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Introduction to the Department of Narcotics Control. The use of narcotics in the socio-economic, cultural and historical context of Bangladesh is very ancient. The British East India Company started its first opium cultivation and opium business in India for commercial purposes and appointed a decree and some officers for it. The British produced opium in India and made huge money by exporting to other countries including China, and introduced opium shops in this country. In , the opium trade was established under the government control of the opium and the Opium Act was amended in and the Opium Department was established. Then revenue from marijuana and alcohol started and in the Bengal Excise Act and Bengal Excise Department were established. In addition to opium, alcohol and cannabis, the Dengerous Drugs Act was formulated by the government in when various types of drugs made by opiate and cocaine were made. Similarly, in , the Opium Smoking Act was formulated and the Dangerous Drugs Rules was formulated in for regulating opium consumption. After the establishment of Pakistan in , TheProhibition Rules was created in to control the drinking of alcohol for the Mumlmanans. In , the Opium sales Rules was made. After that in the sixties, the Bengal Excise Department was named after the Department of Excise and Taxation and handed over under the Ministry of Finance. In , production and marketing of coded mixed cough syrup, alcoholic beverages, tablets, syrup etc. In , the ban on opium and dead cigarettes was prohibited and in the cane cultivation was stopped and all the cannabis shops were lifted in Until , the main goal of the Directorate of Narcotics and Liquor was to collect revenue from the country's narcotics. In the s, drug misuse and illegal trafficking in the world increased alarmingly. In the end of , the Narcotics Control Ordinance, was issued at the end of to combat the misuse of narcotics and illegal trafficking, to develop public awareness about the harmful effects of drugs and to rehabilitate drug addicts in Bangladesh. Then on January 2, , the Narcotics Control Act was formulated and in place of the Narcotics and Liquor, the Department of Narcotics Control was established under the President's Secretariat in the same year. With regard to the import of illegal drugs in the country, drugs, drugs and other industries, including imports, transport and use control, proper drug testing, ensuring the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts, planning and implementation of the prevention program for the creation of mass awareness about the bad effects of narcotics, other international organizations including the United Nations Creating intimate work-related relationships with The main responsibility of the Directorate to create resistance against the drug nationally and internationally is through the development of the drug. Read more Technical Assistance: Developed By:. Skip to main content Go to accessibility menu. Wellcome to National Portal. Bangladesh National Portal. Bangla English. See Other Government Offices. Services Citizen Charter How to get services Sebakunjo. Contact Map Communication Map How to go. History of Department of Narcotics Control. Introduction to the Department of Narcotics Control The use of narcotics in the socio-economic, cultural and historical context of Bangladesh is very ancient. Site was last updated:

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. There is a worldwide interest in the use of Cannabis sativa for biomedicine purposes. Cannabis has ethnomedicinal usage as a natural medicine in Bangladesh and cultivated during the British Empire period for revenues. Folk medicine practitioners FMPs from different districts of Bangladesh have been using Cannabis sativa , but until now there have not been any compiled studies particularly regarding this practice. Hence, this review is an effort to retrieve the traditional usage of Cannabis sativa as a phytomedicine from published ethnomedicinal studies. A search of the relevant scientific literature also was conducted to assess the efficacy of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa. There are a total of 15 formulations identified from the 11 out of 18 ethnomedicinal plant survey reports. The leaf was the main plant part used Sales and cultivation of Cannabis are illegal at present in Bangladesh, but the use of Cannabis sativa as a natural phytomedicine has been practiced traditionally by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh for many years and validated through relevant pharmacological justification. Ethnomedicine or traditional medicine knowledge usually refers to the medication of any particular culture that examines