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CHUI VALLEY: THE SILK ROAD AND CANNABIS HEARTLAND OF KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN

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Chui Valley near Almaty and embracing Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is a France-size region that straddles the Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border and is famous for it cannabis products. The valley's black soil is very fertile and is largely irrigated with water diverted from the Chu River. The region's Agricultural production includes wheat, maize, sugar beets, potatoes, lucerne, and various vegetables and fruits. The heartland of cannabis in Kazakhstan is the Chui Valley; in season, locals descend on the plants at night to conduct clandestine harvests, as restrictive laws now prohibit its use While continuing to crack down on illegal trafficking, Kazakhstani authorities are beginning to consider legitimising the domestic cannabis industry to some extent; recently, a Kazakhstani MP, Dariga Nazarbayeva who is also the daughter of President Nursultan Nazarbayeva called for vast swathes of the Chui Valley to be leased to pharmaceutical companies for medical research and manufacture of drugs. It has an area of about 32, square kilometers 12, square miles , and borders Kyrgyz Alatau in the south, and Chu-Ili mountains in the north. The warm summer and availability of drinking and irrigation water makes this area one of the most fertile and most densely populated regions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Inhabitants of rural Kazakhstan have utilised hemp in traditional weaving and rope-making practices for centuries apparently exist, its use is ubiquitous and socially acceptable, and in areas close to the Chui Valley most people regularly or socially consume it There are even a handful of Kazakhstani rap groups who regularly make Chui Valley cannabis the focus of their lyrics. Almaty-based film director Jantik released a movie in called Shu-Chu, a story of four young friends who travel to the Chui Valley from Almaty and become involved in the cannabis industry. Although the film was not particularly well-received, it is an interesting depiction of the cannabis industry and the culture surrounding it. The Kazakhstani portion of the Chui Valley lies in Jambyl region, southeast Kazakhstan; the area is famed for the quality of its cannabis and hashish, which is seen as far superior to that produced elsewhere in the country. Now it is generally accepted that the wild-type found in Chui Valley is a hybrid between the typical Kazakhstani landrace and the introduced genetics from India and Pakistan. Although the Chui Valley may produce as much as 6, tons of cannabis per year, it is thought that on average only around tons are harvested. However, deliberate cultivation of cannabis is becoming increasingly attractive, as the number of unemployed continues to rise in the region. Outside the Chu Valley, it is estimated that around 30, hectares of cannabis are cultivated in Taldy-Korgan, as well as smaller quantities in the Almaty, Kyzl-Orda and South Kazakhstan regions. Individuals and groups come from a wide area, from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan as well as Kazakhstan, and use sickles and scythes to cut the plants at the stalk. Police presence is high in the Chui Valley at this time, as they prepare for Operation Kendir an annual drive to stamp down on cultivation and trafficking , which begins in June and lasts until October; as a result, the seasonal cannabis pickers utilise various strategies to avoid detection. The harvesters, who typically remain on-site for several days or even weeks at a time, will often construct makeshift shelters by digging holes in the ground and concealing them with foliage. Many of the people involved in cannabis harvesting are in extreme poverty — they may arrive independently, seeking to improve their fortunes, or they may be linked with criminal organisations, which require abundant low-cost labour each harvest season. The Chui Valley is not apparently controlled by any single organisation or mafia, and anyone is free to harvest; beyond problems with law enforcement, it does not appear that competition for its resources have led to violence among the various groups that harvest there. The resin is scraped off the fingers, pressed and moulded to form sticky, dense hashish, and packed into matchboxes to be sold. The hashish is renowned for its potency, and has occasionally been known to make it as far as Europe where it may be mislabelled as Pakistani-made , although the majority is destined for sale in Russia and the Central Asian region. It may be that this ritual does occur in areas of particularly abundant growth, but visitors to the Chui Valley have noted that much of the cannabis growth occurs in small patches rather than dense fields, and would yield a poor harvest through this method although the author also later points out that the crop that year was unusually sparse, perhaps as a result of heavy rains earlier in the season. It is thought that approximately 97 percent of all cannabis sold in Central Asia originates in Kazakhstan. Chuy Region or Chui Region is the northernmost region oblast in Kyrgyzstan. Covering 20, square kilometers 7, square miles , it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Issyk Kul Region to the east, Naryn Region and Jalal-Abad Region to the south and Talas Region to the west.. Its administrative center is Bishkek, but from to May it was Tokmok. Its population is , The main northwest part of the region is flat, a rarity in Kyrgyzstan. This is the Chui Valley — the valley of the Chu River. The Kyrgyz Alatau mountains form the southern border of the region, and the northern border of Talas Region. There are many hiking and trekking routes accessible from