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Objectives: This study assessed potential differences between girls and boys in the prevalence rates of cannabis use, sociodemographic factors, and beliefs about cannabis use. Methods: 1, Andalusian adolescents aged 14—18 participated in an online survey based on the I-Change model. The survey assessed their beliefs about cannabis use, including attitudes, social influences, self-efficacy, action planning, and intention to use. Additionally, girls — in comparison to boys - were more convinced of the disadvantages of cannabis use, but were also more convinced of some of the advantages such as freedom from boredom, and medicinal use , reported having less favorable social norms for cannabis use, had more female best friends using cannabis, and felt pressure to use cannabis from their female peers. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for cannabis prevention programs to consider gender differences in beliefs about cannabis use. Programs should not only address general risk factors for cannabis use but also evaluate if their interventions effectively target beliefs that are particularly important for girls and boys. Cannabis use in adolescents is a serious public health problem throughout the world \[ 1 \]. Differences between girls and boys may exist in terms of consumption patterns, beliefs, and social influences associated with this consumption \[ 2 \]. The sex-gender system is a complex and crucial concept in health, social, and psychological analyses \[ 3 \], and analysing sex differences on beliefs, including subjective norms, could help to understand this system, as beliefs can be shaped by the different social attributes of being a male or a female \[ 4 — 6 \]. For example, an individual with biological male characteristics i. So, research focusing on beliefs could address both concepts, sex, and gender i. Research assessing potential differences between girls and boys about beliefs about cannabis use is needed to examine whether gender-specific approaches to cannabis prevention are warranted \[ 8 , 9 \]. The adoption of risk behaviours, including cannabis use \[ 10 \], is determined by different factors. Concerning the motivational factors the I-Change model assesses attitudes by assessing both rational and emotional advantages and disadvantages of the behaviour \[ 12 \]. Concerning social influence beliefs, the I-Change Model distinguishes social norms beliefs of others about the behaviour , social modelling the actual behaviour that others are doing , and social perception of others carrying out this type of behaviour , and social pressure the direct pressure to engage in risky behaviour exerted by others \[ 11 \]. Additionally, pre-motivational factors, and post-motivational factors have also been acknowledged to facilitate further understanding of health behaviours as well as the importance of predisposing factors such as the socio-economical context \[ 14 \]. Post-motivational action plans, such as plans to cope with challenges situations, are important to better understand the transition from intentions to behaviour \[ 15 \], although research on this factor for understanding cannabis use is still scarce \[ 16 \] and thus deserves more attention. Previous international literature mostly qualitative identified certain beliefs, and social norms regarding the access and use of cannabis in boys and girls \[ 2 , 17 , 18 \]. Additionally, international research has indicated that the role of peers and friendships may operate differently for girls and boys \[ 20 \]. This implies that the influence exerted by female peers on individuals may differ from the influence of male peers. It highlights the importance of understanding the potentially distinct risk factors associated with social agents who could be found in their social environment i. Very few Spanish and Andalusian studies assessed potential differences between female and male adolescents about cannabis use. Gonzalez-Amado, et al. Moreover, a recent qualitative study conducted in Andalusia explored the beliefs of regular cannabis users, but it did not specifically investigate the differences between girls and boys \[ 23 \]. The findings of this study could be relevant to target cannabis prevention programs to the differences in beliefs between girls and boys, which could translate into a change in cannabis use behaviour. Although the present study was conducted in western Andalusia, this represents the most densely populated region in southern Spain. The characteristics of this region could make the study not only representative of Spain but also other small countries such as Luxembourg, Belgium, or the Netherlands due to the vast extension of Andalusia. High schools and classrooms were randomised selected. First, we randomly selected at least two high schools from public centres and another two from private centres. In Spain, public schools are supported by the Public Government, and it is free to attend, while private schools are managed by a private entity i. If a high school did not agree to participate, we randomly selected another high school in the same province. In total, we contacted 73 high schools and, finally, 21 high schools agreed to participate. A final