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STATS-1 the time series of image chips lower panel and the time profile for an area around the specified point or the NDVI histograms for the selected polygons upper panel. NDVI histograms for two dates inside the selected period are displayed. The time profile is extracted as the mean of a square window centered on the selected point. In the time profile, you can select a profile point to highlight the related image chip. In the histogram, you have to select two image chips to visualize the corresponding graphs. In both cases, pass over the points with the cursor to visualize the exact value. In the lower panel the temporal sequence of image chips i. All scenes of the selected period and satellite are included. The image bands vary in response to the satellite selected. When a point is selected, the ground size of the image chips is m for Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1, m for Landsat 8. When polygons are selected, the image chips include the squared bounding box of all polygons polygons boundaries are drawn on top of the chips. In this panel you can decide which of the HR layers that corresponds to the selected criteria is visualized: target period or comparison period for NDVI, also the difference between the two. If the radio button is not active, it means that the selected parameters do not generate any image. You can also display land cover layers crop,rangeland,water on top of the HR image. You can select other standard background maps to help locate the objects recognized on the HR images. Use the opacity bars to improve the visualization of the different layers. Visit the Copernicus website. Please note that this web tool is optimized for Chrome and Firefox latest versions. Some functionalities might not work with other browsers. Click the information button next to each section of the interface to get more information. You can select a maximum compositing period of 3 months. The default period is the last month. The maximum length allowed is 3 months. A longer period increases the chances of having cloudless images but makes the time reference less precise. In the case of periods across two years, the reference year is that of the end date. Depending on the length of the time series of each specific sensor, not all years may be available. The default setting is the previous year. Cloud filtering. Get map layers. Time Period. If the time range is large, it might take several seconds to retrieve and display the requested information. Default period is the last year. That's all! Land cover.

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A vivid memory from my Palouse Country boyhood is watching Dad cut tall grasses and weeds around our farmyard with an exceedingly old scythe. Early cradle scythes appeared in the thirteenth century and are depicted in paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Elder c. These featured a small half-circle loop attached to the base of the handle that caught the entire mowed gavel that was dropped at the end of each stroke for gathering into piles. A customary fieldworker echelon of four reapers followed by a binder could then harvest about five to six acres per day. The improved cradle scythe featuring a long scythe blade connected to four to six long wooden ribs that could hold several swaths eventually appeared in nineteenth century America. Its more substantial cuttings were then dropped in the stubble to be bundled and placed into rows of shocks. Using the more modern method, a single cradler-bundler pair could cover about the same area as the medieval five-member team. Although few references to gleaning are found in early medieval farm records or literature, the practice was known to parishioners through sermons and readings from biblical texts like Ruth. Agrarian by-laws after the thirteenth century that regulated peasant manorial obligations provide scant evidence that gleaning in the traditional sense was widely practiced. Virtually all able-bodied villagers worked in harvest and received a share of the crop for meagre although sufficient sustenance, and hordes of migratory workers seasonally roamed throughout Europe to meet area labor shortages during the critical weeks of summer. Until the advent of mechanical reapers and threshers in the nineteenth century, the cutting and binding of sheaves could not be done without some loss of the stalks, and more grain fell by the wayside when the sheaves were set into shocks to facilitate drying and gathering onto wagons. Although barley and oats lacked the level of gluten that made wheat the preferred grain for baking, they still offered the poor important sources of nutrition as flatbreads, soups, and other foods. Since landlords sought to turn out their livestock to forage on harvested stubble fields cleared of shocks, gleaners generally had only a week or two to complete their labor. Landowners zealously guarded the harvest from sheaf-stealers, not an uncommon crime at the time, which led to by-laws specifying limits and qualifications for gleaning in the traditional sense. Well into the present era throughout much of Europe, great bands of contract laborers, including both men and women, were led by the overseer who organized teams of workers as if a military operation. The men were followed by gavellers, often wives of the mowers or younger women, who raked the stalks into rows gavels for tying into substantial sheaves, or which were left unbound in rows to be thrown with wooden forks by pitchers into horse-drawn wagons. This blog post is part of a series that I Richard am writing about grain and agricultural themes in classic art. The research I am sharing here will contribute to a new book that will soon be published under the title Hallowed Harvests. You can read other posts in this series here. During the summer of , a team of Italian archaeologists excavating near Tripoli near the ancient seaside village of Buc Ammera uncovered the substantial 19 x 13 feet and well preserved mosaic floor of a Roman villa. Libyan coloni are shown beating pairs of horses and oxen to lead them around a wide pile of grain stalks. A large tree heavy with ripened olives shades an aristocratically clad woman who appears to supervise the operation as it takes place below a substantial Roman country villa. Zliten Allegorical Summer Mosaic c. Bartoccini, Guida del Museo di Tripoli The era would witness displacement by the end of the first millennium AD of older unbalanced sickle forms long used as far away as Scandinavia and central Russia. He also notes the existence of a remarkable harvesting device he termed a vallus that he had seen in use during his time of Roman military service in Gaul. The result is that the ears are torn