the towns in the valley. The southwestern heel of the region over the Kirgiz Alatau is geographically more like Naryn Region. The northeast panhandle is the Chong Kemin Valley. Agricultural production includes wheat, maize, sugar beets, potatoes, lucerne, and various vegetables and fruits. There is little industry in the region. During the Soviet period, various agro-processing and other industries were established throughout the province, giving rise to a number of urban centers such as Tokmok, Kant and Kara-Balta. The population is considerably more heterogeneous than that of the other regions of the country, with many ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, Dungans, Koreans, Germans, etc. According to the Census, the ethnic composition de jure population of Chuy Region was: Ethnic group, percentage of Chuy Region population 1 Kyrgyzs Kel-Tor Gorge 90 kilometers from Bishkek. At the end of the gorge, a small lake characterized by its turquoise color, is the main attraction. The gorge is rich in spruce forests, herbs sage, St. John's wort, thyme and varieties of berries mountain ash, honeysuckle, wild rose, barberry. Kegety Gorge 75 kilometers from of Bishkek is located on the northern slope of Kyrgyz Alatau, and has rich flora. Tall grasslands, barberry, rowan, wild rose, and fir forests largely contribute to the beauty of the gorge. The Kegety river, which flows through the gorge, has many tributaries. The largest of them is the the Kel-Tor river the right tributary which flows down through a smaller gorge with beautiful landscape. The main source of the Kel-Tor river flows through moraine passes under the ground and breaks out roaring at a certain point in a forested area. Natural and climatic features of the Kegety Gorge are favorable for hiking and trekking, as well as picnics. Chong-Kemin is an amazingly beautiful valley called between Kungey Alatau and Ile Alatau ranges that stretches more than kilometers from east to west. The river in the valley is also called Chong Kemin and it flows into the Chu river where the Boom Gorge starts. It is a well known destination among white water rafting and kayaking enthusiasts. The park is the habitat of animals such as alpine ibex, argalis, martens, ermines, rock partridges, snow leopards, deer, Turkestan lynxex, golden eagles, saker falcons, and bearded vultures. In the park, there is also the mausoleum of Shabdan Baatyr, a Kyrgyz historic figure who took active role in accession of Kyrgyz people to the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Boom Gorge kilometers from Bishkek and is a natural gateway connecting the Issyk-Kul basin with Chui valley. The length of the gorge is 22 kilometers. The sector of the Chu river in the Boom gorge has long been a very attractive destination for enthusiasts of rafting and kayaking. Peoples from India, Sogd, Syria, Persia, China and the northern steppes settled in the towns, each bringing with them their own religious and cultural traditions. Navikat, and the other towns of the Chui Valley, are mentioned in records left by the Chinese pilgrim Hsuan Tsang, who visited the area in around AD. Archaeological excavations carried out in the Chui Valley between and discovered towns and monumental constructions dating from the 5th to 12th centuries that reflected the cultural and artistic traditions of many countries and peoples, from Byzantium in the west to India in the south and China in the east. Archaeological excavations in and around the town have revealed a Zoroastrian fire altar and grave site in the western suburbs, Nestorian Christian votive stones in the citadel and two Buddhist temples south of the town walls. Blend of Turkic, Indian, Sogdian and Chinese cultures can be seen in the materials used in both the religious and civil buildings, constituting a fascinating expression of regional cultural dialogue. Among the early mediaeval Buddhist buildings that have been excavated in the Chui Valley, the second Buddhist temple of Navikat Krasnaya Rechka is the only one that has been well preserved. The statue was later delivered to the State Hermitage Museum in St. Its remnants are located south of the Chui river and south of present day city of Tokmak, 50 kilometers to the East of Bishkek. The city displayed 3 areas. The Shakhristan was nearly rectangular, surrounded by massive walls and measured 35 ha. The southwest corner was marked by the citadel. In the east was a suburb, the rabad area with less massive walls, covering 60ha. An even wider area to the south and the west was protected by a minor wall. To the north the city was bordered by a side branch of the Chui. City walls and buildings were earthen constructions. Kizlasov excavated several structures. Of these structures almost nothing is left above ground. Two of these excavated structures were Buddhist Temple 1 B1 , situated at m south-southwest of the citadel, and a second Buddhist temple m east of B1 and a castle. It is one of the most ancient Christian constructions in Central Asia. The archeological and architectural analysis allows proving that there was a considerable influence of the Asian style X-shaped plan, domed roof in its architecture, i. This complex is located in meters far from outer wall and consists of four? There are some utilities and living rooms in the North and West. Balasagun 12 kilometers southeast of Tokmok near the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border was an ancient city founded by Soghdians, a people of Iranian origin, in the early centuries A. D, and remained in their hands until the 11th century. It was then captured by the Mongols in The Mongols called it Gobalik 'pretty city'. Established in the 10th century on the site of an older settlement. Along with Kashgar, Balasagun was one of the capitals of the Eastern Khanate after the Karakhanid state split up. Under the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the 