sample of 2, students was recruited, of which 1, students were included in the current analysis Figure 1. Figure 1. Researchers determined eligibility based on inclusion criteria, which required adolescents enrolled in the third and fourth grade of compulsory secondary education equivalent to the 9th and 10th grade in the United States , the first and second baccalaureate equivalent to the 11th and 12th grade in the United States and vocational training VT. Participants older than 18 years old and duplicate or incomplete answers were excluded. Finally, the adolescent received weekly pocket money an amount of money. The socio-cognitive variables included five different constructs: attitude, social influence, self-efficacy, coping plans, and intention. Each construct is composed of a different number of items. The social influence scale measured three dimensions of social influence: social norms, social modelling, and social pressure. The influence of the same social agents was assessed for all three dimensions, resulting in a total of 11 social agents. This approach aimed to evaluate the role of social influence based on gender. Social modelling with the same 11 agents as social norms e. Consumption of cannabis was measured by asking the adolescent if the adolescent had ever tried cannabis in his life, and in the last month never, 1 day, 2, 3—9, 10—19, or 20 days or more. The lockdown took place in Spain from mid-March to the end of May. The return to school starting in June corresponding to phase 2 was voluntary and with fewer students per classroom. After September , normal school routine started to return, and schools agreed to evaluate participation in the study. Yet, school participation remained hindered, and prevailed in the execution of the intended month follow-up. An advantage of online surveys is that they do not allow the participant to advance without answering the first question. This ensures that there are no missing values. One of the researchers MCTG was present online or in person when high school allowed. The teachers of each class administered the link to the questionnaire when the center decided not to allow entrance at school or decided not to connect in an online meeting with the researcher. All participants provided their written informed consent. Participants were instructed that they could choose not to complete the survey. Parents were notified in writing at least 1 week in advance of data collection, so they could opt out of their adolescent from data collection. This observational study was approved by the Andalusian Research Ethics Committee registration number: N in In addition, during the design of the study, the data protection delegate of the University of Seville was contacted to carry out the corresponding procedures on the treatment of data of minors. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and count and percentage for categorical variables were used to describe the characteristics of the sample concerning sex. The reliability of scales was considered adequate if the Cronbach Alpha was at least 0. For each construct of socio-cognitive i. Values of 0. All the analyses were conducted in SPSS Table 1 shows the characteristics of the overall sample and the differences between girls and boys. A little more than half of the participants were girls, from 10th grade, and public schools. The mean age of the participants was Regarding differences between girls and boys and their sociodemographic characteristics, compared to boys, there were more girls in higher grades while there were more boys in vocational training, and girls had better academic performance than boys. In addition, boys reported having significantly more weekly pocket money than girls. Table 1. Differences between girls and boys in sociodemographic variables and cannabis use behaviour Andalucia, Spain, In this study, Female and male users were older, belonged to vocational training, had lower academic performance, reported more frequently not having a religion, and had lower family affluence slightly higher difference in female users vs. Regarding attitudes, the boys are less convinced of all measured disadvantages of cannabis use than the girls. Yet, the girls are more convinced of some advantages of cannabis such as relieving boredom, using it as a medication, and stimulating creativity and imagination see Table 2. Overall, the effect size was low. Medium effect sizes were found in 6 out of 9 items regarding the disadvantages of cannabis use while only one item showed a medium effect size for advantages of cannabis use i. Table 2. Differences between girls and boys in attitudinal beliefs, social influence, self-efficacy, action plans, and intention concerning last month cannabis use Andalucia, Spain, Regarding social norms, boys reported having more social norms favouring cannabis use than girls from their male social environment i. Moreover, boys also reported having more norms favouring cannabis use from their mothers than girls. Regarding social modelling, the boys reported that their male friends use cannabis more often than the girls. Yet, the girls reported that their female best friends use cannabis more often than the boys. For social pressure, it was found that girls feel more