda and Siddha have roots from several thousand years old. Despite such early genesis, the medication aided in combatting the novel disease excellently with very encouraging therapeutic outcomes reducing the viral count and accelerating the pace of the recovery process effectively. It is said that every single Indian arrangement of medication would assume a corresponding job alongside allopathy in Covid clinical administration. Simply put, acknowledging the importance, indispensable and trustable protocols of the modern clinical methods, The Ministry of AYUSH in India has proposed to remember the Ayurveda for emergency courses containing COVID in all locale the nation over \\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Diminishing the spread of the disease has been alluded to as our most evident open door concerning reducing its impact on the health services. This technique, albeit urgent in keeping up the framework of our medical clinics, slowing the spread of the disease has been cited as our best chance of reducing its impact on our health. Though we may eventually find that certain medicinal herbs may be beneficial for the COVID cure, the science is scarce and now is not the time to start experimenting with herbal remedies on our own if we contract COVID Every virus is unique in its structure and behaviour and these medicinal plants seem to work for other viral infections will need to be tested to see if they also hold up against COVID with holistic research studies since there is no enough data available \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Historically, there has been a lack of evidence surrounding alternative medicines. For one, it's been hard to tie down the essential subsidizing to study the health impacts of plants and spices. A large portions of the nations on the planet in the current situation are extremely pharmaceutical-driven in nature, with the goal to place the general need. Research on traditional medicines has also been somewhat inconsistent. So the research is imperative on this domain to conduct studies if and how certain herbs could potentially be used to prevent and treat COVID These studies will substantiate as supporting documents to conclude the antiviral and immune-supportive properties of the herbs and spices. Just like any other medicine, herbal remedies might cause adverse side effects and their toxicity also needs to be investigated. All the nations ought to join together and participate to mount an aggregate reaction; the international community will succeed with regards to defeating the pandemic, and will rise up out of crossroads in history of mankind into a more promising time to come. It is relevant to emphasize that the interest of Ayurveda and Siddha in tending to the COVID challenge in India ought not to stay restricted and seen as the expansion of medicinal services administrations and backing the bio-clinical framework. India, the birth place of the world's most seasoned living health care system is often looked up by the countries across the world for how it combats the emergency employing its treasure of traditional knowledge. China has however proved that it could fight back. The focus is now on India's actions; thus the country has to show its traditional knowledge strength in health care services. Food Science is a modern, multidimensional, rapidly developing scientific field which is continuously and drastically promoting significant and innovative scientific advances that strongly reinforce human public health and quality of life. In this aspect, Food Science cooperatively utilizes modern methodological techniques and cutting edge technologies based on diverse basic sciences such as molecular biology, biotechnology, biochemistry, physiology and epidemiology. In view of the above considerations, the purpose of this special issue is to highlight recent advances in the multidimensional field of Food Science that collectively promote human public health and quality of life. At the beginning of this special issue, Troumbis et al. After that, a substantial research study by Rigopoulos et al. This study has highlighted the potential of an eco-friendly method to synthesize nanoparticles and its promising optimization through statistical experimental design \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. A second research study has evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, antithrombotic, antiatherogenic and antidiabetic activities of Urtica dioica, Sideritis euboea and Cistus creticus, investigating pasta fortification with the most bioactive one, supporting substantial evidence for the potential health benefits that could be derived from consuming pasta fortified with herbal extracts \\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Owning to the increase in the world population, as well as the consumer's awareness on the health benefits of consumption of fruits, the demand for both fresh and processed fruits has been increased. In this aspect, Dimou et al. In parallel, Sarris et al. In a following review study by Petsas and Vagi, the bioremediation applications of pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants using microbial strains were critically summarized \\\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In another comprehensive review study, the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of plant extracts, vegetables, fruits and isolated compounds from plants included in Mediterranean diet region with anti-hyperlipidamic activity, as well as their mechanisms of action in modulating gene expression in metabolic and signaling pathways have critically been analyzed \\\\\\\\\\\\\[10\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Moreover, Poulios et al. In conclusion, all the above studies cooperatively reinforce the multidimensional advancements of Food Science that significantly promote human public health and quality of life. An established and validated HcAI definition to guide both daily clinical practice