9th century, Balasagun soon supplanted Suyab as the main political and economical centre of the Chuy Valley but its prosperity declined after the Mongol conquest. The poet Yusuf Has Hajib, known for writing the Kutadgu Bilig, is thought to have been born in Balasagun in the 11th century. The city also had a sizable Nestorian Christian population. A Nestorian graveyard was still in use in the 14th century. Since the 14th century, Balasagun has been a village with a lot of ruins. The medieval town of Balasagun was the capital of the western wing of the Karakhanid Empire for a long time. It was a cultural, academic and spiritual centre in the enormous territory of the Eurasian continent. Balasagun was a significant economic, political and cultural medieval centre on the Great Silk Road. Archaeological excavations carried out here have lasted at least a decade. Much has been uncovered over this time: a palace complex with a square and eastern bath house, water-carrying and sewerage systems, residential and agricultural buildings and centres of craftsmanship, where ceramic crockery and tools have been discovered. A unique archaeological find of more than bronze coins was made here. The Burana archaeological zone is located at the edge of Tokmok, The western end of the ancient city is six kilometers from the present-day village of Balasagun. The zone includes the Burana Tower and a field of stone petroglyphs, the bal-bals. Parts of the archaeological zone extend into Kazakhstan in the Shuskii region of Zhambyl Province, three kilometers south-east of the village of Aktobe on both sides of the River Aksu. The archaeologists discovered that the town had a complicated layout covering some square kilometers. There were ruins of a central fortress, some handicraft shops, bazaars, four religious buildings, domestic dwellings, a bathhouse, a plot of arable land and a water main pipes delivering water from a nearby canyon. Two circles of walls surrounded the town. Although the Karakhanids, practiced Islam, they were tolerant of other religions and there are many examples of early Christian Nestorian inscriptions. Burana museum and Kyrgyz state historical museum has some Nestorian grave stones. Balasagun comprises two shakhristan settled areas 1 and 2 , a citadel and city outskirts. Shakhristan 1 is rectangular in form x meters and meters tall. The citadel is situated in the central area, is square in shape with sides of meters, and 10 meters tall. Shakhristan 2 is sized x m and is m tall. Four semicircular embankments are attached to the second embankment on the east and west sides. Shakhristan 1 is rectangular in form x m and m tall. The citadel is situated in the central area, is square in shape with sides of m, and 10m tall. Burana Tower in the Balasagun area, 10 kilometers south of Tokmok, 80 kilometers from Bishkek is an 11th century monument painstakingly restored by the Soviets. It looks like a squat minaret and sits next to an ancient Scythian archeological a mound which became part of an 11th century Songdian fortress. There is a mall a small museum, with artifacts excavated at the sites, and a cluster of balbals stone grave markers. The minaret was built in the first half of the 11th century. The mosque was built and later completely destroyed. The minaret was damaged by earthquakes over the centuries and partially ruined by an earthquake in the 15th century. Today, the tower stands at about 24 meters 79 feet. When it was first built it topped 46 meters feet. What you see today is mainly the result of a major renovation carried out in the s. A Kyrgyz legend on the origins of the tower goes: Once there was a powerful khan who had a beautiful daughter, Monara, whom he loved very much and wanted to protect against the affections of local djigits — young men. One day the khan summoned all the fortune tellers and clairvoyants in the region and demanded that they tell the girl's future. All of them foretold a happy life for the girl — except one. This aksakal declared, 'I can only say the truth even though you may execute me for it. Your daughter's fate is a sad one. She hardly reaches her sixteenth birthday when a poisonous black spider bites her and she dies immediately. So he built a tall tower and the fortune teller was incarcerated in a small room at the bottom and his daughter was placed in isolation in another room at the top of the tower. The girl grew up in the tower, looking out over the valley through the four windows in the cupola which looked out to the compass points — North, South, East and West. Servants brought her food and drink, delivering it in a basket after by climbing a ladder placed against the outside of the tower. They were inspected from head to toe to make sure that their clothes, the food, nor the plates, hid a spider. On the day of her sixteenth birthday, the khan was so happy that the old man's prediction had proved false. He decided to congratulate the girl on her 'special day' and went to her room carrying a bunch of vines. Congratulating her with a kiss, he presented her with the fruit, which she accepted and then, inexplicably, collapsed and died. Dumbfounded the Khan inspected his gift The khan was grief stricken and sobbed so loudly that the tower shook and the top part fell down, creating the ruin that we see today. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails. Balasagun Archaeological Area in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan The Burana archaeological zone is located at the edge of Tokmok, The western end of the ancient city is six kilometers from the present-day village of Balasagun. Burana Tower Burana Tower in the Balasagun area, 10 kilometers south of Tokmok, 80 kilometers from Bishkek is an 11th century monument painstakingly restored by the Soviets. Updated in August

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