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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Alcohol consumption among adolescents has declined considerably during the last two decades. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies that uses longitudinal data to examine if non-drinking adolescents have a lower alcohol consumption in young adulthood or if they catch up. However, a stratified analysis showed that non-drinking adolescents low in conduct problems consumed less alcohol and had a lower probability of harmful use in young adulthood than alcohol-using peers. This study suggests that the decline in alcohol use among adolescents in the past decades may be associated with a lower alcohol consumption in the late teens and young adulthood among those low in conduct problems. This may have promising implications for alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. Some evidence was found of a small but inconsistent effect that attenuated or disappeared when adjusting for confounders. Thus, the authors concluded that we do not yet know whether early onset leads to alcohol problems in adulthood. Another body of evidence suggests that drinking patterns in adolescence strongly predict alcohol consumption in adulthood. To our knowledge, only three studies have examined whether the declined alcohol consumption among adolescents persists into adulthood, where two used repeated waves of cross-sectional surveys. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first that uses longitudinal data from a birth cohort of people who were adolescents in the s, when the decline in alcohol use among adolescents occurred, in order to examine subsequent alcohol outcomes of non-drinkers. Further, in contrast to the study of Callinan et al. In this study, only adolescents born in were included, since only 1. Of eligible students, Of the responders at baseline, However, seven responders at the 3-year follow-up and four at the 6-year follow-up had failed to answer the question on alcohol use at baseline and were therefore excluded. Thus, the final sample consisted of participants At baseline, participants were invited by post to participate in the study, sign a written consent form, and return a self-report questionnaire. At the 3- and 6-year follow-ups, a self-report questionnaire was sent to participants by post. Confounders included gender, country of birth, employment status of mother and father, externalizing problems, including symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and conduct problems. All confounders were measured at baseline except employment status of mother and father, which were measured at the 3-year follow-up. Country of birth was classified as Sweden, European country participant or at least one of the parents born elsewhere in Europe or North America or Country outside Europe participant or at least one of the parents born outside Europe or North America. To avoid estimates of alcohol outcomes in the follow-ups being influenced by the number of non-drinkers, analyses were conducted on only participants who used alcohol at the follow-ups. Differences between non-drinkers and alcohol users at baseline are shown in Table 1. In contrast, only Among non-drinkers at baseline, Note : Values are given as percentages N and mean values standard deviations. Differences are expressed in chi-squared values for categorical variables and F -values for continuous variables. Alcohol consumption outcomes in the late teens and young adulthood for baseline non-drinkers and alcohol users, respectively, are shown in Table 2 , for males and females separately. In order to avoid bias in alcohol outcomes arising from non-drinkers at the follow-ups, these participants were excluded. Note : Only alcohol drinkers at follow-ups are included. Differences between non-drinkers and alcohol users were assessed with analysis of variance for AUDIT-C and chi-squared tests for harmful use. Effect sizes for the differences are shown in Table 3 and were calculated with linear and logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates. Both univariate and multivariate associations were assessed. Post hoc analyses shown in Supplementary table S1 of both alcohol consumption and harmful alcohol use in young adulthood when each of the confounders was excluded from the analysis, revealed that the major decrease in effect from alcohol use occurred when conduct problems were included in the models. Therefore, an interaction term between alcohol use and conduct problems at baseline was added to the adjusted models. When adjusted for covariates except conduct problems , alcohol use at baseline was associated with an increase of 1. Regression coefficients b and OR for the associations between drinking status at baseline and subsequent alcohol outcomes, adjusted for covariates. Covariates in the analysis were treated as continuous variables. Their approach differs from following a group of non-drinking adolescents longitudinally and evaluating their drinking at different ages. Further, this finding may provide indicative support to the suggestion by Livingston et al. Finally, this finding also supports the only study that used longitudinal data that suggested lower alcohol consumption at age 24 among more recent birth cohorts compared to earlier cohorts. Third, most non-drinkers at baseline Thus, the mechanism behind the lower alcohol consumption among non-drinkers may be the delayed age of onset, which has been shown in some previous studies. Maimaris and McCambridge 16 found that rigorous control of confounders weakened or eliminated the effect of an early onset of alcohol, whereas the effect of an early onset of alcohol on heavy drinking in the mids disappeared in a Norwegian longitudinal study when conduct problems were controlled for. Therefore, this discussion should be interpreted with caution. In contrast for those low on conduct problems, non-drinking adolescents at baseline had lower alcohol consumption and probability of harmful use in young adulthood than their alcohol-using peers. Fifth, the findings of this study should be interpreted in the light of some major methodological limitations. One was the low response rate. The response rate at baseline was One consequence of the low response rate can be that those who participated in the study may be healthier than non-responders. The low proportion of alcohol users at baseline—where only Thus, the healthier alcohol consumption at the follow-up among non-drinkers at baseline may have arisen due to selection bias. Another limitation was the small sample size. Finally, the additional post hoc analyses increase the risk of type 1 error. However, since the intention behind these additional analyses was exploratory to identify if any confounder had a large influence on the association between alcohol use and alcohol outcomes which could indicate a moderation effect, no Bonferroni correction was conducted. In an exploratory context when effect worthy of further study is examined, correction can be inappropriate. This is one of the first studies to show that the decline in alcohol use that has occurred in the past decade among adolescents may be associated with healthier alcohol outcomes as the adolescents grow older, at least in the late teens and young adulthood for those low on conduct problems. This finding has promising implications for alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among the new generations of adolescents who largely do not use alcohol in their mid-teens and delay their alcohol onset. This study is one of the first to suggest that the decline in alcohol use seen among adolescents in the past decade may result in a lower alcohol consumption as they grow older. By following non-drinking adolescents into adulthood, this study revealed that most of them—with the exception of those who presented conduct problems—did not catch up with drinking in adulthood. This finding may suggest that the trend of decreased alcohol use among adolescents might correspond to decreased consumption in young adulthood. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Eur J Public Health. Do non-drinking youth drink less alcohol in young adulthood or do they catch up? Find articles by Peter Larm. Find articles by Jonas Raninen. Find articles by Kent W Nilsson. Find articles by Fabrizia Giannotta. Collection date Aug. Open in a new tab. Click here for additional data file. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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