and infection surveillance is needed. HcAIs are defined as infections that occur during hospitalization or in a place of care and assistance, neither present clinically, nor in incubation, at the time of admission or including those which occur after discharge, despite being causally traceable by incubation time, etiologic agent and modality of transmission to the same hospitalization. In recent years, the number of HcAIs has increased; as a result of the increase in the age of the population, the greater number of examinations and invasive procedures are being carried out during hospitalization and, finally, the increasingly frequent development of phenomena of antibiotic -resistance. The incidence of a HcAI depends strongly on the type of hospital, the patient population studied, the definition of HcAI adopted and the detection systems used. It is therefore a phenomenon of broad relevance not only clinical, but also economic and social if only the costs, associated with the HcAI that the literature documents and reports as extremely high, are taken into account. For example, in the European Union, additional health costs and loss of productivity of at least 1. In this study, the rate of infected patient amounted to 5. It was estimated that more than The CMS is an institution that deals with the governmental healthcare system and that, in recent years, started coordinating the HAI control. This project involves the use of incentives for the high-performance actions in several domains such as patient safety, the treatment process, the outcomes, the patient experience, and the efficacy of coordinated treatments. Some indicators the PoA indicators have been identified so as to evaluate if a certain primary or secondary diagnosis was made at the time of admission. The activity of all these institutions implemented the construction of the Action Plan. This project represents a real attack, at all levels, to the HcAI and all the main organizations in the field of health took part in its preparation. The activity of the Action Plan was articulated in 5 working groups and had seven main goals to achieve in five years, each goal had its indicator. This special issue has the primary aim of evaluating the risks of acquiring a HcAI. As its secondary objectives, the special issue aims at evaluating if the introduction of the preventive actions, therapies and new measures of clinical risk management in the HcAI control has efficacy in reducing the HcAI prevalence. Over the years, inappropriate use and abuse of antibiotic drugs around the world have led to the selection of multi-resistant pathogenic microorganisms making infections a major health problem due to relative increases in costs, prolongation of hospitalizations, as well as morbidity and mortality risk. This is one of the themes dealt in the paper by Orsi et al. The healthcare facility has beds, 13, annual admissions, 6, Day Hospital hospitalizations and 1,, outpatient accesses, showing an annual HAI prevalence of 6. The present study demonstrates once again that HAIs caused by multidrug-resistant organisms are associated with higher mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. Economic assessment may provide valuable information for implementing health policies and prevention of healthcare-associated infections due to alert organisms \\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. CRBSIs are defined as a bloodstream infection originated from an intravenous catheter. Intravascular device use is frequently associated with local and systemic infectious complications, such as insertion site infection, septic thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, bacteriemia, sepsis, metastatic infections pulmonary abscess, cerebral abscess, pancreatic abscess, osteomyelitis, arthritis, endophthalmitis and intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections CRBSIs. Caroleo et al. The experience presented by these authors demonstrated that clinical audit and root cause analysis process, by determining the infection source, led to adopt prevention measures: a in order to avoid the catheters contamination, a single-dose of flush sterilization solution has been used; b both hand hygiene accuracy and information regarding guidelines-based CRBSIs prevention and surveillance strategies among healthcare workers have been implemented \\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In fact, according to several international studies, health-care associated infections have a notable impact both in social and economic terms. The aim of the study carried out in a pediatric hospital was to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction of the mortality review committee on the improvement of the assistance provided at the OPBG in the period examined, especially related to preventable deaths that follow HAIs. Since , as shown in the present study and in other works that evaluated HAI prevalence, in the OPBG, there was a very low rate of mortality due to infections associated with health-care. In fact, possible areas of intervention were identified that could potentially lead to an improvement in the quality of care provided. These improvements involved the prevention and management of healthcare-related infections \\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Quality of care and related analysis of litigation of a high-income hospital such as the Umberto I general hospital in Rome is the aim of the paper by La Russa et al. The Umberto I general hospital counts on 1, beds for a total of 38, annual hospitalizations, 27, Day Hospital admissions and 2,, outpatient accesses. In particular, the authors carried out a study on HAI claims with the aim of outlining a methodological approach to the litigation management and characterizing the economic impact of infections on health facilities resources. The proposed approach is based on an integrated evaluation of HAI claims by determining the risk of loss and technical estimates. The first task was to create a