off and fall within the frame. Archaeological evidence shows the advent of the scythe in Western Europe as early as the second century, though typically in the context of mowing hay. The earliest known picture of a scythe in a written work is from the Calendar of Salzburg c. Archaeological remains of the heavy iron blades in the Rhine Valley, however, date to the late Roman period. But dispersion outward of technological advancements is evident in the appearance of an array of distinct sickle and scythe designs adapted to local conditions in places surrounding the Reims-Trier corridor to Germany, France, the Low Countries, and in southern Britain. Porte de Mars Mars Gate , Reims c. European farmers developed a remarkable array of blade sizes and edges smooth or serrated , curvature angles, and handle lengths associated with prevailing smithing conventions and local crop conditions. In areas susceptible to lodging, for example, where stalks fell over from wind and rain, farmers could salvage more flattened grain with sickles, weedy crops were also often cut with sickles to avoid gathering unwanted plants, and sickles preserved taller straw if needed for thatching. Great areas could be harvested with scythes, however, and important considerations in places with shorter growing seasons, and lighter grasses were more efficiently mowed with a scythe for hay. No clear linear progression of sickle and scythe development is indicated in the archaeological or artistic record since a range of styles emerged over time based on local conditions and cultural exchange. But Danish scholar Axel Steensberg , eminent historian of ancient and medieval harvesting implements, found physical evidence of general trends originating with the diffusion of at least three basic Middle East Late Bronze Age tool designs c. Many farmers of late Roman and early medieval times planted single grain crops in two-year rotations winter- and spring-sown along with soil-enriching legumes like peas, beans, and peas that improved soil fertility and also provided cheap sources of protein. Farmers periodically rested, or fallowed, lands to conserve moisture, and these were kept as weed-free as possible by livestock, and periodic tilling. These latter grains could be used for food and fodder and while scything risked some loss from the shattering of stalks, use this larger tool made harvesting faster and easier. The Roman god Saturn was sometimes depicted with scythe or sickle because of his associations with agriculture, generation, and renewal, and was celebrated from December 17 to 23 in the major Roman festival Saturnalia preceding the winter solstice. An experienced adult harvester could reap about one-half acre, or slightly less, with a sickle in a backbreaking twelve- to fourteen-hour day. This grueling regime was carried out for weeks in the scorching heat and the method remained basically unchanged until the advent of the long-handled scythe in Western Europe during the late Roman era. But the broader blade of the scythe and greater resistance from cutting wider swaths meant scything was generally, but not exclusively, the work of able-bodied adult males. Reaping up to one and one-half acres per day was considered average under favorable circumstances. But use of the more violently swung scythe resulted in the loss of up to ten percent of the precious grain as ripe, brittle stalks are subject to shattering. For these reasons, use of sickles by both men and women for harvesting high value grains like wheat and rye was widespread throughout the world until the twentieth century. The vital, labor intensive harvesting operations in ancient times required overwhelming participation by the masses. Worker numbers are difficult to determine with precision, but historians estimate that up to one-half of the population engaged directly in the seasonal processes of reaping, binding, and carting, with perhaps forty percent more involved for longer periods in the tertiary operations of threshing, winnowing, and storage. Indeed, provisioning the populace was the preeminent task of any people and a chief preoccupation of their leaders in Egypt, Greece, Rome, and beyond. Cereal grains contributed significantly to the ancient Roman diet which was generally high in plant protein and carbohydrates. The cultural significance of barley and wheat is evident in numerous copper, silver, and gold coins from the ancient world that depict these grains. The Italian farro grains emmer and spelt were staples of the legionnaires who made nutritious soups from the cracked kernels and likely spread it and other Roman varieties throughout the empire. Roman legionaries were routinely outfitted with sickles in order to procure their livelihood throughout the far flung empire, and probably used them more often that their weapons. The Georgics is no pastoral lauding the life of contemplation. A rural idyll similarly expresses such experience through a short story or poem. Virgil, however, seeks through his own deep acquaintance with the countryside, crops, and convulsions of Roman Republic politics to relate the heroic virtues of diligence and frugality against the vagaries of private life and public affairs. The Georgics further represents an earnest call of both homecoming and longing in spite of ruthless forces conspired against such return and oblivious to the primacy of land care. Each functions as an essential component in an integrated, holistic approach to soil fertility and production involving cereals, fruits, and livestock. Only zealous attention to details like soil condition, preparation of the threshing floor, and regular tasks like hoeing offer some prospect of a prosperous household and foundation for civil society. The emblems of Virgilian verse—plow and wain and harvest, wonderfully relate agrarian experience as a restorative moral obligation. Sign In My Account. Contact Us. Palouse Heritage Grains. What Are Heritage Grains? Why Are Heritage Grains Better? Nutrition and Flavor. Elwha River. Turkey Red. White Sonora. The Palouse Heritage Blog. Once had thy desire, Pay workman his hire: Let none be beguil'd, Man, woman, nor child. Thank God ye shall, And adieu for all. North African Threshers and Gallic-Roman Reapers During the summer of , a team of Italian archaeologists excavating near Tripoli near the ancient seaside village of Buc Ammera uncovered the substantial 19 x 13 feet and well preserved mosaic floor of a Roman villa. And drags, and harrows with the crushing weight; Then the cheap wicker-ware of Celusius old…. Many a time, When the farmer to his yellow fields The reaping-hind came bringing, even in act To lop the brittle barley stems, have I Seen the all the windy legions clash in war….

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