pressure to use cannabis from their female friends, female best friends, and female classmates i. Female friends exert greater pressure to use cannabis than female best friends. Girls and boys did not differ in self-efficacy either coping plans toward cannabis use or intention to use cannabis, see Table 2. First, this study aimed to investigate differences between girls and boys aged 14 to 18 in Andalusia regarding self-reported cannabis use in the last month, as well as sociodemographic factors associated with cannabis use. Pocket money among male users was considerably higher compared to the rest of the groups. Our results were similar to those of a recent study, which emphasized that cannabis consumers in early adolescence were predominantly identifying as male and had more weekly spending money \[ 29 \]. For future studies, it is recommended to investigate the causality of these variables, as they may be determinants in cannabis consumption among males. Second, there were examined the differences between girls and boys in certain beliefs about cannabis use. Moreover, an international study, which showed similar results than ours, supported that boys have higher odds of positive attitudes towards the acceptability of cannabis use \[ 31 \]. On the other hand, girls were more convinced of some advantages of cannabis use such as its medicinal use. Some studies indicated that women start using cannabis mainly for therapeutic purposes \[ 19 , 31 \], which may prove our findings. In terms of social norms, our study found that boys are more significantly influenced by norms related to cannabis use, particularly by their parents, brothers, male friends and male best friend, compared to girls. This underscores the importance of targeting families, especially in the case of boys, as a pivotal group for cannabis prevention efforts \[ 32 \]. By effectively guiding these families and establishing clear rules against cannabis use, there is potential for observing a positive impact and reduction in cannabis use, especially among males. Furthermore, in order to approach peer influence, it may be helpful to adopt a social network approach to analyze the specific number of friends and enhancing our ability to predict the impact of peers on cannabis use, as researcher could use these friendships as a preventive resource. In terms of social modelling, consistent with the beliefs of our adolescent participants, male friends including best friends are perceived as more influent for boys than for girls, while, contrary, girls had greater influence by their female peers. This finding is inline with previous literature, and it may suggest that adolescents may be more influenced by peers of their own sex \[ 33 \]. Moreover, in our study, girls showed increased social pressure compared to boys, especially from female peers i. From a traditional perspective, it is plausible that boys may be less inclined to recognize social pressure, given societal expectations for them to maintain emotional resilience in public \[ 17 , 35 \]. Yet, another international study suggested boys feel more pressured to adopt risky behaviours, such as cannabis use \[ 30 \]. Thus, more research is needed in order to draw clear conclusions and identifying if these influences could be determined by who is exerting influence i. It must be noted that this is the first study to differentiate between the influences of female and male peers, so further research utilizing this design is warranted to provide a more comprehensive explanation and to bolster the robustness of our findings. Neither self-efficacy nor coping plans were statistically significant for boys nor girls in the present study. This is understandable as most of the adolescents did not engage in cannabis use and thus may not yet encounter difficulties in resisting challenging situations. Yet, the means do show that they are not prepared for challenging situations as many boys and girls do not make any coping plans. A recent study comparing Andalucian cannabis users and non-users also showed that cannabis users had much lower self-efficacy than non-users \[ 10 \]. Our results show that the scores of girls and boys on self-efficacy and coping plans do not differ and thus do not need a more targeted approach. Yet, international and national studies have shown the importance of self-efficacy and coping plans in the prevention of cannabis use in young people \[ 36 — 38 \]. Thus, it would be recommended to focus the cannabis use prevention presentations on helping adolescents develop action skills and planning how to reject the offer of cannabis use e. Additionally, addressing the multiple contexts in which adolescents are embedded, such as our self-efficacy items, could help to target prevention programs. Regarding the strengths of this study, one strong aspect of this study is the division of social agents into female and male categories. This segregation allows for a more detailed examination of the impact of social influence factors related to cannabis use in girls and boys. The study provides valuable insights into the different roles of the female social environment and male social environment in shaping beliefs regarding cannabis use. Moreover, this study holds significance as it is