scoring system based on objective parameters evaluable from the medico-legal point of view, the Advanced Loss Eventuality Assessment ALEA. For the determination of the technical estimates, it instead adopted a systematic procedure based on common evaluation systems of personal impairment in order to quantify the claim reserves on current liabilities for claims reported but not yet settled \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Quality of medical care is defined as the capacity of the healthcare system to achieve several medical and non-medical goals. In this regard, several studies suggested a key role of quality medical records in determining medical care process, risk management and preventing liability. The problem of the HcAI has been largely debated in the last years. Albano et al. Guidelines-based medical records filling was demonstrated to reduce HAIs-related litigation, improve patient medical care appraisal, therefore HS quality. The most frequent type of infections, SSIs and isolate meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA , are more likely to be seen as preventable, and, in a judicial trial, medical records are the only elements able to demonstrate standard care adhesion for infection control \\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Di Paolo et al. Authors concluded that HcAI are a major problem for patient safety in every health-care facility and system around the world and their control and prevention represent a challenging priority for health care institutions and workers committed to making health care safer. The burden of HcAI implies longer hospital stay, increased morbidities, additional financial burden, high costs for patients and their families, and excess deaths. Clinicians are at the forefront in the war against HcAIs, however, also forensic pathologists have a remarkable role \\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Finally, Albolino et al. In the absence of recommendations, healthcare professionals should follow good clinical practice. The definition of good clinical practice GCP is more complicated. Patient safety practices are transversal to clinical pathologies, the literature indicates the list of the ones strongly recommended as evidence-based, thus these are clearly indicated to be applied in the framework of the new Italian law. In conclusion, the law delineates a global patient care system, pointing to the opportunities for engagement and partnering of the healthcare system with health institutions, professional health associations, health training institutions, health-associated civil society groups, and citizens \\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In this special issue, researchers discussed clinical, pharmacological, economic and juridical aspects of relevance for advancing in these particular topics. HcAIs represent a major public health problem, widespread in patients of all ages. Of every hundred hospitalized patients, seven in developed and ten in developing countries can acquire one of the HAIs Studies dedicated to advanced techniques will provide systematic reviews of new horizons opened in HcAIs, to understand and explain clinical events of social-economic relevance. According to WHO, there are more than million people worldwide suffering from different mental disorders including schizophrenia, depression, intellectual disabilities and drug abuse disorders \\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Although they have a vast range of symptoms, combination of abnormal thoughts, emotions, behavior and relationships with others is generally observed. Dementia is caused by a variety of diseases and injuries, such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke WHO, Most of mental disorders can be successfully treated by conventional therapies but the discrimination and stigma of patients with psychiatric disorders perpetuates and demands for more attention from all the mental health professionals in order to change attitudes and enhance the efficiency of services and therapies. It is consensual that an equilibrated diet is a key factor for the healthy status of an individual, not only physically but also in what concerns to mental health. Several studies have been dedicated to the relationship between diet and mental disorders \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Jacka et al. In a study carried out by Jacka et al. Moreover, it has also been observed strong evidence for preventive effects on dementia of vitamin E, B vitamins, and n-3 fatty acids and deleterious effects of saturated fat in this syndrome \\\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. This thematic issue is focused in the existing body of evidence which supports that food or particular food components can enhance mental health or protect from psychiatric disorders. In this line, this thematic issue is composed of important contributions on this topic. This review compiles the main evidences from scientific studies on the most promising food components, as part of diet or dietary supplements, that constitute a valid alternative or a complement of the traditional drug treatments. These food components include vitamins, fatty acids, bioactive peptides, probiotics, carotenoids, polyphenols, saponins and creatine. Results of in vitro and in vivo animal studies, of randomized and placebo control trials, and systematic reviews have been addressed. The most recent advances were discussed, namely regarding mechanisms of action of the compounds responsible for their biological activities e. Authors concluded that is required more research to prove the therapeutic potential of the food components based on scientific evidence and intervention studies to demonstrate the improvement of neuronal and cognitive impairments. This paper focuses in two prevalent conditions in general population, infertility and sexual dysfunction. These conditions have multifactorial etiology and affect both men and women. Data on the factors that most influence both female and male sexual and reproductive function were discussed. These factors include general nutritional status, specific foods e. It was concluded that the food insufficiency was associated with increased sexual risk behaviours more relevant in women, while in men, obesity showed a negative influence in male fertility. Moreover, the consumption of trans-fatty acids, high glycemic index food, high carbohydrate diet and high animal protein intake was associated with low fertility while consumption of vegetable proteins, antioxidants, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and low glycemic index food was associated with improvement of fertility. Although the conventional treatment is psychopharmacological, it originates several undesirable side effects. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to compile information on dietary patterns of individuals with ADHD diagnosis, current treatments recommended in individuals with this diagnosis and dietary factors possibly implicated in the etiology and treatment of this disorder. Authors reported that there is still lack of evidence on the role of omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin supplementation in the effective therapeutic approach of this disorder. In this line, data on elimination diets were unclear as to the benefits provided to individuals with ADHD. Authors mentioned that the effects of unhealthy diet patterns in ADHD individuals are not yet fully understood, however children with ADHD may benefit from a healthy lifestyle. Studies published between and and focusing on the impact of dietary patterns in depression and depressive symptoms were discussed. The goal is to evaluate if there is enough evidence on the dietary cost-effective intervention in depression. This is a subject of high importance due to the large-scale impact of this mental disorder. The paper concluded that, although etiological pathways are unknown, there is a well-established association between dietary patterns and depression. In fact, it was reported that healthier dietary patterns, can play a significant role in the prevention and adjunctive therapy of depression and depressive symptoms. The consumption of fruits, vegetables, lean meats, nuts and whole grains, and with low intake of processed and sugary foods was inversely associated with depression and depressive symptoms. Although it is difficult to infer causality because most of the studies were of cross-sectional design, a randomized controlled trial presented similar results. Authors highlight the need of large scale randomized clinical trials to confirm the association between lower risk of depression and depressive symptoms and high-quality dietary patterns. In the second last decade of the last century circulating extracellular RNA exRNA - proteolipid complexes have been identified in cancer patients. It has been hypothesized that they mediate host-tumor interactions and specific exRNAs have been shown to be useful tumor markers. Meanwhile, extracellular nucleic acids were demonstrated to trigger inflammation and accordingly to promote inflammatory diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps NETs , which were initially thought to have beneficial functions by trapping bacteria and limit their dissemination, are now known to trigger pathological situations. In a model of experimental heart transplantation promoting exRNA degradation has not been only demonstrated to be safe but to counteract graft rejection. Accordingly, extracellular nucleic acids present promising new drug targets for treatment of a multitude of burdening diseases. The purpose of this issue is to summarize the functions of extracellular nucleic acids in chronic and acute diseases disclosing them as specific drug targets. Moreover, the nature of pharmaceutical drugs required for treating acute diseases on the one hand, and more chronic diseases on the other hand will be outlined. Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design scientific domains have been currently focused on drug-like compounds of natural origin, e. In this aspect, at the first part of this special issue, Pontiki et al. In a second review article, Mantzorou and Giaginis critically analyze, at a clinical level, the currently existing clinical trials that have evaluated the efficacy of supplementing cranberry products against urinary tract infections in different human subpopulations \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The authors conclude that cranberry supplementation can safely be suggested as complementary therapy in women with recurrent urinary tract infections, whereas no conclusive and precise results have currently been obtained concerning other human subpopulations, especially in human populations at increased risk for contracting urinary tract infections \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Medical and Molecular Biology scientific domains have also been focused on natural-derived drugs that are currently used in the clinical practice, as well as natural-derived drug-like compounds, evaluating their biological activity against several chronic diseases. In this aspect, Kontos et al. In another study, Mavrogiannis et al. This study supports substantial evidence for the possible involvement of miRp in breast cancer cell apoptosis, triggered by vincristine, vinblastine, and vinorelbine \\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Moreover, Kalantzis et al. L-Dopa decarboxylase has been implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of several human cancers. Interestingly, Docetaxel is a semi-synthetic analogue of Paclitaxel, an extract from the bark of the rare Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, and Mitoxantrone is an anthraquinone derivative bearing polyamine side chains that can be considered as a partial analog of anthracyclines which are extracted from Streptomyces bacterium. This study supports substantial evidence for the possible involvement of L-Dopa