local ideas and behaviors of how to treat illness and how to stay healthy Quinlan In General, ethnomedicinal knowledge is practiced and passed verbally from one generation to the members of the family of the following generation, and traditional medicine practices by utilizing medicinal plants are now being declined because of modernization and destruction of the medicinal plants, reduction of the interest in the younger generation, and switching to other jobs, but such knowledge of traditional medicine has been a way towards the invention of the many new medicines Faruque et al. To date, this country has 7 divisions, 64 districts, sub-districts, and 87, villages. The country possesses enormous resources of medicinal plants and traditional phytomedicine is still practiced throughout the country. Folk medicine practitioners FMPs in Bangladesh are commonly known as Kabiraj in the mainstream community and there are kabirajes in almost every village in Bangladesh. Kabirajes are important sources of ethnomedicinal knowledge which they have inherited from their ancestors Rashid They enjoy considerable trust and support from their patients thanks to their holistic approach to treatment Biswas et al. Kabirajes rely mainly on medicinal plants, dispensing medications for several health disorders and diseases including psychosis, cardiovascular disorders, eye infections, malaria, leucorrhea, leprosy, helminthic infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, snakebite treatment, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, tumor, and cancer Ahmed and Azam , Azam et al. Each Kabiraj normally keeps his or her knowledge of medicinal plants within the family and passes this knowledge through from generation to generation. Over time, this knowledge becomes unique to the Kabiraj and his successors Jahan et al. Cannabis sativa is perhaps the most famous plant ever discovered by humans and the plant has a rich history with complex metabolic biology and fascinating physiology Zwenger For more than years, Cannabis sativa , also known as Marijuana, has been cultivated for fibers and source for seed oil Lash , Leizer et al. Regardless, the Cannabis leaves alone have the potential to treat quite 25 different types of diseases Kala et al. Cannabis sativa is a wonder plant with over chemical entities Radwan et al. Phytocannabinoids are divided into 10 subclasses, i. Moreover, the medicinal effects of Cannabis sativa are exploited within the treatment of epilepsy, pain, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, nausea related to cancer treatment, and psychotic conditions, and it has antiglaucoma, antiemetic, antiobesity, and anticancer properties Andre et al. In addition, the government of Canada recognizes Cannabis sativa as an effective treatment for over two dozen conditions Health Canada It is noteworthy that the scientific interest in Cannabis sativa was renewed in the early s with the outline of cannabinoid receptors and therefore the identification of an endogenous cannabinoid system in the nervous system of humans Zuardi wherein the pharmacological mechanisms of Cannabis metabolites would guide advances in therapies and changes in public health approaches Russo and Marcu Cannabis has a long history of production and uses in Bangladesh. The British Empire began producing revenues from the production and trade of Cannabis goods in its South Asian territories in the early nineteenth century. Naogaon, a district of Bangladesh formerly known as Eastern Bengal , was the single largest cultivation zone of Cannabis in colonial South Asia. The cooperative society obtained sole monopoly award from the British government and allowed it to control all sales of Cannabis Chattopadhyaya They sold Cannabis only to the licensed vendors at a rate that was fixed by the Commissioner of Excise and redistributed profits annually for the benefit of the public. During the British colonialism period of the East India Company, Cannabis was marketed in Asia in a variety of formulations using flower and resin with low psychotropic content named Bhang and high psychoactive content named Ganja or Charas Bonini et al. During the mid-twentieth century, many of the novels of a popular Bengali novelist Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay reveal that smoking Ganja among the elderly people was common and socially accepted Mahmud The use of ganja and its consumption for spiritual purposes has been practiced and tolerated in Bangladesh society for thousands of years Haque The Muslims, particularly the Sufis of Bangladesh, have a tradition of using ganja for their spiritual purposes Malek A leading English daily in Bangladesh reported on a 3-day traditional Ganja festival in and they published the following:. The