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Background: Drug abuse is a major issue and one of the main causes of health, psychological, and social problems. Studies have shown the effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing psychological symptoms of addiction. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on depression, quality of life QoL , and anxiety among people with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group followed 10 sessions of narrative therapy, whereas the control group received routine psychiatric care. The data collection tools included a demographic data form, Beck depression inventory-II, QoL questionnaire, and Beck anxiety inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version These variables did not show a significant change in the control group. Conclusion: Group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction. However, their QoL was unaffected by the therapy. Studies have shown the effectiveness of narrative therapy in patients with substance abuse alcoholism. Group narrative therapy has shown to reduce depression in women and anxiety in students prior to an examination. While group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction, their quality of life was not improved. In parallel with other treatments, narrative therapy is recommended as a short-term, low-cost, and affordable method to treat depression and anxiety in patients with drug addictions. Drug abuse is a major issue in the twenty-first century and one of the main causes of health, psychological, and social problems. The growing trend of substance abuse, particularly among the youth is a major concern of families and society as a whole. The Iranian Drug Control Headquarter announced an estimation of about 1. According to the UNOCD, the use of amphetamine-type stimulants methamphetamine is the second most commonly abused substance after marijuana. During the comedown phase, as the effect of the drug wears off, feelings of depression, restlessness, and fatigue set in and the users feel the urge to take more of the substance to overcome these negative effects. Moreover, psychological symptoms include mood and anxiety disorders, confusion, insomnia, and aggressive behaviors. Considering such harmful consequences on both the individual and society, authorities are forced to take measures against drug addiction. Previous studies have shown that, compared to pharmacological intervention, replacement therapy naltrexone combined with psychological and social interventions cognitive-behavioral therapy is only effective when treating a case of substance abuse. However, additional treatments are required to provide a comprehensive set of clinical tools to effectively treat drug-dependent individuals. Narrative therapy, based on postmodern philosophy, has been recently proposed as a relatively new approach to lessen the impact of a problem on the individuals as well as their families. According to this theory, people tend to view life as a continuous and logical narrative in order to advance their future goals and expectations. Subsequently, they gain a new perspective, learn to identify the root cause of a problem, and adopt a new approach to resolve an issue. Based on the acquired new set of skills, beliefs, and values, they can re-write their life story and in turn, reduce the impact of a problematic event on their lives. Several studies, with encouraging results, have been conducted on narrative therapy. In some studies, the main phases of the therapy were externalizing the problem, evaluation by the therapist, re-writing the story, and solidifying the story. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of narrative therapy on variables associated with amphetamine addiction. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on depression, quality of life QoL , and anxiety among people with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. A randomized clinical trial was conducted during at Farabi Hospital and a few private addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah, Iran. Initially, a total of 60 methamphetamine-dependent patients were assessed for eligibility to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were low depression score between 14 and 19 , age years, high school education level as a minimum , and willingness to participate. The exclusion criteria were patients with physical health problems that could hinder the psychotherapy, suicidal tendency, and undergoing concurrent psychiatric treatment. Subsequently, 20 patients were excluded from the study. In accordance with a similar study 22 and based on the convenience sampling method, the sample size of 26 was determined. The allocation sequence was generated using a list of random numbers by an independent researcher. During the intervention, 14 individuals discontinued their participation or became unreachable. The intervention group followed 10 sessions of group narrative therapy table 1 , 13 whereas the control group received routine psychiatric care. However, in compliance with ethical requirements, the participants in the control group also received group narrative therapy upon completion of the study. Figure 1. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. Demographic characteristics included age, education level, employment, and marital status. The questionnaires were completed by all participants pre- and post-intervention. BDI-II is a item self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of depression in adults. BDI-II measures the physical, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms of depression. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3; corresponding to the severity of depression from mild to severe. The total score can range from 0 to SF is a item self-report questionnaire that measures both the physical and mental QoL. It includes eight dimensions, namely physical function, physical role functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health. Higher scores indicate higher QoL. The Persian version of SF was validated by Montazeri and colleagues using the known-groups technique as well as assessments of convergent validity. Based on the results of the known-groups technique, they showed that the Persian version of SF could distinguish demographic subgroups by age and sex. The range of variation in convergent validity coefficients was between 0. BAI is a item self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of anxiety in adolescents and adults. Each item of the questionnaire is scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3; corresponding to the severity of anxiety from mild to severe. They confirmed the validity of the questionnaire; correlation coefficient 0. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version Quantitative variables mean and standard deviation were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The demographic characteristics of the participants in both groups were similar table 2. As shown in table 3, the effect of group narrative therapy on the intervention group was notable. It indicated a notable effect of group narrative therapy in the intervention group. It indicated that the group narrative therapy had no effect on the intervention group and was similar to the QoL in the control group table 3. The results of the present study showed that group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction. These findings were confirmed by other similar studies. Narrative therapy enables such patients to re-discover their abilities and improves their sense of self-value and empowerment. As a result, such patients regain self-esteem and ability to deal with depression. It was found that group narrative therapy reduced the symptoms of anxiety in the intervention group compared to the control group. The findings of various similar studies confirmed our results. Talking about personal experiences and life events allows individuals to formulate a logical sequence, in the form of a timeline, and to review and process their memories, feelings, and thoughts. Consequently, they can rationally reconsider past experiences and present events, and re-define the future. The results showed that group narrative therapy did not improve the QoL of amphetamine addicts. A comparable study also reported no improvement on QoL among cancer patients. They concluded that long therapy sessions were more effective, however, it would not affect the QoL of terminally ill patients e. The main drawback of narrative therapy was the re-experiencing of past memories and emotions, which could cause unpleasant flashbacks and exacerbate the symptoms of an illness. As a result, patients can adjust their expectations and better adhere to the treatments. However, additional therapies should be sought to prevent the recurrence of substance abuse. The main limitations of the present study were associated with inhomogeneity and variation of confounding variables personality, physical, and psychological factors as well as the diversity of social, economic, and cultural variables. In addition, the findings of the present study could not be generalized due to the low sample size. Group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction. However, the QoL was unaffected by the therapy. Attention should be paid to their psychological trauma, but considering the risks associated with substance abuse and dependence, non-pharmacological methods are the preferred approach to treat such patients. In parallel with other treatments, narrative therapy is recommended as a short-term, low-cost, and affordable method to treat depression and anxiety in patients with addiction. It is recommended that future studies examine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on different populations, evaluate the long-term effect of the therapy, and address the limitations of the present study. Shakeri, J. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences , 45 2 , Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences , ; 45 2 : Guide for Authors. Submit Manuscript. Guide for Reviewers. Contact Us. Suggestion and Complain. Introduction Drug abuse is a major issue in the twenty-first century and one of the main causes of health, psychological, and social problems. Patients and Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted during at Farabi Hospital and a few private addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah, Iran. Volume 45, Issue 2 March Pages Profile on PlumX. Homework review; mind and body relaxation exercises; improve eye contact skills; a reminder to keep daily accounts of ABCs; homework assignment. Homework review; identification of the basic assumptions about addiction and group discussion; training on how to create a new internal voice related to the basic assumption; continue with mind, body relaxation, and other exercises e. Homework review, training on how to identify addiction and group discussion; teaching corrective thinking and adding D disputing and E effective philosophy to ABCs; homework assignment relaxation and other exercises, making a new diary with a fresh mind on ABCDE, and practicing self-reward. Homework review; training on how to change problematic behavioral patterns; practicing exposure and response prevention techniques; practicing elimination, obstruction, and procrastination of preoccupation with drug addiction linked depression through techniques such as procrastination, diaphragm respiration; homework assignment using the new behavioral techniques in different situations. Homework review; building a satisfying relationship with oneself e. Homework review; rewrite the life story from the present to the future and rename it; relaxation session; training on how to create a new story; homework assignment review of all sessions and indicating the best and worst elements. Homework review; group discussion about the achieved transformations due to sessions; secondary analysis of the self-assessment tests; identification of attitudes; training on assertive reaction strategies against those having a negative attitude toward drug addicts; homework assignment implementation of the acquired strategies in everyday life.

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences

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Buy marijuana Kermanshah