Buy marijuana Torun

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy marijuana Torun

Environmental conditions, including the availability of mineral nutrients, affect secondary metabolism in plants. Therefore, growing conditions have significant pharmaceutical and economic importance for Cannabis sativa. Phosphorous is an essential macronutrient that affects central biosynthesis pathways. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that P uptake, distribution and availability in the plant affect the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. Cannabinoid concentrations decreased linearly with increasing yield, consistent with a yield dilution effect, but the total cannabinoid content per plant increased with increasing P supply. Thus, the P regime should be adjusted to reflect production goals. The results demonstrate the potential of mineral nutrition to regulate cannabinoid metabolism and optimize pharmacological quality. Cannabis sativa is receiving commercial and academic attention globally due to its therapeutic potential for modern medicine and increasing recreational use Small, The increasing use of cannabis as a prescription drug makes understanding the effects of environmental factors and growing conditions on the plant and its chemical composition a high priority Decorte and Potter, ; Saloner and Bernstein, More than secondary metabolites have been identified in cannabis plants, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and cannabinoids, which are responsible for the therapeutic qualities Chandra et al. Secondary metabolites are involved in the interaction of plants with their environment and survival functions, such as attracting pollinators, defense against herbivores and pathogens, plant competition, symbiosis, and responses to environmental stresses Demain and Fang, ; Verpoorte et al. They have been harnessed for centuries by humanity for use as pharmaceuticals, food additives and flavors Zhao et al. These compounds biosynthesis in the plant is regulated by genetic and environmental factors; therefore, elicitation has been used for directing excelled chemical quality Gorelick and Bernstein, More than cannabinoids have been identified in cannabis Berman et al. The cannabinoid profile of the plant is dynamic, varies between plants and spatially within the plant Bernstein et al. Abiotic factors such as drought Caplan et al. Nutrients are essential for major plant processes such as growth, source—sink relationships, respiration, photosynthesis, photooxidation and metabolites biosynthesis, and involve in regulation and signaling in the plant cell Engels et al. Hence, understanding the plant mineral requirements is crucial for improving yield quantity and quality Wiesler, Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient and a key element in nucleic acids and phospholipids, as well as in energy transfer processes in the cell. It therefore participates and affects central biosynthesis pathways White and Hammond, ; Shen et al. In Arabidopsis plants, P deprivation reduced the concentrations of 87 primary metabolites, altered the levels of 35 secondary metabolites, and increased most organic acids, amino acids and sugar levels Pant et al. Understanding effects of P on medical cannabis plants at the reproductive stage is important for regulation of the secondary metabolite profile in the plant material produced for the pharmacology industry. The hypothesis guiding the study was that P uptake into the plant and its distribution and availability in vegetative and reproductive organs, affect secondary metabolism in cannabis, which is accompanied by changes to the physiological state and the ionome. To test our hypothesis, we exposed the plants to five P treatments of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg L —1 ppm P at the reproductive stage of development, and tested plant development, physiology and chemical profiling of cannabinoids and minerals within the plant. The study was conducted comparatively with two medical cannabis cultivars differing in chemovar to assess genotypic sensitivity to P nutrition. The obtained results improve our understanding of cannabis plant science, and enable to direct optimization and standardization of the medical product for the benefit of those who need it. To ensure uniformity between plants, the plants were vegetatively propagated from cuttings of the same mother plant. After 4 weeks, the rooted cuttings, selected for uniformity, were transplanted into 3-L pots in perlite 2 1. The plants of each cultivar were divided randomly into five treatment groups of six replicated plants each, and the plants were randomly arranged in the cultivation space. This concentration range was chosen with the goal to target deficiency as well as over-supply of P, for identification of the optimal range of P supply for physiological performance, as well as P stress response on yield quantity and cannabinoid production. The spacing of the plants was 0. A reflective aluminum material covered the growing room for maximum reflection and light uniformity. The nutrient solution contained in mM : Routine monitoring of the irrigation solution confirmed that the P concentration remained steady and in accord with the target concentrations; pH was kept at 