renowned musician and author Maqsoodul Haque from the book of History of Bangladesh Rock, the legacy of Azam Khan stated the following:. They lived, trained and fought for independence in villages where Marijuana was to a large degree socially acceptable. Haque The cultivation and sale of Cannabis is now illegal in Bangladesh; however, as per schedule I of the Narcotics Control Act, , marijuana is a B-Class narcotics and section 9 of the Act has given permission to manufacture, process, import, export, supply, purchase, and sell narcotics for any approved medicine or for undertaking any scientific research which is being done under proper license, being used with the proper permit, and being carried or transported with proper pass Joy ; www. We also reviewed the relevant scientific literature to consolidate the ethnomedicinal efficacy of Cannabis sativa in Bangladesh. Cannabis sativa together with other medicinal plants used as folk medicine has been documented randomly by Bangladeshi researchers from diverse affiliations through ethnomedicinal plant survey methods. Later, the study data have been published in English language by the authors in manuscript form in several journals. We identified these articles and retrieved information on the ethnomedicinal uses of Cannabis sativa reported by FMPs of Bangladesh. The percentage of utilized plant parts root, seed, leaves, flower, fruit, etc. Here, RU is the total number of uses reported of all parts of the plant and RU plant part is the sum of uses reported per part of the plant. Number of cited ailments treated by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh using different parts of Cannabis sativa. Anticancer and antitumor Lukhele and Motadi ; Velasco et al. Cardiovascular care Garza-Cervantes et al. Digestive disorders Goyal et al. Infection, wound injury Ali et al. Hormonal effects Brents ; Walker et al. Sedative, insomnia Shannon et al. District map of Bangladesh. Circles showing the name of the informed districts from where the survey was conducted by authors. For this review study, over ethnomedicinal plants survey articles were reviewed wherein 18 survey articles have mentioned Cannabis sativa. A total of 15 formulations have been identified from the 11 articles where the rest of the studied articles did not mention any mode of preparation. The authors of the identified articles conducted the ethnobotanical field survey using open-ended and semi-structured questionnaire method. It is worth noting that there is at least one folk medicine practitioner in almost every village of Bangladesh. Most of the interviewed practitioners detailed in the identified articles are male by sex with an average age of 55—65 years, and they inherited treatment knowledge using medicinal plants from earlier generational people like a maternal grandfather. Mahnoor et al. Kona and Rahman have conducted ethnobotanical survey from December to June and interviewed a total of people having age range 18—75 years old. Another ethnobotanical survey Kadir et al. A tribal ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the two Santal communities residing in Thakurgaon district and reported to the use of Cannabis plant Rahmatullah et al. Cannabis sativa leaf is the most frequently used plant part FMPs generally follow simple preparation methods instead of a procedure of complex formulations. An oil-based preparation of Cannabis leaf is used to treat schizophrenia, and in severe conditions, leaves are used to make a vapor that is inhaled by the patient Ahmed and Azam Leaf juice is taken orally for treating bloating, cough, and mucus Rahmatullah et al. Macerated roots of Cannabis sativa and leaves of Chromolaena odorata are combined and taken for fever Rahmatullah et al. One teaspoon powder of dry, crushed Cannabis leaf is added to water and taken once a day orally as a CNS depressant and to treat arthritis pain Mawla et al. Root is made into a paste with 25 black pepper and given twice daily to treat insanity, tetanus, pain of dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and phthisis; seed oil is useful in rheumatism, cancer chemotherapy, and cancer pain Siddique et al. The smoke of dried pistillate of flowering tops of Cannabis plant is passed through the rectum for relief from strangulated hernia and griping pains of dysentery Kadir et al. List of traditional uses of Cannabis sativa as phytomedicine used by the folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh and potential therapeutic compounds. We conducted an extensive study on combining detailed information on the traditional use of Cannabis sativa by folk medicine practitioners in Bangladesh. We corroborated ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa by pharmacological data. Our result