decarboxylase expression in Docetaxel and Mitoxantrone induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis \\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Preeclampsia, a unique human pregnancy disorder, is a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It remains amongst the biggest challenges in obstetrics, but its precise aetiopathogenesis is still unclear. Although the main symptom is hypertension, preeclamptic woman manifests the change in many organs. PE is characterized by an increased vascular resistance, increased activation of the coagulation system, and reduction of intravascular volume, injury of vascular endothelium, leading to a reduced perfusion of all maternal organs, including the uterus, kidney, brain and placenta. Severe cases may include eclamptic seizures, placental abruption, premature labour, intracranial haemorrhage, DIC, HELLP syndrome, renal and hepatic failure. Severe preeclampsia is always a life threatening human pregnancy complication. Preeclampsia affects not only the mother but also fetus. Currently, no definitive treatment or effective prophylaxis for preeclampsia are available. Delivery still remains the only curative treatment in cases of severe preeclampsia, but is not always advantageous for the fetus. The decision is always very difficult because preterm birth may result in many health consequences for the child. The aim of this special issue is exploration of aetiopathogenesis of preeclampsia as well as best practices update and current clinical management of severe preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. The understanding the etiological determinants of preeclampsia may lead to new therapeutic approaches and is essential for effective therapies and lowering maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity related to these serious pregnancy complications. Along with the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and immunological disorders, in a continuously- ageing population, our understanding of the precise mechanisms that regulate cellular complex biochemical environments is increasing. Cellular networks, pathways and biochemical codes are being deciphered, shedding lights on novel therapeutic routes. In this context, inflammation and dysregulated immune system represent a true cellular model that links the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and the fine tuning of all the mechanisms that orchestrate the cellular systems. This Special Issue is composed of important contributions on the topic. The first manuscript addresses an important immunological disease, such as Common variable immunodeficiency CVID , the most frequent symptomatic antibody deficiency in adults, in which the humoral immune impairment exposes patients to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestation, including recurrent infections. Interestingly, patients with CVID can present with inflammatory, autoimmune disease, hematologic disease and cancers. Varricchi and collaborators \\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\] present interesting results from 58 patients diagnosed with CVID and treated with regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopic examination for the evaluation of gastroduodenal manifestations of their CVID. Histopathologic findings revealed a high prevalence of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders chronic gastritis, chronic duodenitis, increasing intraepitelial lymphocytes, and the absence of plasma cells that are not responsive to the immunoglobulin replacement therapy. This observation points out that in CVID patients there is a more complex immune dysregulation rather than a true humoral immunity deficiency. Indeed, these patients could represent a real in vivo model to deeply study immune system activation, autoimmunity and inflammation. In this context, in the second article, dr Pecoraro and colleagues \\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\] explored the ability of a simple screening test, the Calculated Gobulin CG , to be effective in the early detection of antibody deficiency, in order to reduce diagnostic delays as well as the healthcare costs of specific immunoglobulin dosage. Inflammation plays a major role also in the manuscript authored by Pasqua and coworkers \\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\], that addresses mechanisms of hypertension, the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder. Here, the authors describe in details the role of NLRP nucleotide binding oligomerization domain Leucine-rich repeat in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension. In the context of the danger-model of hypertension, priming hypertensive stimuli could promote the activation of the NLRP3-inflammosome that maintains a low-grade of sterile inflammation in a vicious circle that sustains hypertension itself, thus leading to organ damages. Despite the role of Chemokines in inflammation has been extensively underscored, Sara Paccosi and Astrid Parenti \\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\] dissect the role of chemokine pathways in modulating vascular growth mechanisms. In particular, the family of CC-Chemokines directly interacts with vascular cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscular cells VSMC , fibroblasts, platelets, erythrocytes, and glomerular renal cells in a leukocyte independent-way, being involved in compensatory vascular remodeling such as angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, arteriogenesis. The authors focused on Atypical Chemokine Receptors Families ACKRs , chemokine receptors that were found to have an important scavenger function in regulating chemokine trafficking, and could be considered an interesting potential therapeutic target. Finally, two complementary and extensive reviews point out the crucial role of the endothelial progenitor cells EPCs , a subunit of mononuclear cells MNCs , in the angiogenesis and remodeling processes, with a special focus as