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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. T2DM is known to cause disturbances in glucose homeostasis and negative changes in the heart muscle, while aging and diabetes are recognized risk factors for CVD. Given this, our study aims to investigate a method for controlling and managing CVDs induced by T2DM in elderly populations. The histological findings from our study demonstrated that T2DM had a significant impact on the development of pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in the heart tissue of elderly individuals. Results from Sudan Black staining indicated that there was an increase in lipid droplet accumulation in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei in the HA and AD groups, while the accumulation of lipid droplets decreased significantly in the AHT and ADT groups. Overall, our findings suggest that HIIT may be a suitable non-pharmacological approach for improving histological and physiological changes in elderly individuals with T2DM. However, we recommend further research to examine the impact of HIIT training on both healthy and diseased elderly populations. This condition arises due to faulty insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and impaired responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin 1. T2DM is a global chronic disease burden in aging societies 2. Although type 2 diabetes can be diagnosed in early stages, its complications, particularly cardiovascular issues, tend to be more prevalent during middle age 2. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that diabetes is increasingly becoming a leading cause of mortality 1 , 3. The prevalence of T2DM is increasing day by day due to the mechanization of living standards, decreased PE, and unhealthy diets. In , million adults worldwide, which accounts for 9. Understanding some of the cellular mechanisms underlying this disorder can be helpful in developing appropriate treatment strategies. Current research has focused on understanding how T2DM contributes to CVD and mortality, with cardiac fibrosis emerging as a key factor 5. Rami et al. MF occurs when there is an excessive and disproportionate increase in collagen concentration in the extracellular matrix of the myocardium 5 , 7 , which impairs impulse propagation and can lead to arrhythmic events and conduction abnormalities 5 , 7. In addition to cardiac fibrosis, another notable change observed in T2DM is cardiac apoptosis, which is the result of cardiomyocyte apoptosis leading to cell loss, reducing the contractile function of the heart and ultimately promoting cardiac regeneration 8. Studies have shown that apoptosis damages the heart during T2DM through multiple upstream signaling pathways 6 , 8. Hypertrophic changes in the heart of patients with T2DM can lead to pathological enlargement, CAD, systole and diastole dysfunction, and cardiac arrhythmia 6 , 9 , IGF-1 is a polypeptide growth factor with a structure comparable to insulin that plays a critical role in maintaining cardiac physiology homeostasis However, the exact relationship between IGF-1 and CVD remains highly controversial due to limited and conflicting findings. Individuals with higher-than-median insulin levels and high levels of free IGF-1 have a higher chance of developing T2DM, while those below the median have a lower risk Activation of the IGF-1 receptor initiates a cascade of reactions with tyrosine kinase-mediated phosphorylation of the IRS-1, an adapter protein that provides a binding site for PI-3 kinase, which activates Akt 11 , The importance of medication in the treatment and management of T2DM cannot be overlooked. However, due to the potential side effects and high costs of drug therapy 15 , PE has gained significant recognition as a free and effective treatment option for this disease They emphasize the importance of PE due to its effects on cellular and molecular mechanisms The researchers concluded in their findings that sustainable exercise interventions among elderly individuals can effectively lower blood glucose levels, enhance cardiovascular function, and ultimately contribute to increased life expectancy among elderly individuals with diabetes Among the various PE strategies available, HIIT has recently gained special attention due to its high intensity and significant histological, pathological, and physiological effects 6. In a study similar to the present study, Rami et al. These findings were confirmed by a study conducted by Chavanelle et al. As this effect manifests within a short duration, some studies have suggested the application of h HIIT for other age groups, including elderly individuals with T2DM 22 , In addition, the increasing prevalence of T2DM and its link to CVD underscores the need to comprehend the cellular mechanisms at play in this condition. Concurrently, examining the histological, pathological, and physiological changes in T2DM patients with CVD can help us fathom the altered mechanisms of this disease and pave the way for potential treatment solutions. Given the fact that HIIT yields positive results within a short duration, this study in line aligns with previous research conducted on young individuals with T2DM 6 , The findings of this study will serve as a guiding light for future research, enabling researchers to develop sustainable exercise protocols for this population. