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Langkawi police chief Asst Comm Shariman Ashari said the three suspects, aged 24 to 26, were detained by the Langkawi police Narcotics Division at 1. Langkawi cops nab three buskers, seize drugs and ganja plants. South Korea 18 Oct Court labels misogyny as hate crime motive. South Korea 17 Oct In landmark ruling, South Korea court recognises misogyny as motive for hate crime. Already a subscriber? Log in. Subscribe now and receive FREE sooka plan for 1 month. Monthly Plan RM Annual Plan RM Cancel anytime. No ads. Unlimited access to the web and app. Personalised features. Members rewards. Follow us on our official WhatsApp channel for breaking news alerts and key updates! Found a mistake in this article? Report it to us. What is the issue about? Spelling and grammatical error. Factually incorrect. Story is irrelevant. This field is mandatory. Email optional Please enter valid email. Please re-try again. Thank you for your report! Related News. Next In Nation. Flush ing with funds: RMmil allocated for school toilet repairs and maintenance. Dreams grounded: Malaysian aviation trainees left in financial ruin by aviation company. No more hefty bonuses for failing GLCs, says Anwar. JB man drowns after falling into Sg Melana. Lorry driver caught out over fake licences. Keep it real when deciding on income brackets, Sabah Law Society tells govt. Child abuse case involving caregiver put off to Nov 21 pending forensic report. Govt to issue guidelines for tackling bullying in healthcare sector. Trending in News. Others Also Read. Load more. We would love to keep you posted on the latest promotion. Kindly fill the form below. Disclaimer: by clicking the Submit button, it is deemed that you consent to the rules and terms set forth in the Privacy Policy as well as Terms and Conditions set forth by this site. Thank you for downloading. We hope you enjoy this feature! Didn't work? Try downloading again.

The Impact Of Drug Crimes On International Tourist Arrivals In Langkawi Island, Malaysia

Buy marijuana Langkawi

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally, and it is a primary contributor to the economies of most countries. The tourism industry directly raises employment and income levels, and is one of the most important industries for fostering growth. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the tourist arrivals to Langkawi Island. Most of the tourist related countries have been experiencing increasing crime, and existing studies have shown that crime impacts negatively on tourist arrivals. Both economic and noneconomic factors will be tested to identify the exact factor which contributes to the tourist arrivals. The noneconomic factors are crimes which divide into three types of crimes violent, property and drug crime. This research covered the quarterly data from to This study mainly focuses on the impact of drug crime, violent crime and property crime on tourist arrivals in Langkawi Island. Our findings indicate that all drug crime, violent crime and property crime have harmful effects on tourism in the Langkawi Island under study. The international tourism market has been expanding significantly in the last 60 years. International tourist arrivals, which were 25 million in , grew to million in It almost doubled to million in and rose to million in The upward trend has continued to million in and finally the latest recorded international tourist arrival was 1. Malaysia was ranked fifth in the Asia Pacific region in terms of international tourist arrivals World Tourism Organization, Currently, the country is gearing to be among the most popular tourism destinations globally. Island tourism has become a growing trend in Malaysia. Tourism Malaysia reported that the country recorded One of the most popular islands in Malaysia is Langkawi Island, Kedah, which is situated on the west coast of the peninsula. Langkawi is the only island in peninsular Malaysia which has an international airport. This allows tourists to fly there directly from many foreign countries such as Singapore, China, India etc. In addition, it is also known as a duty-free island. A potentially important factor that could influence tourism demand is the safety of the destination. A place with a high risk of victimization would likely hinder tourists from visiting the destination. The risk of victimization would be from any activity that poses a threat to tourists such as criminal activity. In the Malaysian Crime Index, seven types of crime are considered as violent crimes; namely robbery without firearm, gang robbery using firearm, gang robbery with no firearm, rape, attempted murder, murder, as well as causing hurt voluntarily Tang, a. Today, criminal activities all over the world are increasing rapidly. Thus, crime has become a new field of study in economics. Ishikawa and Fukushige believed that crime rates are not only related to economic factors but also to non-economic influences such as culture, backgrounds, and ethics. There is also some research that has proved the existence of a relationship between crime rates and some economic variables. Historically, Malaysia used to be one of the safest countries in Southeast Asia. Malaysia records an increase in firearm-related crimes even though the country has very strict laws on firearm possession and use. The headquarters of the Malaysian police reported that violent crimes involving the use of firearms such