indicates that different parts of the Cannabis plant were used by several folk medicine practitioners in Bangladesh to improve sleep quality, relief from pain, treating diseases, and psychological conditions, including gynecological diseases, sexual problems, gastrointestinal problems, various types of cancers, asthma, and respiratory problems, etc. One of the most common use of Cannabis found by our current study is to reduce or relieve from pain Kadir et al. It is worth mentioning that in the USA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has supported the use of Cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain in adults through their analysis of the current scientific evidence Romero-Sandoval et al. Cannabinoids may be useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity Lowin et al. Cannabis and cannabinoids have also potentials which showed promising results to alleviate pain related to rheumatic diseases Gonen and Amital , Haleem and Wright In the century between and , Cannabis was part of Western pharmacopeias preferred to other preparations by physicians in migraine treatment Russo Another interesting finding of the current study is that Cannabis most likely has the ability to improve sleep quality, decrease sleep disturbances, and decrease sleep onset latency Kuhathasan et al. Moreover, the use of cannabis to treat psychological conditions was also documented Ahmed and Azam A small randomized clinical trial reported clinical improvement in patients with schizophrenia treated with CBD Iseger and Bossong , and nine ongoing clinical trials have registered which focused on the effects of CBD on psychotic disorders Batalla et al. Cannabis is potent in its gynecological actions, and cannabinoids might potentially influence the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system whereby as specific agonists or antagonists Luschnig and Schicho , Russo FMPs of Bangladesh have used Cannabis sativa for gynecological problems like excessive menstrual and its pain, erectile dysfunctions Hasan et al. Similarly, herbal practitioners of Western Uganda and tribal communities near the Pak-Afghan border area also reported treating gynecological problems abdominal pain, gonorrhea, sexual impotence, erectile dysfunctions with the plant Cannabis Aziz et al. Despite this, Cannabis has been reported to be used as traditional aphrodisiac in Bangladesh Nawaz et al. Cannabis was also used for traditional curative properties for asthma and respiratory problems in Bangladesh Sultana and Rahman , Cameroon Noumi , and South Africa Ross Traditionally, Cannabis was also used to treat tuberculosis both in Bangladesh Siddique et al. The contribution of cannabinoids in the treatment and management of gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and visceral pain was found to be useful Malik et al. The clinical study discovered that Cannabis is effective which decreased urinary urgency, frequency, and urination at night in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis Brady et al. Furthermore, Cannabis plant was also used by FMPs of Bangladesh for the treatment of various types of cancers Mollik et al. Hence, cannabinoids have great promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of various cancers Kovalchuk and Kovalchuk ; in particular, CBD has reported vigorous anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on a wide variety of cancer types both in cultured cancer cell lines and in mouse tumor models. Seltzer et al. Furthermore, traditional medicine practitioners in Zimbabwe used Cannabis sativa in cancer mainly for its analgesic, anti-nausea, and antiemetic properties Matowa et al. The endocannabinoid system and cannabinoids have started to get more and more considerable interests for therapeutic claims Ryan et al. Cannabis and cannabinoids can play the role of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant anti-emetogenic activity, and anticonvulsant activity Mensah and Adu-Gyamfi Furthermore, the usage of Cannabis for therapeutic purposes reported not to increase risk of harm to self or others Walsh et al. Already, 33 states in the USA and several countries in the world have been using Cannabis for specific medical conditions Sarma et al. However, Cannabis has been considered a narcotic drug, and its medicinal use ignored since the beginning of the twentieth century. It was the only recent decade that researchers started to conduct and follow up on the safe therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa. It is worth mentioning that a search of the relevant scientific literatures provide support for the traditional usage of Cannabis sativa practiced by Bangladeshi folk medicine practitioners, thanks to the contribution of the cannabinoids to