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT on histological changes and protein content related to hypertrophy and apoptosis of heart tissue in aged rats with T2DM. All procedures of the present study were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Eighth Edition Thirty-two male Wistar rats weighing between and g and with an approximate age of 20 to 22 months and eight rats in the control group were 10 weeks old and weighed about to g were obtained from the Animal Care Center of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and used in this research. The rats had free access to food and water dedicated for laboratory animals. Schematic design of different stages of diabetes induction, HIIT protocol, heart tissue extraction and histological and molecular evaluations. To induce diabetes, we followed the protocol provided by Zhang et al. After four weeks, we measured the blood glucose levels using a glucometer Roche Diagnostics K. Rats in the non-diabetic groups were injected with an equivalent volume of sodium citrate buffer 0. Prior to initiating the primary training protocol, the rats underwent an incremental test to determine their maximum speed, which was performed after the familiarization period The test concluded when the rat reached the point of exhaustion, defined as hitting the end of the treadmill three times in less than one minute To adhere to the principle of progressive overload, a maximum running speed test was performed at the onset of each week. After determining the maximum speed, the primary training protocol was initiated. At the conclusion of the eighth week and 48 h following the last training session, the rats were anesthetized through intraperitoneal injection using a combination of 80 mg ketamine and 10 mg xylazine. In order to measure proteins, a lysis buffer was prepared. The amount of protein in the tissue homogenate was determined using the Bradford method, whose analysis method is provided in Supplementary Material 2. Following electrophoresis, blotting, blocking, incubation, and emergence were carried out, with the buffers and solutions, transfer steps blotting , method, and blocking action by blocking buffer blocking all being detailed in Supplementary Material 2. In order to observe the ladder bands and validate the accuracy of the western blot protocol setup, the sections corresponding to the ladder were cropped onto nitrocellulose paper prior to incubating the primary and secondary antibodies. After several runs, high-quality figure were selected and low-quality figure were removed. Black Sudan histochemical staining was used to observe lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes 6 , Changes in glucose and weight at various stages of exercise were investigated using a mixed ANOVA test composite variance analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software version In this present study, we have conducted an investigation into the histopathological and histomorphometric alterations in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats subsequent to HIIT. To assess the impact of HIIT on the heart, we subjected the myocardial tissue of non-diabetic and diabetic mature rats to histological examination using a light microscope. Figure 2 illustrates the alterations in mean body weight and blood glucose levels among various groups. The findings of the mixed ANOVA test revealed that the body weight of rats in the diabetic groups exhibited a significant increase from the initiation of the high-fat diet until the stage preceding STZ injection. Changes in weight in different groups and in different stages of the exercise protocol. Asterisk Significant difference in the weight of HAC group in compare to other groups in the all stage of protocol. Changes in blood glucose levels in different groups and in different stages of the exercise protocol. Hash significant difference in blood glucose levels of AD with ADT d and other groups in week 8 phase. The AD group, on the other hand, revealed damaged and anomalous myofibrils, indistinct nuclei, augmented collagen connective tissue, and bleeding in both longitudinal and transverse sections Fig. The results of the study also indicated the disturbance of cardiomyocytes and a substantial increase in the interstitial space in the HA groups. Conversely, in the heart tissue of AHT rats and ADT rats, the damage to the myofibrils of the heart tissue decreased, the cell nuclei became more distinct, the bleeding in the interstitial tissue decreased, and the amount of connective tissue Collagen decreased. The area of cardiomyocytes in each image was measured using Image J software, and the averages were presented as a fold of control for further analysis. Histomorphometri results of the average cross-sectional area of myocardial cells has been shown in Fig. A longitudinal section and B transverse section. C Diagram of the average cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes of heart tissue. To evaluate changes in cardiac tissue caused by aging, we examined the cross-sectional area of the heart and interstitial fibrosis. Furthermore, the results indicated that the accumulation of collagen and interstitial fibrosis in the heart tissue of rats in the AHT group was lower than that of the AD group Fig. B The graph of fibrosis changes in the heart tissue of elderly rats, which was done as a percentage of the positive area of fibrosis in the entire cross-sectional area, using Image J software. Sudan Black histochemical staining was used to investigate lipid accumulations