5. P concentration in the leachate solution of the lowest P treatment was lower than in the fertigation solution, and under the highest P supply treatments it was higher than in the fertigation solution, and leachate pH was similar to the pH of the fertigation solution. Fresh weight of vegetative organs leaves, stem, and roots and reproductive organs inflorescence and inflorescence leaves was measured immediately following dissection from the plants. Morphological parameters plant height, stem diameter, and the number of nodes on the main stem were measured once a week throughout the experiment. All measurements were conducted on six replicated plants from each treatment in each of the two cultivars tested. The measurements were conducted twice during plant development, on day 26 and 54, on six replicated plants for each treatment in each cultivar. Five disks, 0. The disks were placed in 0. Then, 0. The combined extract was mixed by vortex; 0. Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were calculated according to Lichtenthaler and Welburn When dried, the samples were weighed again for dry weight determination, ground, and acid-digested by two different procedures and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn as described in Saloner et al. The biomass data, the concentration of P in the various plant organs and total P in the plant were used for the calculations of P proportion in specific plant organs Eq. Cannabinoids were analyzed in inflorescences from two locations in each plant: the apical inflorescence of the main stem primary inflorescence and the apical inflorescence of the lowest branch of the main stem secondary inflorescence. The sampled inflorescences were hand-trimmed and dried in the dark at One milliliter of the extract was filtered through a polyvinylidene difluoride PVDF membrane filter of 0. The cannabinoid concentrations were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC system Jasco Plus series in a spectrum mode. The system consisted of a quaternary pump, autosampler, column compartment, and photodiode array PDA detector Jasco, Tokyo, Japan. Pearson correlation was calculated for cannabinoid concentration and yield production. P deficiency inhibited morphological development in both varieties as was apparent by the lower values of all morphological parameters tested under low P supply Figure 1. Phosphorous supply above 30 mg L —1 did not induce further growth stimulation. The elongation rate decreased from the third week of exposure to the short photoperiod and was lowest under 5 mg L —1 P in both genotypes. Biomass accumulation increased with P in both cultivars up to 30 mg L —1 P Figure 2. Percent DW of the leaves was highest under P deficiency in both cultivars. Plants grown under P deficiency 5—15 mg L —1 P were smaller than under higher supply rates, with fewer and chlorotic leaves. Furthermore, the inflorescences appeared less dense, and the individual flowers within the inflorescence appeared smaller Figure 3. Figure 1. Effect of P concentration on development of two medical cannabis cultivars, RM and DQ, at the flowering phase. The first measurement represents the time of initiation of the P treatments, and the short photoperiod. Figure 2. Effect of P nutrition on biomass of the root and shoot organs in mature medical cannabis plants. Figure 3. The images were taken at plant maturity. Shown are the apical inflorescence on the main stem and the youngest fully developed leaf on the main stem. Under P deficiency 5 and 15 mg L —1 P , both cultivars had lower rates of photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance and higher intercellular CO 2 concentrations compared with higher supply rates Figure 4. The measurements were conducted twice during plant development: at the middle and the end of the reproductive growth phase. At late maturation second measurement , the plants were physiologically less active than earlier in development and had lower stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration rates and higher intercellular CO 2 Figure 4. Photosynthesis was highest in both cultivars at the 30—90 mg L —1 P range, and a small decline above 30 mg L —1 P was found at the first measurement in DQ Figures 4A,B. The photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoids increased with the increase in P application up to 60 mg L —1 and did not change with further increase in P Supplementary Figure 1. Figure 4. Effect of P supply on gas exchange parameters in cannabis leaves. Results of measurements at two developmental stages, at the middle and at the end of the flowering phase. The distribution of the nutrients to the plant organs was nutrient specific. N, P, and K accumulated to the highest concentrations in the inflorescences. Ca and Mg concentrations were highest in the leaves in both cultivars, and high Mg accumulation was also found in RM inflorescences Figures 5 , 6. Figure 5. Effect of P supply on nutrient concentrations in leaves, stems, roots, and inflorescences in the medical cannabis cultivar RM. Figure 6. Effect of P supply on nutrient concentrations in leaves, stems, roots and inflorescences in the medical cannabis cultivar DQ. P concentration in plant tissues increased with P supply in all plant organs up to 60 mg L —1 