as murder and robbery had increased during the first six months of compared to the same period in Another popular crime in Malaysia is the usage of illegal drugs. Illegal drugs are not a new phenomenon in our country and the rest of the world. Earlier, in the 19 th century, United States of America used drugs for medical purposes. The drugs introduced at the time were opium-type drugs used as pain-resisting drugs, for treating coughs and insect bites, as medication for children and widely used by women for medical purposes. However, the use of drugs has been abused for criminal activities. Drug abuse in Malaysia involves types such as heroin, ganja, morphine and other psychotropic substances Kamarudin, Drug abuse is a major social problem in Malaysia. The National Drug Agency ADK , now known as the National Anti-Drug Agency AADK , is an agency under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs in charge of the entire aspects of the country's anti-drug operations by conducting prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programs, evaluating program effectiveness, and establishing regional cooperation. According to the AADK, a total number of 30, cases were recorded in Out of this number, 22, were new cases and 7, were repeat cases. The number of cases in showed an increase from which recorded 26, cases. This shows that the number of cases on average were 84 per day in Malaysia. According to the statistics of the Langkawi district police, there are five main types of crimes in Langkawi. The five main types of crimes are crimes against persons, property crime, crimes against morality illegal drugs , white-collar crime, and organized crime. Among the crimes mentioned above, crimes against morality which is illegal drugs contributes to the highest portion of crimes in Langkawi. Most of the tourists are victims of theft, burglary and robbery. In the police statistic most of the tourists are victimized by drug addicts. The drug addicts break and enter the rooms or chalets that are built at the beach side because tourists have a tendency to lower their guards and neglect the usual safety measures when they are on a holiday. They leave valuables unattended and sometimes in unlocked cars by the roadside or beach. Personal items such as watches, cash and mobile phones are left in hotel rooms or apartments that are not secured properly, thus making it easy for the criminals to do their job. Drug related crimes in Langkawi pose a major threat to the tourism industry. Figure 1 shows the statistic of drug cases in Langkawi from to It shows an upward trend. The high number of drug-related crimes in Langkawi could have an impact on tourist arrivals and the level of foreign investment on the island. In selection of news on drug crimes in Langkawi Figure 01 , two worrying occurrences can be seen. First, the criminals involved young adults whose age is around years old. Second, the amount or quantity of drugs seized were alarming for a small size island like Langkawi. There are many indicators used to calculate the level of tourism in a particular destination. Martins, Gan, and Ferreira-Lopes used the total number of international tourists and the amount spent at the holiday destinations in their study on the association between the macroeconomic factors and the global demand for tourism. They used the econometric analysis in explaining the impact of macroeconomic factors on the demand for tourism. Research on the factors affecting tourism has been studied by many, for example, by Mohammed and Sookram , Ajagunna , Alleyne and Boxill , and Tang b. The studies on the factors considered many spectrums, such as from economic perspective, social perspective, management perspective, and crime perspective. Researchers such as Ismail , Cao , and Ishii even integrated these perspectives in their models due to the availability and limitation of the data; this will be explained further in Section 2. Among these perspectives e. Nonetheless, research on the effects of crime on tourism has been gaining much importance due to the wider coverage given by both the national and international media on crimes and misdemeanors. Since the security and safety of a tourism destination is of paramount importance to travelers, such news do not bode well for the reputation of a tourism destination. Factors influencing international tourists may be examined from two opposite perspectives, namely, the supply side and the demand side. Khadaroo and Seetanah , and Martins et al. They added that the transport infrastructure is crucial in the development of a tourism destination, indicating that it is a part of the standard demand in international tourism functions. Nevertheless, demand factors are also vital for explaining the number of international tourist arrivals. Researchers including Muchapondwa and Pimhidzai , Zhang and Jensen , and Vietze have conducted research from this perspective. The demand for tourism is influenced by numerous determinants, such as income, prices of tourist goods and services, transportation costs, as well as exchange rates Kosnan et al. For example, high-income earners tend to travel to high-income countries such as Dubai, Europe countries and other high-end countries. Meanwhile, those who earn a much lower income would opt for cheaper packages in countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Philippine, and other related countries. Development of the tourism industry in a country will