Buy ganja Stara Zagora

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy ganja Stara Zagora

The accumulation of hazardous contaminants in Cannabis sativa L. Thus, there is an urge to investigate the levels of hazardous contaminants, such as heavy metals, in cannabis plant. In the present study, 29 macro and trace elements, including both beneficial and toxic elements heavy metals and metalloids , were investigated in 90 samples of Cannabis sativa L. The detected levels of the most toxic elements were below the prescribed limits established by the WHO, while the calculated THQ and CR values showed no risk non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic for the population exposed to the current cannabis samples. Positive correlation between the concentration of elements and cannabis geographical origin and variety was observed. Cannabis sativa L. Apart from its long-term use for the treatment of pain, spasms, asthma, insomnia, depression, and loss of appetite, nowadays, Cannabis sativa L. In addition, there is substantial evidence that cannabinoids are also effective in movement disorders and neuropathic pain Grotenhermen and Muller-Vahl, Besides its medicinal use, Cannabis sativa L. Meanwhile, the increasing demand and use of its medicinal and food products has led to the harvest of mainly leaves and seeds in approximately 30 countries. As cannabis can accumulate both natural and anthropogenic contaminants of high concern during its growth, it is considered a potential source of risk for human health Fu et al. In particular, in cannabis, trace and macro elements can build up, including also toxic ones, mainly via the soil and water in which it grows, or through the deposition of fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides that are commonly applied to crops and contain such elements Galic et al. The variety of the plant, harvesting time, geographical origin, topography, and duration of the exposure to the contaminants are factors playing an essential role in the accumulation of elements in the cannabis plant Arpadjan et al. The high applicability of Cannabis sativa L. Although the specific samples were intended for industrial purpose, their mineral composition can be used as a surrogate to potentially reflect the respective content of cannabis intended for human consumption. It is noteworthy that the main difference between hemp and other cannabis focuses on the differentiation of THC and CBD levels. Consequently, the human health risk assessment of the most toxic elements is attempted and presented. In the same context, the variety of the plants is also investigated as another potential factor influencing the accumulation of elements in cannabis. For the analysis of all the cannabis samples and the detection of trace and macro elements in them, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS is used. Overall, the current study was conducted in an effort to fill knowledge and literature gaps of the particular scientific field being explored. What is more? To our knowledge, this is the first study presenting information on several trace and macro elements in such a large number of cannabis samples cultivated in Greece, by using an ICP-MS. Sampling was carried out during a 2-year period, that is, — Ninety samples of 9 different varieties of cannabis plants cultivated in 13 regions in Greece were collected by several producers and delivered to the Benaki Phytopathological Institute Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1. Upon arrival of the samples at the lab, 5 or more individual branches collected from each crop were pooled and further treated for their analysis. Map indicating the locations where the samples of Cannabis sativa L. Sydney, Canada. Finally, ultrapure Milli-Q water was also used for the dilution of all the aforementioned solutions, when needed. The seeds of 21 samples were further separated and subjected to the same treatment as leaves. In particular, 0. The duration of the digestion process for each sample was 40 min, with a ramp time of 25 min. The digestion solution was quantitatively transferred to a clean container, and ultrapure water was added until a final volume of ml was reached. Analysis was performed by applying collision cell mode kinetic energy discrimination KED , using He collision gas flow: approximately 4. The preferred isotopes and the corresponding internal standard for each isotope used are presented in Supplementary Table S2. Then, a performance test in KED mode was performed using the same tune solution. When it was necessary, autotune and calibration mass tests were also performed, in order for the equipment to be optimized. To this end, the analysis of the samples was further conducted with high sensitivity, stability of signal, and low levels of doubly charged ions and cluster ions. Calibration curves covering concentrations from 0. The coefficient of determination r 2 was greater than 0. Gold Au was added in all the calibration standards for the stabilization of mercury, while internal standards 6 Li, Sc, Ge, Y, In, Tb, and Ir were added at a constant rate and concentration to all unknown samples and calibration standards. The limit of detection LOD was the concentration value corresponding to three times the standard deviation obtained from the consecutive measurements of 10 reagent blanks, while the limit