in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Lipid accumulations were identified by the presence of black seeds in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes and their nuclei in the HAC group and the AHT group displayed normal structure and did not show any reaction to Sudan Black staining in longitudinal and transverse sections Fig. However, in the HAC and ADT groups, there was an increase in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei in longitudinal and transverse sections Fig. Moreover, Sudan Black staining in the longitudinal section of cardiac tissue revealed a significant increase in collagen fibers, fibrous scaffolds, and the infiltration of mononuclear cells infiltration of inflammatory cells in the HAC and AD groups. The amount of accumulation of lipid droplets in the heart tissue in different groups. A Longitudinal section and B Transverse section. In the healthy aging training group and the diabetes training group, the reduction of the reaction to Sudan Black staining is significant due to the decrease in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. In Fig. C , changes in the accumulation of collagen fibers and fibrous scaffolds can be seen in different groups. The Fig. Evaluation of protein content using western blot analysis. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT on histological changes and protein content related to hypertrophy and apoptosis of heart tissue in aged rats with T2DM. These results are consistent with previous studies by Rami et al. Regarding histological changes, the study found that cross-sectional area enlargement of cardiomyocytes occurred in the hearts of old rats, indicating pathological hypertrophy, which HIIT managed to control by reduction of pathological hypertrophy and increase of physiological hypertrophy in the aging diabetes training group. This outcome aligns with Rami et al. Moreover, the heart of old rats showed a significant increase in interstitial fibrosis, which HIIT successfully lowered by reducing collagen accumulation and interstitial fibrosis in the heart tissue of the ADT group. The study also revealed that elderly diabetic rats had fat accumulation in cardiomyocytes, which HIIT significantly reduced in the cardiomyocytes of the ADT group. The diabetic heart relies heavily on fatty acids as an energy source instead of glucose, leading to increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Impaired fatty acid oxidation due to mitochondrial dysfunction can result in the accumulation of fat droplets and lipotoxicity in the myocardium PE plays a crucial role in improving insulin sensitivity by upregulating PKC expression , increasing GLUT-4 expression, enhancing glucose uptake, and reducing oxidative stress 33 , These effects enable cardiomyocytes to eliminate accumulated fats more efficiently. Moreover, high-intensity interval training has the potential to promote autophagy Although further research is needed, a specific form of selective autophagy called lipophagy which is reduced in T2DM may be one of the potential mechanisms involved in removing fat droplets in cardiomyocytes In the first part, the current study examined changes related to weight and blood glucose. The findings revealed that T2DM can lead to weight loss, which is consistent with previous studies conducted by Ruissen et al. Further, the study established that diabetes can cause a significant increase in blood glucose, which is in line with the studies conducted by Rami et al. In this context, Rami et al. Therefore, it can be inferred that HIIT can be a promising strategy to mitigate blood glucose levels in elderly individuals with diabetes. The incorporation of HIIT into routine physical activity regimens can be a pragmatic approach to managing diabetes-related weight gain and blood glucose levels in the elderly population. In the second part of the present study, the histological changes of the heart tissue in AD rats were examined. The results indicated an increase in the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes in the heart tissue of AD rats. This finding suggests that diabetes can be a significant contributing factor to pathological hypertrophy of the heart. This increase is one of the primary disorders related to cardiovascular diseases, which can lead to death in old age Additionally, these changes in the heart can cause high blood pressure diseases. Regarding studies related to HIIT and changes in cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats, we recent findings have demonstrated that HIIT can significantly reduce the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes in the heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes 6. In a study conducted by Novoa et al. However, intense training was found to reduce this hypertrophy in cardiac cells. The study also revealed that T2DM rats exhibited an increase in cardiomyocytes compared to the control group, but this value decreased in diabetic rats that underwent intense PE. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes in the hearts of T2DM rats increased in comparison to the control group, but decreased in animals that underwent physical training A study by Cassidy et al. After 12 weeks of HIIT, patients showed an increase in left ventricular wall mass and end-diastolic blood volume In , Guqiang et al. The researchers concluded that 8 weeks of HIIT could induce a transition from pathological hypertrophy to physiological hypertrophy. Verboun et al. Overall, the results of the present study, in conjunction with previous research, indicate that HIIT can effectively control and reduce pathological hypertrophy caused by diabetes. Additionally, in healthy mice, these exercises can promote physiological hypertrophy These results align with the findings of other studies Therefore, incorporating HIIT into routine PE regimens may be a promising approach to mitigating pathological hypertrophy of the heart tissue in elderly individuals with TDM2. Such an approach may also help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with diabetes-related changes in the heart. Aligned with the investigation of histological alterations, the current study unveiled a noteworthy augmentation in interstitial fibrosis within the heart of elderly rats. It has been suggested that cardiac fibrosis associated with diabetes may be the primary cause of mortality due to its ability to induce heart failure and increase the incidence of arrhythmic events Additionally, the cellular and molecular alterations associated with cardiac fibrosis suggest that it contributes to diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis, and that neural and inflammatory pathways may activate diabetic fibroblasts Regarding the assessment of the impact of HIIT, the results of the present study have demonstrated that HIIT could potentially lead to a reduction in cardiac fibrosis in the aging diabetes training group. These findings are in line with the results of previous research conducted by Rami et al. Furthermore, Rami et al. In the histological analysis, the current study has demonstrated an elevation in the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes within the elderly diabetic group. Furthermore, it has been revealed that cardiac tissue fat in diabetic rats can be a primary contributing factor to the increase in cardiovascular diseases 52 , The findings of the present study are consistent with the results of Noyes et al. In regards to the exercise intervention, the outcomes of the current research indicate that HIIT may lead to a reduction in lipid droplets within the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and decrease the infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the content of IGF-1, PI3K, and AKT proteins in the elderly diabetic group in comparison to the healthy control group. Additionally, it has been established that IGF-1 plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of cardiac physiology, and negative alterations in IGF-1 levels can lead to cardiac complications such as atherosclerosis, inflammation, vasodilation, cardiac apoptosis, and autophagy 11 , 12 , Moreover, hyperglycemia directly inhibits the production of IGF-1 58 , and chronic hyperglycemia can suppress the secretion of growth hormone GH , which in turn reduces IGF-1 production since GH stimulates its synthesis Additionally, in diabetic rats, high-intensity interval training has been found to enhance diabetic cardiomyopathy through the miRmediated suppression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. MiR-1 acts as a negative regulator of IGF-1, meaning it suppresses its production. Both conventional and HIIT protocols significantly decreased miR-1 expression in the left ventricular tissue of diabetic rats. Furthermore, the HIIT protocol exhibited a greater reduction in miR-1 compared to the conventional protocol. The authors proposed that this decrease in miR-1 levels contributed to increased IGF-1 levels and improved cardiac function These receptor activations are crucial for promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration One of the strengths of the present study lies in its examination of both histological and molecular changes, providing detailed insights into the alterations following the implementation of HIIT. Additionally, the investigation of signaling pathways and the use of various color markers were other strengths of this study that substantiated the efficacy of HIIT. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of our study. One such limitation is the non-utilization of other laboratory methods like immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay, as well as cardiac function tests like ECG to investigate the process of apoptosis and other tissue changes and cardiac dysfunction. These tests were not conducted due to the unavailability of laboratory facilities. In future research, it is recommended that researchers carefully examine the changes in the heart tissue of diabetic samples using these methods, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of HIIT on cardiac function and tissue changes in elderly individuals with T2DM. Ultimately, the findings of the present study suggest that HIIT can be a viable approach for enhancing both histological and physiological changes in elderly individuals with T2DM. Although HIIT has been employed in medical rehabilitation, the suitable PE protocol for the prevention of cardiac events remains under debate. The varied strategies employed in prior studies also make cross-comparative analysis challenging. Moreover, the outcomes of our investigation represent only a fraction of the cellular, molecular, and histological interactions present within the heart tissue of T2DM rats. This study does not provide conclusive, robust, and comprehensive findings on PE-induced events and their effects on diabetic samples. Nevertheless, it is clear that further research is required to investigate the