always cause crimes committed against tourists. Both of them are correlated and it is not a new phenomenon for the tourists. In an earlier study by Giddens , he stated that crimes against tourists influence numerous individuals, other than the victim and their families. This reality is true; bad experiences by tourist at specific place are secured by the media or announced by tourist themselves to their families and friends, verbally. There are two types of crimes against tourists; the first is the organized crime, where it means a pre-planned crime such as terrorism. The second category is the crime of opportunity, such as robbery, burglary and rape. Safety and security are the main issues faced by all countries in the world, but many countries would face this issue in a more serious manner. Mohammed and Sookram attempted to test the hypothesis that the rates of crime in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago have an impact on the number of tourists visiting those countries by examining the relationship between tourist arrivals and crime rates during a year period. Their results showed violent crimes and property crimes affect tourist arrivals negatively in both cases. The authors pointed out that it is likely that such a result was obtained because the governments of both countries have implemented strategies and policies drafted to curtail crime. At the same time, the author uses some other macroeconomic variables such as GDP, CPI and oil price of the country to find out the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables. These independent variables were selected by author based on the literature on tourism demand. In this study, we are more concerned about the drug addicts than the drug dealers. There is a wide range of perspectives as to why individuals take drugs and no hypothesis made has demonstrated satisfactory work to clarify all types of substance misuse. Recent research by Golub et al. Golub and Johnson revealed individuals who take drugs usually face various problems in their family and social groups, while having individual traits with an inclination towards addiction and are exposed to numerous social issues. When drug addicts cannot get access to their drugs, they will most likely do anything to get their fix this includes breaking the law. This is where the crime will take place. Drug abuse and crime are believed to have a connection between them, making them the main reason behind criminalization. Previous researchers revealed that most criminal offenders have had experience with drug abuse. Therefore, drug abusers will commit crime activities. Various crimes including domestic abuse, homicide and armed robbery are often associated with drug addiction Siegel, Macroeconomic variables and economic ties have a huge impact on tourist arrivals. The first macroeconomic component is the GDP. Higher consumptions are associated with more economic activities that will boost the GDP growth. The second most important macro-economic component is the unemployment rates, which serve as a prime indicator of the local labor market conditions. Unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of people who is prepared for employment at the current wage rate but are unsuccessful in securing a job. Tang covered the yearly data in the period of — to examine the crime rates in Malaysia by using price levels and unemployment rates as the determinants. Inflation is the third major macroeconomic component; consumer price index CPI measures the changes in the overall price level. This index demonstrates fluctuations in the value of cash over time. Promotional efforts expanded by the Langkawi authority has successfully attracted domestic and international tourists to the island. However, it is found that in terms of percentage, the dispersion and pattern between the two groups of tourists are not stable. The instability issue raises the concern over the future sustainability of domestic and international arrivals for Langkawi. To further illustrate the concern, Figure 2 shows the growth rate of domestic and international tourist arrivals in Langkawi from to Over the ten years from to , there has been an inconsistent growth rate and no upward trend in domestic and international travellers to Langkawi. The most interesting issue observed from the graph is when the domestic growth rate declined, the international growth rate in contrast showed an incline. In the domestic growth rate declined by 0. An observation of the data from the decade tabulated showed a similar trend of divergent growth rates happening three times in , and recently in They also indicate that Langkawi might not always be an ultimate favourite destination. Interestingly, the decline in the international growth rate looks more glaring than the decline in the domestic growth rate. First, the inconsistency might be attributed to the high rates of drug, violent crimes and consistent criminal reports published in media. Secondly, the inconsistency of growth rates might have caused by crime related to criminal activities which stem from the unethical pursuits of Thai workers. Many Thai itinerant workers have been staying in Langkawi; working at Thai food outlets, night clubs and also being involved in immoral activities. Finally, the inconsistency of growth rates might also be caused by the development of nearby island destinations. Fewer international tourists are opting for Langkawi because there are some other