potential therapeutic targets. Guerra and collaborators \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\] investigate the precise role of the circulating EPCs in the remodeling mechanism involved in pulmonary vascular diseases. Pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH is characterized by circulating progenitor recruitment, enhanced angiogenesis and endothelial cell dysfunction that lead to increasing vascular resistances. Manipulating the VEGF vascular endotelial grow factor signaling pathway to stimulate endothelial vascular growth seems to be a promising venate the angiogenic activity. In conclusion, all the manuscripts of this Special Issue offer different views of the complex mechanisms that regulate inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, from basic science to clinical works, focusing on the special approach that regenerative medicine and genetic manipulation have opened. These observations should open new routes in the knowledge of different conditions and new promising therapeutic targets. Nowadays, ncRNAs are recognized to be important transcriptional modulators not only capable of suppressing but also of promoting gene expression. Recent research into RNAa has started to unravel the underlying basis linked to saRNA-based activation phenomena and enabled the design of saRNAs with ability to regulate the expression of target genes in different cells types \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\], even being in the process of developing a RNAa therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma \\\\\\\\\\\\\[14,15\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In this thematic issue, Drs. This work is an analytical overview that focuses on the potential that RNAa have for the development of therapeutic strategies. Moreover, canonical and non-canonical mechanisms involving saRNA-mediated gene activation phenomena are also illustrated here. In the next article, Setten et al. In this work, the authors considered the reasons for which MTL-CEBPA represents a promising saRNA drug against hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby opening the door to the development of new therapeutic agents in the treatment of patients with cancer and other diseases. Finally, Drs. Li and Hu \\\\\\\\\\\\\[19\\\\\\\\\\\\\] reviewed the state of the research in the RNAa field and underlie the potential of saRNAs to act as gene modulators, with special emphasis on their use in the treatment of kidney diseases. In this article, the authors associated short ncRNA-mediated gene regulation pathways i. We here introduce the second part of a thematic issue devoted to the analytical advances in clinical and forensic toxicology, with a particular focus on the determination of new psychoactive substances and eventual metabolites in conventional and nonconventional biological matrices \\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. This second part opens with a review which explores the close connections between clinical and forensic toxicology in overlapping areas of interest, such as prenatal exposure to drugs or fetal alcohol syndrome, doping control, sudden cardiac death, determination of brain death, sudden infant death syndrome, Munchausen syndrome by proxy, drug-facilitated crimes and intoxications by new psychoactive substances. Some of these topics are initially treated in hospital emergency departments, involving clinical laboratories and sometimes lately derived to forensic laboratories. Conversely, cases with initial medicallegal implications and fatalities are directly handled by forensic toxicology, but may trigger further studies in the clinical setting. Thus, increasing relationships are improving the growth, reliability and robustness of both kind of laboratories, respecting in both cases most recent updated and standard practices for the development and validation of the analytical methods \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. The first example of the bridges between clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories is given by the case report described by Jarque et al. The toxicological findings prompted the removal of guardianship to the parents and authorized a temporary foster care. In addition, authors reviewed the updated literature regarding this new outbreak of methamphetamine abuse with several consequences in young male and male adults \\\\\\\\\\\\\[5\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. An amount of 1. Another interesting issue in clinical and forensic toxicology is that of ethyl glucuronide in hair hEtG used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Since some cosmetic treatments may influence the hEtG concentration leading to false positive results, the effect of alcohol-based perfumes was studied in four different subjects. The liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis showed in all the cases that prolonged exposition of hair to alcohol-based perfumes may increase hEtG levels, resulting in false positive results \\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Analytical advances were also reported in a remarkable study concerning a striking problem in doping control: the detection of autologous blood transfusion. The article of Donati et al. The parameters more strongly affected by the ex vivo storage of whole blood resulted to be erythrocytes size and density, annexin V and microparticles, appearing as a very encouraging suggestion towards the development of a direct method for detecting autologous blood transfusion in sport doping \\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. With respect to the determination of new psychoactive substances and eventual metabolites in conventional and nonconventional biological matrices, an essential contribution has been that of Guillou et al. In the presented report the research group described and discussed the implementation of the workflow mechanism, regarding the harmonisation of procedures to facilitate the