the unique biological properties. Cannabis sativa is a plant of phytochemical factories. The plant has been used for thousands of years around the world for its apparent biological activity and has not been reported being more toxic than several medicines in current clinical practice. Although illegal, in Bangladesh, folk medicine practitioners use Cannabis extensively to treat a large kind of ailments such as sleep problems insomnia, induce sleep, soporific ; arthritis and pain gout, rheumatism, cancer, and arthritic pain ; gynecological disorders dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, expedite delivery ; sexual problems erectile dysfunction, sex stimulation, low libido, pleasant sensation ; gastrointestinal problems diarrhea, dyspepsia, strangulated hernia, poor digestion, dysentery ; neuropsychiatric and CNS paralysis, psychosis, insanity ; infections and respiratory problems tetanus, wound, tuberculosis, cough, asthma ; cancer; and other ailments including hypertension, headache, itch, increases bile secretion, abortifacient, dandruff, fever, and urinary problems. Based on the literature review we performed, there is significant scientific evidence that provides support for the usage of Cannabis sativa as a traditional phytomedicine by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh. It is also a need to perform more biological evaluation towards a ray of hope establishing therapeutic guidelines of Cannabis and cannabinoids and to provide a strengthened pharmacological perspective about the prospects and challenges of Cannabis use in the future. The authors wish to thank the Bangladeshi folk medicine practitioners for continuing the important tradition of the use and passing on the knowledge of medicinal plants such as Cannabis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were generated or analyzed during this study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Cannabis Res. Find articles by Shahriar S M Shakil. Find articles by Matt Gowan. Find articles by Kerry Hughes. Find articles by Md Nur Kabidul Azam. Find articles by Md Nasir Ahmed. Received Apr 27; Accepted Mar 5; Collection date Open in a new tab. Ailment s treated Part s used Mode of preparations and administration Reference Potential therapeutic compounds from literature Sedative, paralysis, narcotic Leaf, root Not given Rahmatullah et al. Leaf, root Not given Rahmatullah et al. Bloating, cough, mucus. Leaf Leaf juice is taken orally for all three ailments. Rahmatullah et al. Mawla et al. One ball is taken daily for coughs, mucus, as a narcotic and to induce sleep. The seeds are taken for sexual stimulation. Nawaz et al. Siddique et al. Leaf Paste from leaves which has been heated Walid et al. Ahmed and Azam a Dandruff b Headache, asthma Leaf, resin a Leaves make a good snuff for deterging the brain; juice removes dandruff b The resin called Charas is used to prevent and cure headache and asthma. Sultana and Rahman Soporific, abortifacient Leaf, Inflorescence Not given Kona and Rahman a Strangulated hernia and griping pains of dysentery b Diarrhea, dyspepsia and bowel complaints. Leaf, flower a The smoke of dried pistillate of flowering tops which are coated with resinous exudation is passed through the rectum for relief from strangulated hernia and griping pains of dysentery b The preparation made specially from dried leaves and flowers known as bhang, siddhi or hashis is given to check diarrhea, dyspepsia and bowel complaints Kadir et al. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sexual problems erectile dysfunction, sex stimulation, low libido, pleasant sensation. Gastrointestinal problems diarrhea, dyspepsia, strangulated hernia, poor digestion, dysentery. Infections and respiratory problems tetanus, wound, tuberculosis, cough, asthma. Other ailments hypertension, headache, itch, increases bile secretion, abortifacient, dandruff, fever, urinary problems. Bitter, increases bile secretion, hallucinogeni, sex stimulant, to induce sleep, to induce pleasant sensations, excessive menstruation, urination problems. Macerated roots of Cannabis sativa and leaves of Chromolaena odorata are combined and taken. Rashid et al. One teaspoon powder obtained from crushed and dried leaf is added to water and taken once orally. Mollik et al. Insanity, tetanus, menstrual pain, tuberculosis, rheumatism, cancer chemotherapy, and cancer pain. Poor digestion, hallucinogenic, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, induce pleasant sensations, excessive menstruation, urination problems. Walid et al. Ahmed and Azam Sultana and Rahman Kona and Rahman Kadir et al. Hasan et al. Leaves are fried in ghee and powdered and then orally taken with warm water.

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