Figures 5A , 6A. Interestingly, P accumulated in inflorescences to a higher proportion under P deficiency Figure 7 , and the relative accumulation in the vegetative organs compared to the reproductive tissue increased with the increase in P availability in the nutrient solution. Figure 7. Effect of P supply on the distribution of P in the plant to leaves, stem, roots, inflorescences, and inflorescence-leaves, in two medical cannabis cultivars, RM and DQ. The total P content in each organ is presented as the percent content of the total P in the plant. Ca concentration in the root increased with P supply in both cultivars, unlike the concentrations in the inflorescences and the stem that were highest under 5 mg L —1 P Figures 5D , 6D. Like Ca, Mg concentration in DQ leaves also demonstrated a maximum response curve to P supply, while in the stem, roots, and inflorescence Mg concentrations were not affected by the level of P supplied Figure 6F. Mn in the inflorescences was not affected by the treatments in DQ and was highest under 5 mg L —1 P in RM, demonstrating a genotypic variability in response to P supply. Zinc concentration was generally higher in roots and in the inflorescences compared with all other plant organs in both cultivars Figure 5G , 6G. Zn retention in roots under P scarcity 5—15 mg L —1 P was observed in both genotypes. In the stem, Fe concentration increased with increasing P supply up to 30 mg L —1 P in both cultivars and was higher in DQ. Figure 8. Phosphorus acquisition efficiency increased with the increase in P supply in both cultivars by up to 60 mg L —1 P Figure 8C. Cannabinoid concentrations in the inflorescence were affected by the P treatments and overall reduced with the increase in P supply Figure 9. THCA and CBDA concentrations had the most profound response to P concentrations and were reduced with P supplement in both genotypes and at both locations in the plant i. CBDVA was reduced with P in the primary inflorescence in both genotypes and demonstrated a minimum response curve in the secondary inflorescence with a minimum at 15—30 and 30—60 mg L —1 in RM and DQ, respectively. Figure 9. Effect of P application on cannabinoid concentrations in primary and secondary apical inflorescences in medical cannabis plants in two cultivars, RM and DQ. The amount of cannabinoids produced per plant increased with P in RM for all cannabinoids tested Figure In DQ, such an increase was apparent only up to 30 mg L —1 P supply. Figure Effect of P application on cannabinoid yield per plant for two medical cannabis cultivars, RM and DQ. To understand the link between yield production and the cannabinoid concentrations, Pearson correlation coefficients were tested Figure Linear regression analysis. Relationships between cannabinoid concentrations and inflorescence yield per plant. The continuous line represents the linear fit to the data. Phosphorus is a constituent of major compounds in the plant cells, such as nucleic acids and phospholipids, and it also plays a central role in energy transformations and as an energy carrier. It is therefore required for many key metabolic processes Hawkesford et al. Thereby, the P status of the plant has a strong impact on plant development and metabolism Wiesler, The present study evaluated effects of P supply on development and function of medical cannabis plants at the reproductive growth phase and on the profile of cannabinoids, the unique secondary metabolites in cannabis. The results reveal the importance of optimal P nutrition to the cannabis plant function and morpho-development as secondary metabolism was considerably affected by P supply as well as the plant gas exchange, CO 2 fixation, mineral uptake and translocation, and P use efficiency. The foremost discovery is the contrasting effect of increasing P supply to increase inflorescence yield production but to decrease the biosynthesis of major cannabinoids, demonstrating that P supply needs to be regulated to suit yield quantity vs. The revealed influence of P on the cannabinoid profile can be utilized for adjusting the cannabidiome to achieve a desirable pharmacological profile in the product for medical purposes. The sensitivity of plant growth and development to P supply at the reproductive phase presented in this study are similar to responses we have recently reported for the vegetative phase Shiponi and Bernstein, Responses to N and K nutrition are described in Saloner et al. In both phases of growth, morphological development and biomass deposition are inhibited under P starvation, and P concentrations up to 90 mg L —1 P do not result in toxicity. Additionally, in both phases of plant development, DQ plants are more sensitive to low P than RM plants, demonstrating similar genotypic sensitivity. Similar to our results, stunted growth under P deficiency was obtained also for hemp, and P addition above adequate supply did not affect the plant morphology and biomass Vera et al. P toxicity is uncommon in plants because of the plant downregulation mechanisms of P uptake Dong et al. The effect of P nutrition on leaf gas exchange parameters was likewise similar for the reproductive Figure 4 and the vegetative stages Shiponi and Bernstein, as well as for the middle and end of the reproductive