the first of its kind conducted in the adolescent population of Andalusia, examining beliefs and social influence related to cannabis use while differentiating between females and males. By focusing on the beliefs of these specific populations, the study contributes to a better understanding of the system of sex-gender in the context of cannabis use in Andalusian adolescents. We could involve these influencers individuals to implement a peer-led intervention where they exert influence over the broader adolescent group, and that it will be sensitive to the differences between girls and boys that we found regarding some specific factors such as the disadvantages of cannabis use. Regarding the limitations of this study, one is that the survey only included options for participants to identify themselves as either a boy or a girl. We did not include gender possibilities such as transgender or non-binary individuals. It is important to acknowledge that the sex-gender system is versatile, and while our study focused on sex as a biological characteristic, it can provide insights into gender associations, as the main focus is the beliefs. Additionally, as our study relied on cross-sectional data, it is not possible to determine the direction of the relationship between differences between girls and boys and beliefs about cannabis use. Longitudinal research would be needed to explore any causal or temporal relationships between these factors. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the effect size observed in our study was small. However, it is important to consider that small effect sizes are common in cannabis-related studies, yet they can still have significant implications \[ 39 \]. These limitations provide opportunities for future research to expand on our findings and address the complexities of gender, incorporate diverse gender identities, employ longitudinal designs, and further explore the impact of socio-cognitive factors on beliefs about cannabis use. Finally, a last limitation is that the FAS scale in our study resulted in insufficient reliability, according to values considered as optimal by certain authors. However, other authors consider that values over 0. Regarding the implications for prevention field, to compare the difference in beliefs about cannabis use between girls and boys it is important to tailor interventions for cannabis use prevention. According to our findings, it is important to 1 address the detrimental effects of cannabis use, with particular emphasis on boys, 2 provide accurate and relevant information about attitudinal beliefs that are more pertinent to girls, such as the potential for freedom from boredom, medicinal use, and fostering creativity, and 3 increase both self-efficacy and coping plans in boys and girls, for instance, by developing refusal skills that enable adolescents to manage social influence, especially from peers considering female peers for girls and males for boys. Strengthening social support systems for adolescents or equipping them with strategies to maintain and enhance high levels of self-efficacy to abstain from cannabis use is also recommended. This includes creating plans to reject invitations to use cannabis in general, as well as in specific high-risk situations and moods. By incorporating these recommendations, cannabis prevention programs can be tailored to address gender-specific factors and enhance their effectiveness in promoting healthy behaviours among adolescents. This gender-specific approach can enhance the effectiveness of prevention programs and ensure that interventions are relevant and resonant with the target audience. To conclude, it is important to recognize the differences between girls and boys regarding beliefs related to cannabis use to tailor preventive interventions according to the unique challenges and vulnerabilities faced by girls and those which are faced by boys. The findings suggest that certain beliefs about cannabis use hold relatively more importance for girls compared to boys, and vice versa , so being sensitive to these differences may help to improve the effectives of the interventions. The studies involving humans were approved the by Andalusian Research Ethics Committee. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Action 3. Mobility scholarships for research stays. The authors would like to thank the schools for allowing us to find time to complete the questionnaire during the pandemic situation, and the parents and students who wanted to participate in this study. World Drug Report. United Nations Publication, Sales No. World Drug Report unodc. Google Scholar. Hemsing, N, and Greaves, L. Fausto-Sterling, A. The Five Sexes, Revisited. Sciences New York 40 4 — Child Youth Serv Rev University of Chicago Press Lamas, M. Rev Educ y Cult Secc — Int J Clin Health Psychol 14 3 — Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health An Application of the I-Change Model. 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Int J Public Health The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About journal About journal. Introduction Cannabis use in adolescents is a serious public health problem throughout the world \[ 1 \].

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