of quantification LOQ was equal to ten times the standard deviation of the latter. Verification of LOQ values was also made by the analysis of 12 replicates of spiked aqueous solutions. Bread and cabbage were chosen as reference materials due to their similarity to the matrix of cannabis plant. For further verification of the accuracy of the method, the certified reference materials and two samples were analyzed by two different laboratories, both applying microwave digestion and ICP-MS for the analysis of the samples. No significant differences were observed between the obtained results of the two labs. In addition, two QC standard solutions of macro and trace elements, respectively, were measured in every sequence. For the avoidance of spectral interferences, one additional isotope was measured when possible, while reagent blanks were prepared under the same conditions as the samples and measured in every batch. The Shapiro—Wilk test was performed in order to investigate the normality of variance between the element concentration and the sampling location, and between the former and the variety of cannabis samples. The nonparametric Kruskal—Wallis test was also applied in order to examine statistically significant differences between the concentration of each individual element and the sampling locations or the variety of the samples. Possible correlation of each element concentration between the leaves and the seeds of the same cannabis plants was also investigated by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient test. Hence, in the presented work, calculations for risk assessment were regarded only by this pathway. In the current study, the estimated daily intake EDI of the most toxic elements was calculated for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, based on the following equation Eq. The target hazard quotient THQ was further estimated, for the investigation of the potential non-carcinogenic risk of cannabis samples. The calculation of THQ was based on the following equation Eq. Cumulative health risk was assessed by calculating the hazard index HI. Consequently, two endpoints were considered: the EDI of each toxic element and the oral cancer potency or slope factor CPF o. To determine the EDI for carcinogenic risk, the same equation was used Eq. CPF o represents a metric of cancer risk, defined as the justifiable upper-bound estimate of the probability that an individual will develop cancer if exposed to a chemical for a lifetime of 70 years Farris and Ray, In this regard, the cancer risk CR was assessed using the following equations Eqs. In the current study, 29 elements were quantified in 90 samples of Cannabis sativa L. The distribution of the detected concentrations of the analyzed elements and the skewness are shown through displaying the data quartile and averages Figures 2 , 3 , while the concentrations of individual elements for each of the cannabis sample are illustrated in Supplementary Table S3. More specifically, macro elements are nutritionally important minerals and contribute to the normal growth and function of the human body. In the current study, Ca was the most predominant element in terms of detected concentration. The next element with the highest concentrations observed was K. According to the current findings, Fe, Mn, and Zn had the highest concentrations among the trace elements quantified. In cannabis samples, Zn concentration ranged between Ni is recognized as an essential nutrient for the proper growth of plants. However, depending on the way of its assumption into the organism of humans, and to the amount, duration of contact, and route of exposure, Ni can also be responsible for several adverse effects, such as asthma, dermatitis, gastrointestinal manifestations, cardiovascular diseases, lung fibrosis, respiratory track cancer, and nasal cancer Genchi et al. Considering that Cu is strongly bioaccumulated in nature, the likelihood of exposure to copper is heightened. Thus, the WHO recommends the control of copper levels in plants, like herbal ones, that are likely to persist Cu World Health Organization, Similar to Cu and Ni, Cr can be both essential and toxic. The toxicity of Cr depends on the oxidation state of the metal. In particular, Cr VI has been associated with increased incidents of lung cancer, DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and alterations in the epigenomic instability Zhitkovich, , while Cr III is an essential nutrient, playing an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Even though the use of large doses of Cr III supplements contributes to the improvement of glucose metabolism, there is a growing concern over the possible genotoxicity of these compounds Stearns, Cetain heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cd and metalloids As are also bioaccumulated in nature and food commodities, provoking toxic effects even at low concentrations and regardless of their oxidation state. Indicatively, mean concentrations of Hg in several fish species from United States, Canada varied from 0. Biomonitoring studies showed for Hg a cord blood concentration of 0. In the same context, for Cd, the highest measured urine concentrations mean levels did not surpass 0. Human exposure to Cd mainly occurs due to the consumption of contaminated food, inhalation of tobacco smoke, and inhalation by workers