phase. Photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were lowest under low P supply and reached a maximum under 30 mg L —1 P Figure 4. Inhibition of photosynthesis under P deficiency was reported for many plants Brooks, ; Wang et al. A decline in photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under higher P application 60 and 90 mg L —1 was found only in DQ plants at the first measurement. This resembles results that we have reported previously for the vegetative stage Shiponi and Bernstein, Reduced photosynthesis as a result of P toxicity was observed in Hakea prostrata Shane et al. P impact on photosynthesis rate was found to occur via two pathways: by effects on stomatal conductance or by a non-stomatal pathway involving enzymes of the Calvin cycle Brooks, ; Fredeen et al. Due to the decrease in photosynthesis rate under low P, intercellular CO 2 concentration increased in both cultivars and measurements, likely inducing the reduction in stomatal conductance Allaway and Mansfield, The reduction in photosynthesis rate, together with the increase in intercellular CO 2 concentration, suggests a non-stomatal restriction on CO 2 assimilation under P deficiency. This result is unlike the response at the vegetative growth stage of medicinal cannabis, where a decrease in intercellular CO 2 concentration was found under low P. The reduced chlorophyll concentration under P deficiency Supplementary Figure 1 could have contributed to the observed restriction of photosynthetic activity. P starvation has been reported to decrease chlorophyll concentration and photosynthesis in other plants as well Soltangheisi et al. The decline in photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance with plant aging at the reproductive growth phase is probably due to the phenologically induced reduction in growth rates or the beginning of senescence at the end of the experiment that was demonstrated to occur in other plants as well Tang et al. Phosphorus concentration increased with the increase in P supply in all plant organs Figures 5A , 6A. In the leaves, P concentration reached sufficient levels of 4. Phosphorous levels in the leaves indicate that 60 mg L —1 P is the optimal application sufficient to support the maximum plant uptake potential. Yet, since plant uptake and accumulation potential do not necessarily support optimal plant function, additional parameters were considered, such as plant development and physiology and secondary metabolite production. Phosphorus accumulation at the reproductive stage was substantially higher in the inflorescence than in all other plant organs, while at the vegetative growth stage, the highest accumulation was found in the roots Shiponi and Bernstein, An increase in P concentration in the nutrient solution decreased the proportion of P accumulated in the inflorescences on account of an increased proportion of P at the vegetative tissues. Unlike the results obtained by Snapp and Lynch for beans, retention of P in roots was not apparent at the reproductive stage, and a higher proportion of P compartmentation in the root under low P was not found Figures 5 — 7. In line with the results we obtained for cannabis at the vegetative and reproductive stages, a decline in root P concentration at maturity was found by Rose et al. The enhanced translocation to the inflorescences is likely a result of breeding for excelled flower yield biomass. The reduction of the proportion of P content in the vegetative tissues under low P may imply a remobilization of P to the reproductive organs. Distribution of minerals to plant organs is known to change with plant development, and the massive translocation of minerals to the reproductive organs supports growth of the next generation Snapp and Lynch, ; Veneklaas et al. At maturity, P concentration is typically lower at the vegetative tissues compared to the grains as was found for numerous plants including lupine Hocking and Pate, , beans Snapp and Lynch, , wheat Rose et al. At the vegetative stage, root uptake is usually a more important source of P than remobilization between plant tissues. During the reproductive stage, remobilization can become a significant source for support of the new growth Veneklaas et al. The results we obtained for cannabis suggest that uptake of P had an important role in P supply to the reproductive tissues since the accumulation of P increased with the increase in P supply. However, at the termination of the exponential growth spurt that the cannabis plant undergoes at the beginning of the reproductive phase, uptake was reduced, and remobilization played a more important role in inflorescence growth. Significant P uptake may occur post-anthesis and was suggested to be genetically related Rose et al. Remobilization of P was suggested to be part of the senescence process and pod filling in beans Grabau et al. P distribution in medical cannabis at the end of the cultivated plant life cycle as observed in the current study is in accord with previous knowledge on P accumulation in reproductive organs. Phosphorus concentration in the inflorescence increased with the increase in P input up to 30 mg L —1 P and was not affected by further supply Figures 5 , 6. Taken together with retention in roots under 90 mg L —1 P in DQ, the lack of increase