monitoring, communication and management of analytical data obtained by extensive analysis of unknown seized material with some recent real examples. The rapid dissemination of the obtained information is at the moment an essential tool for control authorities to facilitate the protection against the health risks posed by potential harmful psychotropic substances \\\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. On the same line of the previous report has been that of the analytical approaches reviewed by Gerace et al. Due to the high potency and the low doses required to produce desired effects, the risk of overdose for these compounds including severe health implications, is quite high. For this reason, the detection of these compounds in biological samples is crucial in order to get a better understanding of their concentration and distribution in body fluids. A specific example of analytical approach to detect a new synthetic opioid as a cause of an intoxication is that of Vogliardi et al. The toxicological findings confirmed the use of U in the intoxicated patient and also revealed a history of a poly-drug use. This is the last of a series of studies leadered by Prof Auwarter \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\], which provided useful information on what to look for in biological fluids of suspected intoxications by risky synthetic cannabinoids and analytical methods to better recognize the causing substances. Sumaiya Azhar of the Journal for the continuous support and expertise and finally a special thanks to Prof. Davide Prosperi, Editor in Chief of Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, who allowed us to guest edit this thematic issue. Current: 2. Read More. Issue: 10 \\\\\\\\\\\\\[ Issue in Progress \\\\\\\\\\\\\] : This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable. View Articles Close. Among skin functions, the immunological and metabolic activities have to be considered crucial for human life, because human skin shares its vasculature and immune system with the rest of the body. Although it is well known that changes in the internal milieu of the body are readily reflected on the skin, recently the opposite reflection has become even more evident: changes in the immunological environment of the skin may have repercussions on the entire body system, hence research in the field of immune mediated and inflammatory skin disease is becoming more and more intriguing. The increasing achievement of knowledge in pathogenesis of these skin diseases has driven to identifying several inflammatory pathways that are crucial for their development and chronicization. Moreover, recent advances in the field of inflammatory and immune-mediated chronic skin diseases have permitted the advent of several targeted molecular therapies against cytokines step by step involved into the pathogenesis of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen sclerosus, suppurative hidradenitis, chronic urticaria, autoinflammatory diseases, psoriatic arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Literature reports the in- and off-label use of biologics and small molecules and even more drugs are currently in phase I and II of clinical development for chronic and immune-mediated systemic diseases. One of the most important consequences linked to the advent of new target treatments is the awareness that nowadays, dermatologists could be considered sentinel clinicians in the development of systemic involvement related to skin inflammatory and immune mediated skin diseases. The high effectiveness of target treatments has greatly raised the therapeutic expectancy both for patients and clinicians, and the efficacy endpoints have been gradually and continuously changed over time. In the last five years, the idea of therapeutic effect of biologics has been moved from drugs able to control disease in short time and for a long term, towards drugs able to reduce the inflammatory background in order to avoid irreversible organ damage and prevent systemic complications. However, several issues still remain open related to the long term safety of biologics, and their use in special populations e. All these data reflect the extraordinary potentiality of target treatments, but also the unmet medical need to improve our knowledge on the long-term safety and efficacy profile related to continuous treatment. Aim of this full thematic review is to focus on the recent data on the efficacy and safety profile of molecular target treatments in their current applications in different skin inflammatory and immune mediated skin diseases. In this full thematic review, Anna Campanati et al. Luchetti et al. Guarneri et al. Prignano et al. Borghi et al. Martina et al. Although new drugs have been a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria, many patients do not completely benefit and even require more effective treatments, thus authors ask for novel drugs able to gap the unmet medical need. The depth and continuous study of pathogenic mechanisms of immune mediated skin diseases allowed to identify more new selective target molecules increasing the effectiveness of therapy and reducing the adverse events. Primary end point moved from improving skin involvement to complete remission of disease, giving increasing importance to the patient's opinion: 'to get well more than get better'. The goal of treatment in patients with immune mediated skin diseases is to clear skin, prevent systemic complications, and normalize health-related quality of life, and nowadays, this seems to be a long-term sustainable treatment target. Volume: 21 Volume: 20 Volume: 19 Second Part. Volume: 18 Volume: 17 Volume: 16 Volume: 15 Volume: 14 Volume: 13 Volume: 12 Volume: 11 Volume: 10 Volume: 9 Volume: 8 Volume: 7 Volume: 6 Volume: 5 Volume: 4 Volume: 3 Issue: 4 Issue: 3 Issue: 2 Issue: 1 open access plus. Volume: 2 Volume: 1 Issue: 4 Issue: 3 Issue: 2 Issue: 1. Related Journals. Related eBooks. 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