in a range of industries Rahimzadeh et al. In particular, Cd predominantly accumulates in the kidney and liver, exerting toxic effects on these organs. Cd can cause oxidative stress Cuypers et al. Regarding Pb, it has been blamed for a wide range of biological effects, including hematological, neurological, behavioral, renal, cardiovascular, and reproductive system effects Flora et al. Depending on the level and duration of exposure, symptoms can vary, while children are more vulnerable to the effects of Pb than adults. The inhalation of Hg vapor can cause harmful effects in the nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and digestive and immune system, or even ends up to become fatal. Neurological and behavioral disorders, motor dysfunction, memory loss, and headaches have been already observed after the inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to Hg World Health Organization, Moreover, long-term exposure, of minimum five years, to As usually leads to skin lesions and cancer, while cancer in the bladder and lungs is also possible. Other adverse effects that maybe related to the long-term ingestion of As include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, developmental effects, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and infant mortality. On the other hand, the immediate symptoms of acute As poisoning, that is, the exposure to As occurring over a short period of time often less than a day , include vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, followed by numbness of the extremities and muscle cramping, and maybe death World Health Organization, Considering that toxic metals are abundant on nature, they are likely to be present in many foods, and thus the ensurance of the safety of herbal products is of major importance. To this end, the WHO has already established guidelines in order to assess the quality of herbal medicines and products and prescribed maximum concentration limits for the toxic elements As, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg World Health Organization, Recommendation levels for Cu and Ni in raw herbal materials are not established yet, and thus these elements are not included in Table 1. TABLE 1. Concentration ranges of the most toxic elements compared with the maximum limits set by the WHO. By comparing the obtained levels of key toxic elements with the limits prescribed for raw herbal materials intended for herbal medicines use by the WHO, it was found that none of them exceeded the prescribed limits Table 1. In particular, the concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cd, and As were found to be lower than the standards in all the samples, except for one sample where Cd concentration was 1. The obtained levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, and As are not believed to comprise a risk for human health, based on the mentioned established limits. To this end, further investigation on the quality assurance of cannabis plants before their use in medicinal and edible products is strongly recommended, in order for humans to avoid chronic exposure to toxic elements, such as Cr. The current results are in agreement with a previous study investigating heavy metals in medicinal plants, including Cannabis sativa L. In the same context, other studies focusing on metals in Cannabis sativa L. On the other hand, in another study, quantifying toxic elements in medicinal food homologous plants, the detected levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the fruit of Cannabis sativa L. Similarly, in a previous study examining the levels of macro and microelements in various herbs, Cd detected concentration was close to the current findings Moghaddam et al. Regarding the rest of the common elements analyzed in the two aforementioned studies, their concentration was in most of the cases lower than that in the present study. Thus, the collection and analysis of more cannabis samples would be necessary in order to reach a more solid conclusion. Despite the difference in levels, the pattern of the elements was found to be similar among all the cannabis samples, with Ca and Fe being the most predominant elements in macro and trace elements, respectively. The contribution of each macro and trace element to the total concentration of elements was calculated based on the average concentration of each element and is presented in the following figures Figure 4. More specifically, Ca and K were found to contribute more than the other macro elements to the total concentration of the latter in all the cannabis samples. The concentration of macro and trace elements accumulated by cannabis varies, depending on several factors, such as the type and the variety of the plant, the geographical origin soil where the plant grew, the application of pesticides and fertilizers, the drying methods of the hemp, and the storage conditions Galic et al. In order to investigate a possible correlation between the detected concentration of elements in each sample and the geographical origin of the samples, cannabis plants were grouped based on the location in which they grew, regardless of their variety. To this end, the nonparametric Kruskal—Wallis test was further applied. For the rest of the elements, the p value was higher than 0. More specifically, the locations among which a statistically significant