selections nearby which are more attractive, comfortable and cheaper for vacations. What is the relationship between international tourist arrivals and the macroeconomic variables of Malaysia? Literature on factors affecting international tourism demand makes the purpose of this study is to identify the key factors affecting international tourist arrivals to Langkawi and provides the latest empirical evidence. Secondly, the study seeks to find out the factors affecting international tourist arrivals to Langkawi, mainly that includes crimes and macroeconomic variables such as the GDP and consumer price index. The inclusion of these factors will broaden the understanding of international tourism demand. Moreover, it will shed light on the role of drug-related crimes in reducing or increasing the number of international tourist arrivals. This section specifies the tourism model which is adapted from the study by Mohammed and Sookram This model illustrates the relationship between crime and the number of tourist arrivals in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. The tourism demand equation was adjusted for this study to address the tourism issues in Langkawi. The original model by Mohammed and Sookram is demonstrated as follows:. Referring to Mohammed and Sookram study, although they successfully depicted the influence of crime on tourist in the country, their study did not take drug crime into account. Therefore to address the gap in this study, we extend their model by including the impact of drug crime, violent crime and property crime on the number of tourist arrivals in Langkawi. Justifications for including drug crime have been elaborated in Chapters 1 and 2. Drug crime is included because:. Drugs-related crime can spoil the morality of a destination such as prostitution activities, theft, and etc. Witt and Witt indicate that 75 per cent of the models used to analyze tourism demand employed the double log functional form of the model. In terms of measurement, ta will be measured using the number of tourists from China, India, Indonesia, Singaporean and Thailand between the year and These countries are chosen because they are identified as the largest and consistent contributors to the percentage of tourists to Malaysia. Other reasons for their inclusion are geographical proximity and cultural and heritage factors. Our policy independent variable that is crime encompasses crimes such as drug, violent, and property crimes. Although there are other types of crime such as commercial crime and cybercrime, these crimes are not chosen due to data unavailability. Property, violent, and drug crimes were measured by the number of cases reported in Langkawi. For macroeconomic variables, the measurement for market size is Real GDP and the price of goods will be taken from the CPI measurement. Both macroeconomic variables data are taken from the BNM statistic website. The relationship between crime and number of tourist arrivals is expected to be negative. This is because a higher crime crate in the island will discourage tourist arrivals. The main concern for tourists when choosing a travel is safety and crime rate. Tourists usually opt to travel to secured destinations as they feel safer when travelling. The relationship between drug crime and number of tourist arrivals is expected to be negative. Drugs related tourist destination considered not a healthy tourism destination. This is because a higher drug crime crate in the island will discourage tourist arrivals. The data analysis utilized static and dynamic estimators. Four modern econometric models were used in the tourism demand to examine the relationship between tourist arrivals in its determinants. Time-series methods were deployed and are found to be quite accurate, particularly over a short-term period. Table 01 shows the correlation between variables in this study. Firstly, the results show that correlation values between independent variables do not exceed 0. Secondly, the correlation between tourist arrival from countries in this research and types of crime produced mixed results. These interesting results warrant further analysis to examine in detail the relationship between tourist arrivals and crimes. Thirdly, our results show that drug crime is highly correlated with the market size and moderately correlated with the price level. Nonstationary time-series data has the potential to give spurious results for our analysis. Our results confirm that all data in the research is stationary at first difference I 1. We proceed with estimating long-run economic relationship for our tourism demand model using Johansen cointegration method Johansen, Our Johansen Cointegrating Test results are shown in Table After confirming the existence of cointegration relationship between these variables, we proceed by measuring the any movement away from the long-run equilibrium using VECM. The interest would be on the sign, magnitude and significance of the coefficient of error correction term. Table 03 shows the result of the error correction terms for our research model. All ECMs have negative sign, indicating the movement back to equilibrium when deviation happens. The speed of adjustments in China and India models are about the same, indicating partial adjustment quarterly. Singapore model adjusted the quickest Table 04 shows the long-run estimation results for our study. The inclusion of property did not produce optimum results in Thailand, China