impact of intense PE on both healthy and sick samples. By identifying other factors involved in cardiomyocyte homeostasis, researchers can develop a sustainable, non-pharmacological approach to aid patients with diabetes and other diseases. To validate this finding, a systematic study and meta-analysis were conducted, revealing that HIIT is a safe protocol for elderly individuals with T2DM As a result, HIIT can be considered suitable due to their inherent nature of producing positive physiological effects within a short period of time. However, it is recommended that further research be conducted in future studies to corroborate these findings. Lim, L. Cardiorenal diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Clinical trials and real-world practice. Sinclair, A. Diabetes and global ageing among 65—year-old adults: Findings from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Bellary, S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: Clinical considerations and management. Su, J. Qiao, S. Cell Death Dis. Rami, M. Highlighting the novel effects of high-intensity interval training on some histopathological and molecular indices in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats. Article Google Scholar. Salvador, D. Diabetes and myocardial fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc. Bitirim, C. Cardioprotective effect of extracellular vesicles derived from ticagrelor-pretreated cardiomyocyte on hyperglycemic cardiomyocytes through alleviation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Verma, N. Nakamura, M. Mechanisms of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Macvanin, M. New insights on the cardiovascular effects of IGF Lausanne 14 , Huang, X. Rajpathak, S. Insulin-like growth factor axis and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes 61 9 , — Ghafouri-Fard, S. Ren, C. Research progress of natural medicine Astragalus mongholicus Bunge in treatment of myocardial fibrosis. Thompson, W. Exercise is medicine. Yao, T. Exercise-induced microbial changes in preventing type 2 diabetes. China Life Sci. Nanayakkara, N. Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia 64 2 , — Liu, Y. Vibration exercise decreases insulin resistance and modulates the insulin signaling pathway in a type 2 diabetic rat model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Dohlmann, T. High-intensity interval training changes mitochondrial respiratory capacity differently in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Serrablo-Torrejon, I. High intensity interval training exercise-induced physiological changes and their potential influence on metabolic syndrome clinical biomarkers: A meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. High-intensity interval training improves insulin sensitivity in older individuals. Acta Physiol. Poblete Aro, C. Effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on the reduction of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic adult patients: CAT. Medwave 15 07 , e Zhang, M. The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose Streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Liu, Z. Antidiabetic effects of malonyl ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on type 2 diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and Streptozotocin. Antidiabetic effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. PLoS One 13 6 , e Li, F. Beneficial alterations in body composition, physical performance, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and adipocytokines induced by long-term high-intensity interval training in an aged rat model. Theory and practice of histological techniques Cassidy, S. Unsupervised high-intensity interval training improves glycaemic control but not cardiovascular autonomic function in type 2 diabetes patients: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Vasc. Adams, O. The impact of brief high-intensity exercise on blood glucose levels. Diabetes Metab. Targets Ther. S Tong, M. Mitophagy is essential for maintaining cardiac function during high fat diet-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. Zheng, J. Physical exercise and its protective effects on diabetic cardiomyopathy: What is the evidence?. Lausanne 9 , Seo, D. Exercise as a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy: Insight into the underlying mechanisms. Bo, B. The molecular mechanisms associated with aerobic exercise-induced cardiac regeneration. Biomolecules 11 1 , 19 Jia, D. Wang, S. Exercise enhances cardiac function by improving mitochondrial dysfunction and maintaining energy homoeostasis in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sadeghi, S. The high-intensity interval training HIIT and curcumin supplementation can positively regulate the autophagy pathway in myocardial cells of STZ-induced diabetic rats. BMC Res. Notes 16 1 , 21 Shin, D. Lipophagy: Molecular mechanisms and implications in metabolic disorders. Cells 43 8 , — Ruissen, M. Increased stress, weight gain and less exercise in relation to glycemic control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the COVID pandemic. Care 9 1 , e Lewandowska, M. Pre-pregnancy obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. Ferreira, J. Benefit of insufficient gestational weight gain in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A multicenter study in Portugal. Gabbay, M. Time in range: A new parameter to evaluate blood glucose control in patients with diabetes. Bergenstal, R. Randomized comparison of self-monitored blood glucose BGM versus continuous glucose monitoring CGM data to optimize glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Complicat. Ripsin, C. Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Google Scholar. Novoa, U. High-intensity exercise reduces cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy but does not restore the nitroso-redox imbalance in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Lu, Z. A mixed comparisons of different intensities and types of physical exercise in patients with diseases related to oxidative stress: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Boudina, S. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects. Yuan, G. High-intensity interval training for treating pathological cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Effects and mechanisms. Tissue Eng. High intensity intermittent exercise improves cardiac structure and function and reduces liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 59 , 56—66 Russo, I. Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: Cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Noyes, A. Cardiac adipose tissue and its relationship to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. World J. Diabetes 5 6 , — Salvatore, T. Dysregulated epicardial adipose tissue as a risk factor and potential therapeutic target of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in diabetes. Biomolecules 12 2 , Konwerski, M. Role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiovascular diseases: A review. Biology 11 3 , Ding, Z. The potential role of C-reactive protein in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and aging. Biomedicines 11 10 , Paahoo, A. Reljic, D. HIIT the inflammation: Comparative effects of low-volume interval training and resistance exercises on inflammatory indices in obese metabolic syndrome patients undergoing caloric restriction. Nutrients 14 10 , Clemmons, D. Metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I in normal physiology and diabetes. North Am. Kim, S. Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in human. Delfan, M. High intensity interval training improves diabetic cardiomyopathy via miR-1 dependent suppression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic rats. HIIT is most effective than mict on glycemic control of older people with glucose metabolism impairments: A systematic review and metanalysis. Care Diabetes. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Correspondence to Mohammad Rami or D. Maryama Awang Daud. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Highlighting the effects of high-intensity interval training on the changes associated with hypertrophy, apoptosis, and histological proteins of the heart of old rats with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 14 , Download citation. Received : 14 November Accepted : 14 March Published : 26 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Ageing Endocrine system and metabolic diseases. Abstract T2DM is known to cause disturbances in glucose homeostasis and negative changes in the heart muscle, while aging and diabetes are recognized risk factors for CVD. ATP releasing channels and the ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training on diabetic heart: a multifaceted analysis Article Open access 26 March Exercise reduces hyperlipidemia-induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via its effects against inflammation and oxidative stress Article Open access 05 June Rhodiola pre-conditioning reduces exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury of insulin resistant mice Article Open access 23 November Material and methods Animals All procedures of the present study were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Eighth Edition Full size image. Results In this present study, we have conducted an investigation into the histopathological and histomorphometric alterations in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats subsequent to HIIT. Changes in average weight and blood glucose Figure 2 illustrates the alterations in mean body weight and blood glucose levels among various groups. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Examination of cardiac tissue fibrosis To evaluate changes in cardiac tissue caused by aging, we examined the cross-sectional area of the heart and interstitial fibrosis. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Discussion The current study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT on histological changes and protein content related to hypertrophy and apoptosis of heart tissue in aged rats with T2DM. Conclusion Ultimately, the findings of the present study suggest that HIIT can be a viable approach for enhancing both histological and physiological changes in elderly individuals with T2DM. References Lim, L. Article Google Scholar Salvador, D. Animal tissue techniques. Article Google Scholar Tong, M. Article Google Scholar Gabbay, M. Article Google Scholar Bergenstal, R. Google Scholar Novoa, U. Article Google Scholar Lu, Z. Google Scholar Cassidy, S. Article Google Scholar Download references. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information. Supplementary Information 1. Supplementary Information 2. Supplementary Information 3. About this article. Cite this article Rami, M. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing.

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