difference for the aforementioned elements was observed are illustrated in the Supplementary data Supplementary Figure S1. The current findings were in agreement with a previous study, showing that the sampling site influences the accumulation of most of the analyzed metals in Cannabis sativa L. Zerihum et al. This could be attributed to the different soil composition of each area, and also to the pesticides or fertilizers used for the cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. Similar to geographical origin, the variety of cannabis was found to influence the accumulation of certain elements in the plant. Normal Q—Q plots and Shapiro—Wilk test were applied for the evaluation of the normality among the different cannabis varieties. More specifically, the varieties among which there was a statistically significant difference are presented in Supplementary Figure S2 , for each individual element. The current findings are in accordance with a previous study, presenting differentiation of heavy metals concentration among different medicinal plants, including Cannabis sativa L. Kumar et al. The current results were in consistency with a previous study reporting that the levels of As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Hg in leaves exceeded those of cannabis seeds Eboh and Thomas, For the investigation of a possible correlation of the concentration of each element between leaves and seeds, Pearson correlation tests were applied. At this point, it is worth mentioning that among the most toxic elements, As and Cd were the only ones presenting significant correlation between leaves and seeds. To our knowledge, there is limited information available on the consumption of edible cannabis products. Most of the studies reporting an intake rate of cannabis are mainly focused on the dosage of medical cannabis. Based on these studies, the daily food consumption rate of smoked or orally ingested cannabis for medical purposes was approximately 0. To investigate the estimated daily intake EDI at the worst-case scenario, an assumption was made, and the maximum reported amount of cannabis 3 g was used. Based on Eq. Based on the previous calculations, the target hazard quotient THQ was next estimated Eq. According to the results, all the THQ values were far below 1. Consequently, the HI values, as a metric of the quantified risk, were also below 1, indicating that there is no significant risk of non-carcinogenic effects for the population exposed to the current cannabis samples, and thus to their products Supplementary Table S5. Similar to this outcome, a previous study displayed that the intake of various plants and spices could not cause significant health hazard to adults Moghaddam et al. Similar conclusion was derived after summing all individual CR values. To our knowledge, the current study is the first study presenting insights to the occurrence of macro and trace elements in a substantial number of Cannabis sativa L. Even though the detected concentrations of elements varied among the samples, the levels of the most toxic heavy metals and metalloids were below the maximum limits established by the WHO in all of the analyzed samples, indicating that no human health risk can be provoked at the first tier due to the consumption of medicines and edible products based on the current cannabis samples. Since cannabis is consumed raw and its products appear on the market for human consumption either as medicine or as food products, it is important to understand what is the resulting exposure to elements due to the consumption of these products, and the subsequent human health risk. According to the results, there is no risk non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic for the population exposed to the current cannabis samples, and consequently to their products. In addition, the present study showed positive correlation between elements detected concentration and cannabis geographical origin and variety. However, more research is needed to further deepen the knowledge on elements accumulation in cannabis plants, and as a consequence to their entrance into the food chain and then to the human organism. EZ: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—original draft preparation. KK: formal analysis and writing—reviewing and editing. PN: methodology and resources. KM: supervision. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We gratefully acknowledge all the producers who helped us to carry out this study by providing cannabis samples from their private cannabis fields in Greece. Arpadjan, S. Arsenic, cadmium and lead in medicinal herbs and their fractionation. Food Chem. Atapattu, S. Pesticide analysis in cannabis products. A , Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Google Scholar. Medical marijuana registry statistics. Craven, C. Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities. Cuypers, A. Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals 23, — Doabi, S. Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil, atmospheric dust, and major food crops in Kermanshah province, Iran. Eboh, L. Analysis of heavy metal content in cannabis leaf and seed cultivated in southern part of Nigeria. Edwards, J. Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J. Scientific opinion on arsenic in food. Scientific opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. Farris, F. Flora, G. Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Fu, L. Galic, M. Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation potential of hemp Cannabis sativa L. Gallagher, C. Blood and urine cadmium, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Perspect. Genchi, G. Nickel: human health and environmental toxicology. Public Health 17, — Government of Canada Access to cannabis for medical purposes regulations — daily amount fact sheet dosage. Grotenhermen, F. The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids. Guo, B. Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in a soil-rice system: a case study in the Jin-Qu Basin of China. IARC IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to human. Kumar, N. Profiling of heavy metal and pesticide residues in medicinal plants. Moghaddam, M. Macro and microelement content and health risk assessment of heavy metals in various herbs in Iran. Nagajyoti, P. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Copper in drinking water. Olowoyo, J. Uptake and translocation of heavy metals by medicinal plants growing around a waste dump site in Pretoria, South Africa. Patra, R. Oxidative stress in lead and cadmium toxicity and its amelioration. Prashanth, L. A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease. NTR Univ. Health Sci. Rahimzadeh, M. Cadmium toxicity and treatment: an update. Rice, K. Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. Public Health 47, 74— Russo, E. Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine. Salentijn, E. New developments in fiber hemp Cannabis sativa L. Crops Prod. Stearns, D. Is chromium a trace essential metal? Biofactors 11, — US EPA Verma, P. Modeling cadmium accumulation in radish, carrot, spinach and cabbage. Wang, B. Cadmium and its epigenetic effects. Ware, M. Safety issues concerning the medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids. Pain Res. World Health Organization Lead poisoning and health. Mercury and health. WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. Zerihum, A. Levels of selected metals in leaves of Cannabis sativa L. SpringerPlus 4, Zhitkovich, A. Keywords: Cannabis sativa L. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Introduction Cannabis sativa L. Materials and Methods Sample Collection Sampling was carried out during a 2-year period, that is, —

Buy ganja Stara Zagora

Lardi-Trans is an international logistics platform for freight shipping by road from Stara Zagora to Ganja. We have been successfully working and developing for more than 20 years to provide our customers with the best service. Lardi-Trans operates in 86 countries, providing opportunities for effective cargo transportation business to shippers and carriers. You can easily find a carrier for cargo transportation Stara Zagora to Ganja. Every day, big companies and individuals place thousands of offers on the platform. Take advantage of our service and register on our website today to benefit from fast and secure cargo delivery to any destination worldwide. If you're looking for reliable carriers for your shipments from Stara Zagora to Ganjaor need to find available transportation, Lardi-Trans provides a convenient tool to simplify your search. Register on the website to access the platform's full functionality. By using filters on the website, you can select transport based on the type, volume, and weight of the cargo. Lardi-Trans collaborates with carriers from different countries around the world who offer their services in the field of logistics. By placing a request on the website, you can quickly find suitable transport to deliver your cargo from Stara Zagora to Ganja. Lardi-Trans is a simple and convenient way to organize your transportation. Register on the website and enjoy the full range of features and services! Lardi-Trans offers a unique opportunity to find freight transport traveling from Stara Zagora to Ganja, which can transport your cargo. If you have a small shipment that doesn't require a full load, co-loading can be a great way to save on shipping costs. By finding a carrier who has available space on their vehicle while traveling from Stara Zagora to Ganja, you can potentially share the transportation costs with another shipment going the same way. All participants of the shipment can take advantage of co-loading as it may take additional time to transport cargo from Stara Zagora to Ganja. As a result, co-loading allows for significant cost savings on transportation and makes the process more economical and efficient. For carriers For shippers For forwarders Insurance. Service packages Advertising Payment methods. Freight transportation Stara Zagora - Ganja Lardi-Trans is an international logistics platform for freight shipping by road from Stara Zagora to Ganja. Shipping Stara Zagora - Ganja 0. Shipping in all directions. Popular directions Find freight. Find a truck for freight transportation from Stara Zagora to Ganja If you're looking for reliable carriers for your shipments from Stara Zagora to Ganjaor need to find available transportation, Lardi-Trans provides a convenient tool to simplify your search. Co-loading along the route Stara Zagora - Ganja Lardi-Trans offers a unique opportunity to find freight transport traveling from Stara Zagora to Ganja, which can transport your cargo.

Buy ganja Stara Zagora