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Int J Cancer Manag. One of the most common malignancies in the world is breast cancer. Although the prognosis for breast cancer has been progressed in recent years, drug resistance is still a problem 1 - 4. In the s, taxanes became widely applied in breast cancer treatment; however, recurrence and metastasis still happened due to the cancer resistance of taxanes 5. Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis 3 , 6. Microtubule associated proteins MAPs introduced as endogenous regulators for microtubule stability, promotion or inhibition microtubule polymerization and subsequently cell cycle progression or mitotic arrest 5 - MAP-tau is expressed in normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer, and its gene is located in the long arm of chromosome This protein is the best microtubule stabilizing protein that functions to bundle, space, and assemble microtubules. Tau can bind to the inner and outer side of microtubules, and compete with taxane for binding to the same site at the inner side of the microtubules which may lead to a taxane-resistant phenotype. Loss of tau expression may lead to microtubule susceptibility to paclitaxel-induced damage 5 - 7 , 9 , In the gene expression assay of human breast cancer, tau can serve as a new biomarker for predicting sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents 5. Modulation of response to taxanes by reduction of Tau expression remains a very interesting phenomenon Stathmin also called Op18 and p19 is a cytosolic phosphor-protein which phosphorylate in response to various extracellular signals such as cell division and differentiation. Stathmin can induce the depolymerization of microtubules in vitro and in vivo, due to its phosphorylation-state. Proper assembly of the mitotic spindle requires desphosphorylation and inactivation of stathmin before cell entry into mitosis. Because of the ability of stathmin to remodel microtubule, stathmin has an important role in tumor cell migration and invasion. In breast cancer cell lines, stathmin overexpression leads to reduced sensitivity to taxane due to delayed entry into mitosis 12 - Microtubule associated proteins MAPs may be related to varying therapeutic response rates in breast cancer patients and resistance to taxanes. Cannabinoids are a group of carbon-containing terpenophenolic compounds produced by Cannabis species. Cannabis sativa may cause antitumor effects by various mechanisms, including inhibition of cell growth and tumor angiogenesis invasion, induction of cell death, and metastasis 15 - There are two receptors associated to Cannabinoids CB1 and CB2 which may be potential targets in breast cancer 19 , Studies have shown that the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are overexpressed in primary human breast tumors compared with normal breast tissue and cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in vivo 1 , 4. Sativa , had antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects. Activity THC at the membrane level, leading to disruption of membranes structure which affect the selective permeability of the plasma membrane, decrease the expression of cell-surface receptors and cell-cell communication. THC may affect the actual transport of neurotransmitters subsequently reducing tau protein and microtubule assembly The aim of this study is to explore the action of C. Cannabis dry flowers and leaves were extracted at room temperature with CO 2. Obtained extracts were evaporated to create a dry brownish solid. HPLC chromatogram and composition of the main cannabinoids are reported. Three passages were performed before evaluating cytotoxicity effects. All the cell culture materials were purchased from Gibco, USA. The cells were treated with different concentrations of C. All samples were performed in Triplicate. Tau and stathmin relative gene expressions were evaluated at different concentrations of C. It allows for the direct detection of PCR product during the log phase revealed by the incorporation of a fluorogenic molecule in double-stranded DNA. The results are the mean of three triplicate experiments. Although breast cancer is considered one of the most chemo-sensitive tumors, mortality still remains very high because of refractory to cytotoxic drugs such as taxanes used in breast cancer treatment 1 - 4. MAP-tau, endogenous regulators for stability, promotion or inhibition polymerization of microtubule, expressed in normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer. Tau and taxanes compete for the same binding site in tubulin at the inner side of the microtubules which may lead to a taxane-resistant phenotype. Loss of tau expression may lead to microtubule susceptibility to paclitaxel-induced damage. The microtentacles then improve the ability of the cells to attach to the walls of capillaries in the lung 5 , 7 - 10 , It has been proposed that among primary breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with taxanes, patients negative for tau expression were more likely to achieve paclitaxel treatment. Stathmin, as a crucial cytosolic phosphoprotein, controls cellular division and proliferation by regulating the running of the microtubules. Cannabinoids the active components of C. Due to the fact that cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are overexpressed in primary human breast tumors compared to normal breast tissues, agonists of cannabinoid receptors are offered as a novel strategy to treat cancer 1 , 4. Evidence suggests that cannabinoid agonists might directly inhibit tumour growth in vitro and in vivo depending on the tumour type. The proposed mechanisms are different and may involve induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, anti-proliferative action through the suppression of mitogenic signals, and anti-metastatic effect. Cannabinoid agonists have selective effects on tumour cells, comparing to normal cells 4 , We evaluated the effects of C. AM, used as cannabinoid receptor selective antagonist, reversed the effects of extract on gene expression. Further clinical studies are needed to prove its properties. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. AbuHammad S, Zihlif M. Gene expression alterations in doxorubicin resistant MCF7 breast cancer cell line. J Clin Med. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications. Tau expression correlated with breast cancer sensitivity to taxanes-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumour Biol. Tau proteins expressions in advanced breast cancer and its significance in taxane-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Med Oncol. Lew GM. Tau protein after deltatetrahydrocannabinol in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Gen Pharmacol. Metastasis-associated microtentacles are induced in detached and circulating breast tumor cells by expression of the microtubule-binding protein, Tau. Cancer Res. Evaluation of prognostic and predictive value of microtubule associated protein tau in two independent cohorts. Breast Cancer Res. A meta-analysis of gene expression-based biomarkers predicting outcome after tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Microtubule-associated protein tau: a marker of paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer. The stathmin phosphoprotein family: intracellular localization and effects on the microtubule network. J Cell Sci. Overexpression of stathmin 1 is a poor prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer. Lab Invest. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Russo EB. Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. Routledge; Guzman M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. Mol Cancer. Fogli S, Breschi MC. The molecular bases of cannabinoid action in cancer. Cancer Ther. Use of cannabinoid receptor agonists in cancer therapy as palliative and curative agents. Metastatic breast tumors express increased tau, which promotes microtentacle formation and the reattachment of detached breast tumor cells. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. International Journal of Cancer Management: Vol. Abstract Background: Previous studies suggested that Cannabis sativa has anti-cancer properties influencing tumor size and metastasis properties. Microtubule associated proteins MAPs such as tau binds to the microtubules and leads to cancer metastasis. Stathmin is a cytosolic phosphor-protein which can induce the depolymerization of microtubules in cancer cell lines, stathmin and tau over expressions, and leads to reduced sensitivity to taxane. It seems that C. Sativa can impress microtubule-associated proteins existing in breast cancer stem cells. Objectives: The effects of the extract of Cannabis Sativa on stathmin and tau relative gene expression were studied. Methods: Tau and stathmin relative gene expressions were evaluated at different concentrations of C. Sativa extract final concentrations 0. In order to understand the mechanism, AM Cannabinoid receptor 1 was administrated with extract too. Conclusions: C. Background One of the most common malignancies in the world is breast cancer. Methods 2. Plant Material and Extraction Cannabis dry flowers and leaves were extracted at room temperature with CO 2. Results Tau and stathmin relative gene expressions were evaluated at different concentrations of C. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

Evidence for an increase in cannabis use in Iran – A systematic review and trend analysis

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Buy ganja Isfahan