in P accumulation in the inflorescences under higher P supply could be an indication of a defense mechanism against P toxicity. Phosphorus homeostasis is achieved by many cellular activities, among which are metabolic processes, translocation between tissues, interaction between ions, and membrane transport Mimura, In order to maintain cellular P homeostasis, the plant coordinates between various phosphate transporters Liu et al. For example, transporters of the PHT1 family are involved in Pi uptake and remobilization and are controlled by a complex regulation network. They are expressed in the roots for Pi uptake from the growing media and are also detected in various shoot organs such as leaves and flowers Nussaume et al. Other phosphate transporters take part in organelle Pi transport, energy metabolism, or stress response Liu et al. No information is so far available about P transporters in C. The vacuole functions as a primary compartment for Pi storage and remobilization and buffers Pi concentration in the cytoplasm against fluctuation. Under P deficiency, the Pi pool of the vacuole depletes, and when the Pi storage in the vacuole empties, growth ceases Bieleski, Resupply of Pi to Pi-deficient plants results in a rapid flux of Pi into the vacuole. Compartmentation of Pi in the vacuole has an important role in Pi regulation under Pi starvation that prevents toxic levels of Pi in the cytoplasm under excess P Liu et al. The tight Pi regulation within the cell may be the reason for the lack of visible toxicity symptoms in the current experiment. To estimate the external P requirement for optimal yield production by the cannabis plants, we calculated yield efficiency for each treatment as the percentage of yield achieved compared with the maximum yield produced. Similar results were obtained for potato Balemi and Schenk, b , cotton Wang et al. Hence, in RM, utilization of P under deficiency is directed more toward reproductive growth than in DQ. Wang et al. Genetic variation in P efficiency was found in wheat Ozturk et al. The data presented here suggest that to achieve maximum yield, a minimum supply of 30 mg L —1 P, and an optimum P supply range of 30—90 mg L —1 P, are required in both cultivars. Plants require minerals for growth and development. Macroelements that are present at high concentrations in the plant as well as microelements that are accumulated at considerably lower concentrations are essential for plant function and survival Kirkby, Interactions between minerals can affect root uptake and in planta translocation. Ion concentration in the root solution may therefore impose a competition between minerals, and a scarcity or an excess of minerals can have a substantial effect on plant development White, Some variations in the effect of P on mineral concentrations in the plant organs between the reproductive and the vegetative stages, such as for N and P in leaves Shiponi and Bernstein, , demonstrate also a developmental stage dependency. An increase in Mg concentration in leaves up to 30 mg L —1 P supply was observed at both stages of development for both genotypes. In Shiponi and Bernstein , we proposed acidification of the rhizosphere as a mechanism to induce Ca and Mg deficiency under P restriction. In support of this notion, leachate pH, in the current study for plants grown under P deficiency 5 mg L —1 , was lower pH 4. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in food crops and medicinal plants is a matter of concern worldwide due to their toxic effects on human health Chizzola et al. Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Ni are essential heavy metals that can be absorbed by plants via root uptake and accumulate to high concentrations Ashfaque et al. Variability in the extent of uptake and accumulation of heavy metal nutrients in plants is well documented between and within species, and C. Hence, to maintain a safe product, data on the bioaccumulation potential of microelements in medical cannabis plant organs is required. Therefore, remobilization is limited, and Mn accumulates to higher concentrations in mature leaves than in young leaves. The retention of Mn in the root under low P supply in medicinal cannabis may reflect the lower transpiration rate in the 5 and 15 mg L —1 P treatments. When Mn levels are adequate, high concentrations of Mn can be stored in the roots and the stem and translocate to the shoot when Mn deficiency conditions develop Clarkson, ; Loneragan, Baker discussed two strategies of plant response to tolerate metal toxicity: accumulators and excluders. Xue et al. In medicinal cannabis, we found that at the vegetative-stage Mn was retained in the root, whereas at the reproductive stage the highest concentrations in the shoot were found under adequate P nutrition. Cannabis is known as a good bioaccumulator; thus, accumulation in the shoot is not surprising. The plant strategy can be transformed from excluder to accumulator during the plant life cycle Baker, , and it may be the reason for the differences between Mn accumulation in the plant organs at different development stages. Genetic variability was reported before to affect heavy metal accumulation in plants Baker and Brooks, ; Malik et al. The safety of medicinal cannabis consumption and the safe