and India tourist arrival model. Only through Indonesia model, the increase property crime reduced the number of tourist arrival. Results also suggested that increase in violent crime deterred the number of tourist arrival from Indonesia, Thailand and India. Drug crime was found to be affecting tourist from all countries, however in mixed effect. Interestingly, a higher drug crime has attracted more tourist arrival from Indonesia, Thailand and India. The highest effect is on Thailand tourist arrival, where for a given amount of property and violent crime case, an additional case of drug crime leads to an increase in tourist arrival from Thailand by 1. Drug case also deterred tourist from China and Singapore. For a given amount of property and violent crime case, an additional case in drug crime would hinder about 1. This study has provided many unique results concerning the relationship between all three crimes and number of tourist arrivals. Few studies have surveyed property crime and violent crime affects the tourism industry and none have specifically focused on drug crime and its effects on tourism industry. In addition, this research looks at the effects of crime against tourism and particularly drug crime against tourism industry at the particular destination which is Langkawi Island. In short, the results of this study indicate mixed findings for the hypothesis H 1 and H 2 The relationship between crime and number of tourist arrivals is expected to be negative; The relationship between drug crime and number of tourist arrivals is expected to be negative. Where, number of tourist from Singapore and China are having negative relationship with crime but Thailand, India and Indonesia are having positive relationship with crime. More the crime less the number of tourist arrivals was the prime objective for this study. When, the results show more the crime more the number of tourist arrivals of Thailand, India and Indonesia is said to be bizarre and look more interesting for the study. The above statement supported by the studies of Biagi et al. The Effect of Tourism on Crime in Italy, where they found the results that tourism positively affects criminal activity; in the short run, a one-per-cent increase in arrivals leads to a 0. In the case of Thailand, we can conclude those Thailand tourists are the drug suppliers to Langkawi because more the tourist arrivals more the police drug cases have been recorded involving Thai people. Since our study revealed that drug, violent and property crime discourage tourist arrivals, there must be some short to medium term plans in place to reduce these figures. In conclusion crime does affect tourism negatively and can dent the image of a destination. It is vital that safety and security be tightened to ensure growth and sustainability of the tourism industry. All the interested stakeholders in tourism will hopefully join forces in combating crime within Langkawi Island. Finance, business, innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainability, environment, green business, environmental issues. Kothandapam, A. Ahmad Ed. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences pp. European Publisher. We use cookies or similar technologies to access personal data, including page visits and your IP address. We use this information about you, your devices and your online interactions with us to provide, analyse and improve our services. This may include personalising content or advertising for you. You have control over your personal data. For more detailed information about your personal data, please see our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. These cookies are essential in order to enable you to move around the site and use its features, such as accessing secure areas of the site. Without these cookies, services you have asked for cannot be provided. They remember that you have visited a site and quite often they will be linked to site functionality provided by the other organization. This may impact the content and messages you see on other websites you visit. Anbalagan Kothandapam ,. Ema Izati binti Zulkeplli. Abstract Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally, and it is a primary contributor to the economies of most countries. Keywords: Crime drug GDP international tourism Langkawi Introduction The international tourism market has been expanding significantly in the last 60 years. Threat to tourism A potentially important factor that could influence tourism demand is the safety of the destination. Crime against tourist in Langkawi According to the statistics of the Langkawi district police, there are five main types of crimes in Langkawi. Drugs in Langkawi Drug related crimes in Langkawi pose a major threat to the tourism industry. Figure 1: Drug-Related Cases in Langkawi Publication Date 06 October Publisher European Publisher. Volume Print ISBN optional -. Edition Number 1st Edition. Pages Subjects Finance, business, innovation, entrepreneurship, sustainability, environment, green business, environmental issues. Cite this article as: Kothandapam, A. We care about your privacy We use cookies or similar technologies to access personal data, including page visits and your IP address. Accept all Manage my preferences. Manage My Preferences You have control over your personal data. Strictly Necessary Cookies. Marketing Cookies. Accept all Accept selected.

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