limit of heavy metal concentration in the product are not yet well researched and are topics of interest in light of the growing global demand. Thus, there is an increasing necessity for the regulation and restriction of heavy metal concentrations in medicinal cannabis Gauvin et al. Further research on the effect of the plant genotype and environmental factors in relation to heavy metal acquisition is necessary. Cannabis is one of the oldest plant sources for medicine. Recent changes in regulations have allowed proliferation of medical studies, and significant progress has been made toward the understanding of the potential of the plant-produced cannabinoids, and their interactions with other biologically active secondary metabolites in the plant, for modern medicine Citti et al. Filling the medical knowledge gap, as well as knowledge concerning the influence of agro-technologies on the concentrations and ratios between the pharmacological compounds, is of high priority for optimizing the medicinal value of the product. The production of secondary metabolites is known to be affected by environmental factors Verpoorte et al. Among other secondary metabolites, cannabis plants produce cannabinoids that are biosynthesized and stored in trichomes located mainly on the plant inflorescence. Cannabis plants differ in their cannabinoid contents due to genetic and environmental factors Chandra et al. Abiotic stressors were found to induce changes in the cannabinoid profile in the cannabis plant Flores-Sanches and Verpoorte, ; Backer et al. We found a reduction in concentrations of most tested cannabinoids with an increase in P application Figure 9 , which negatively correlated with yield production Figure Previous studies on P effect on secondary metabolites and essential oil production found a variety of responses to increased P application. P increased essential oil production in Cymbopogon nardus Ranaweera and Thilakaratne, ; Ranaweera et al. Essential oil content was not affected by P in sage Rioba et al. The negative correlation between THCA and CBDA, and inflorescence yield production Figure 11 indicates that a dilution effect may be a possible mechanism for the reduction in their concentration. The lower correlation with P compared with inflorescence yield suggests that the influence on the cannabinoid concentrations is probably due to yield increase and not a direct effect of P. Caplan et al. Corresponding to our results, a negative correlation between THCA and inflorescence yield was found, and the total cannabinoids per plant increased with NPK. In our study, both genotypes analyzed responded similarly to the P treatments, and only minor changes were observed, this is despite the very different chemovars a high THC vs. Unlike DQ that did not show a response to P addition above 30 mg L —1 in total cannabinoid production, RM responded with a slight increase that might indicate a potential for yield increase with P addition for certain genotypes, which should be tested further. These results demonstrate that the effect of P nutrition on the cannabinoid profile may be genotype specific, and genetic differences should be explored for the optimization of the secondary metabolite profile by P-nutrition technologies. More research is needed on medicinal effects of cannabinoids and their interactions, in order to direct growing techniques for production of medical product with a desirable cannabinoid profile. Phosphorus nutrition considerably affects morpho-physiology of medicinal cannabis and its chemical profile. Thereby, DQ demonstrated best performance under lower P application compared with RM that slightly increased in yield under high P supply. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the optimal P nutrition needs to be adjusted to the target product. The lowest recommended P supply for optimal yield quantity is 30 mg L —1 P; under higher concentrations up to 90 mg L —1 P, yield quantity remains optimal; and P deficiency stress 5—15 mg L —1 P can be used to stimulate higher concentrations of the major cannabinoids. More research needs to be conducted on specific genotypic responses to P addition above the optimal dosage. NB planned the experiments. SS carried out the experiments. NB and SS wrote the manuscript. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We thank Dr. Aerts, R. Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? Allaway, W. Stomatal responses to changes in carbon dioxide concentration in leaves treated with 3- 4-chlorophenyl -1, 1-dimethylurea. New Phytol. Ashfaque, F. Influence of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth, metabolism and its alleviation by phytoremediation-a promising technology. Backer, R. Closing the yield gap for cannabis: a meta-analysis of factors determining cannabis yield. Plant Sci. Baker, A. Accumulators and excluders-strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. Plant Nutr. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements. Biorecovery 1, 81— Google Scholar. Balemi, T. Genotypic difference of potato in carbon budgeting as a mechanism of phosphorus utilization efficiency. Plant Soil , 91— Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics. Soil Sci. Batten, G. A review of phosphorus efficiency in wheat. Plant Soil , — Berman, P. Bernstein, N. Interplay between chemistry and morphology in medical cannabis Cannabis sativa L. Bieleski, R. Phosphate pools, phosphate transport, and phosphate availability. Plant Physiol. Bonini, S. Cannabis sativa: a comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history. Brooks, A. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase activation, photosynthetic quantum yield and amounts of some Calvin-cycle metabolites in spinach leaves. Plant Biol. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on the response of photosynthesis to CO2 and O2, activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and amounts of ribulose bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate in spinach leaves. Caplan, D. Optimal rate of organic fertilizer during the flowering stage for cannabis grown in two coir-based substrates. HortScience 52, — Increasing inflorescence dry weight and cannabinoid content in medical cannabis using controlled drought stress. HortScience 54, — Chandra, S. Cannabis sativa L. Berlin: Springer. Chizzola, R. Monitoring of metallic micronutrients and heavy metals in herbs, spices and medicinal plants from Austria. Food Res. Citterio, S. Citti, C. Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis of cannabinoids: a critical review. Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth. Aspects Plant Nutr. Clarke, R. Cannabis domestication, breeding history, present-day genetic diversity, and future prospects. Clarkson, D. The uptake and translocation of manganese by plant roots. Manganese Soils Plants 33, — The mineral nutrition of higher plants. Coffman, C. Responses of greenhouse-grown Cannabis sativa L. Danziger, N. Light matters: effect of light spectra on cannabinoid profile and plant development of medicinal cannabis Cannabis sativa L. Crop Prod. Decorte, T. The globalisation of cannabis cultivation: a growing challenge. Drug Policy 26, — Demain, A. Fiechter Berlin: Springer. Dong, B. Phosphate uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana: dependence of uptake on the expression of transporter genes and internal phosphate concentrations. Plant Cell Environ. Dragar, V. Mineral nutrition of olearia phlogopappa: effect on growth, essential oil yield, and composition. Plant Anal. Transport and detoxification of manganese and copper in plants. Engels, C. Marschner London: Academic Press , 85— Farzadfar, S. Magnesium and manganese affect photosynthesis, essential oil composition and phenolic compounds of Tanacetum parthenium. Fellermeier, M. Biosynthesis of cannabinoids: incorporation experiments with 13C-labeled glucoses. Flores-Sanches, J. Secondary metabolism in cannabis. Phosphorus efficiency of plants. Fredeen, A. Effects of phosphorus nutrition on photosynthesis in Glycine max L. Planta , — Frydenvang, J. Sensitive detection of phosphorus deficiency in plants using chlorophyll a fluorescence. Gauvin, D. Open Access 7, 1— George, E. Marschner Cambridge: Academic Press. Cannabis and its secondary metabolites: their use as therapeutic drugs, toxicological aspects, and analytical determination. Medicines Gorelick, J. Elicitation: an underutilized tool in the development of medicinal plants as a source of therapeutic secondary metabolites. Agronomy , — Chandra, H. Lata, and M. ElSohly Cham: Springer. Gourley, C. Defining phosphorus efficiency in plants. Goyal, D. Naeem and A. Ansari Cham: Springer. Grabau, L. P nutrition during seed development: leaf senescence, pod retention, and seed weight of soybean. Phytocannabinoids: origins and biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. Hawkesford, M. Marschner London: Academic Press. Hocking, P. Accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in the annual lupins Lupinus albus L. Ichimura, M. Effect of phosphorus on growth and concentration of mineral elements ans essensial oils of sweet basil leaves. Hydroponics Transpl. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on nutrional status of fiber hemp. Jalali, S. Signaling compounds elicit expression of key genes in cannabinoid pathway and related metabolites in cannabis. Crops Prod. Kirkby, E. Lichtenthaler, K. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls A and B of leaf extracts in different solvents. Liu, T. Identification of plant vacuolar transporters mediating phosphate storage. Loneragan, J. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences , eds R. Graham, R. Hannam, and N. Uren Dordrecht: Springer. Magagnini, G. The effect of light spectrum on the morphology and cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. Cannabis Cannabinoids 1, 19— Malfait, A. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Malik, R. Heavy metal contamination and accumulation in soil and wild plant species from industrial area of Islamabad. Pakistan J. Milay, L. Metabolic profiling of Cannabis secondary metabolites for evaluation of optimal postharvest storage conditions. Mimura, T. Jeon Cambridge: Academic Press. Neocleous, D. The effects of phosphorus supply limitation on photosynthesis, biomass production, nutritional quality, and mineral nutrition in lettuce grown in a recirculating nutrient solution. Nie, B. The role of mass spectrometry in the cannabis industry. Mass Spectrom. Nussaume, L. Phosphate import in plants: focus on the PHT1 transporters. Ozturk, L. Variation in phosphorus efficiency among 73 bread and durum wheat genotypes grown in a phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil. Plant Soil , 69— Pant, B. Identification of primary and secondary metabolites with phosphorus status-dependent abundance in Arabidopsis, and of the transcription factor PHR1 as a major regulator of metabolic changes during phosphorus limitation. Evaluation of the bioindicator suitability of polygonum aviculare in urban areas. Ramakrishna, A. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal. Ranaweera, S. Mineral nutrition of Cymbopogon nardus L rendle: part II. Vidyodaya J. Mineral nutrition of Cymbopogon nardus L rendle: part I. Rioba, N. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation frequency on essential oil content and composition of sage Salvia officinalis L. Plants 2, 21— Rose, T. Genotypic variation in grain phosphorus concentration, and opportunities to improve P-use efficiency in rice. Field Crops Res. Differential accumulation patterns of phosphorus and potassium by canola cultivars compared to wheat. Post-flowering supply of P, but not K, is required for maximum canola seed yields. Russo, E. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Said-Al Ahl, H. Impact of water stress and phosphorus fertilizer on fresh herb and essential oil content of dragonhead. Saloner, A. Response of medical cannabis Cannabis sativa L. Nitrogen supply affects cannabinoid and terpenoid profile in medical cannabis Cannabis sativa L. Sarma, N. Cannabis inflorescence for medical purposes: USP considerations for quality attributes. Shane, M. Tissue and cellular phosphorus storage during development of phosphorus toxicity in Hakea prostrata Proteaceae. Shen, J. Phosphorus dynamics: from soil to plant. Shiponi, S. Small, E. Dwarf germplasm: the key to giant Cannabis hempseed and cannabinoid crops. Crop Evol. Snapp, S. Phosphorus distribution and remobilization in bean plants as influenced by phosphorus nutrition. Crop Sci. Soltangheisi, A. Phosphorus and zinc uptake and their interaction effect on dry matter and chlorophyll content of sweet com Zea mays var. Taliman, N. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on the growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, mineral accumulation, seed yield, and seed quality of a soybean low-phytate line. Plants Tang, Y. Differential changes in degradation of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II during flag leaf senescence of rice. Turner, J. Quantitative determination of cannabinoids in individual glandular trichomes of Cannabis Sativa L. Veneklaas, E. Opportunities for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in crop plants. Vera, C. N, P, and S fertilization effects on industrial hemp in Saskatchewan. The effect of N and P fertilization on growth, seed yield and quality of industrial hemp in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Verpoorte, R. Biotechnology for the production of plant secondary metabolites. Wang, J. Leaf gas exchange, phosphorus uptake, growth and yield responses of cotton cultivars to different phosphorus rates. Photosynthetica 56, — Wang, X. Acquisition or utilization, which is more critical for enhancing phosphorus efficiency in modern crops? Genetic improvement for phosphorus efficiency in soybean: a radical approach. White, P. White and J. Hammond Dordrecht: Springer. Wiesler, F. Nutrition and Quality , 3rd Edn. Cambridge: Academic Press. Wu, P. Improvement of phosphorus efficiency in rice on the basis of understanding phosphate signaling and homeostasis. Xue, S. Manganese uptake and accumulation by the hyperaccumulator plant Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Yep, B. Aquaponic and hydroponic solutions modulate NaCl-induced stress in drug-type Cannabis sativa L. Zhang, W. Accumulation and distribution characteristics for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different cultivars of Petunia hybrida Vlim. Zhao, J. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Zuardi, A. History of cannabis as a medicine: a review. Keywords : Cannabis , cannabinoids, development, efficiency, fertilization, nutrition, phosphorus, reproductive. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Introduction Cannabis sativa is receiving commercial and academic attention globally due to its therapeutic potential for modern medicine and increasing recreational use Small, Photosynthetic Pigments Five disks, 0.

Buy marijuana Torun

Selecting a region may change the language and promotional content you see on the Adobe Stock web site. A link to set your password has been sent to: To access your purchases in the future you will need a password. Find Similar:. My Libraries. Find similar. Drag an image here. Uploading your image Get 10 images or 1 video with a free trial. Start free trial. Try for free. Get 3 videos or 25 images with a free trial. Torun, Poland - July 26, Cannabis shop building front view. Choose your region.

Buy marijuana Torun

Buying ganja online in Alicante

Buy marijuana Torun

Tashkent buy coke

Buy marijuana Torun

Usti nad Labem buying hash

Buy marijuana Torun

Gamprin buy coke

Buying Heroin online in Tabriz

Buy marijuana Torun

Buy weed Khobar

Cyprus buying marijuana