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Cannabis policy and legislation in the Nordic countries. A report on the control of cannabis use and possession in the Nordic legal systems. Published by Nordic Welfare Centre, Iceland Magazine , August C onsumption of cannabis is not criminalised. Possession of small amounts of cannabis is prohibited under the Addictive Drugs and Narcotics Act Law no. More severe acts such as import, export, sale, purchase, exchange, delivery, reception, production, and preparation are prohibited according to article 2 of the law and result in a prison sentence. Recent years have seen a slight change in the public debate: changes to the existing local drug legislation have been proposed to the parliament such as decriminalisation and legalisation of cannabis for personal use. The proposals have found no support in the parliament but have led to an increased debate on the issue. Medical cannabis Medical cannabis is strictly regulated in Iceland, much like in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. There are a few exceptions for medical purposes, including the product Sativex, which is available on prescription Directorate of Health, Drug offences. Registered drug offences have been on the increase in Iceland, with registered offences in compared to in The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Most of the violations concern possession for personal use. Information on individual substances cannot be detracted from the data, which means that the share of cannabis cases is unknown. The focus has been on reducing consumption rather than on harm-reduction efforts, which have taken time to be introduced ibid. There was a downward trend in registered drug offences from to , but the numbers then rose again and reached a peak in The decreasing trend in the mids may be attributed to a change in police enforcement: the focus shifted from possession and consumption to trafficking cases, local production, and seizures of illicit substances United States Department of State, To combat drug violations, the police have access to different coercive methods, including searches of private homes, wiretapping, and random stop-and-search Gunnlaugsson, b. In the s, 29 warrants were issued during a threeyear period for wiretapping 42 telephone numbers, all for drug violations. Cannabis market in Iceland. In — the numbers increased: over kg of cannabis, kg of amphetamines, and 30 kg of cocaine were seized. Two police reports argue that the domestic production of cannabis is growing and that the cannabis market is close to self-sufficient The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, and This claim is confirmed by Helgi Gunnlaugsson, professor of sociology at the University of Iceland. The production increases in the countryside outside the capital in an organised fashion with facilities that are more spread out and with fewer large factories The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, and According to the reports, domestic growing increased after the banking crisis in Olafsdottir notes that the crisis indeed had an effect on other home-grown products such as vegetables, arguing that this also likely affected the domestic production of illicit substances. The number of cannabis confiscations also increased between and ibid. The police attribute the increased supply of cannabis to rising cannabis consumption in the general population in recent years The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, and The cannabis sale market is varied and closed social media groups function as a space for distribution. Penalty levels. Possession of cannabis for personal use is a crime that is handled and decided by the police commissioner in a summary procedure in accordance with Article Act no. A summary procedure presumes that the fine not exceed , ISK. The penalty is a fine issued on a progressive scale. There is a basic fee for possession, and extra fees are added for every gram or part of gram. The state attorney guidelines for fining cases stipulates that the police must investigate whether the possession is for personal use or for sale no matter the amount, because a sale always leads to prosecution in court ibid. There are explicit limits for amounts that can be considered for sale, but doubtful cases should be thoroughly investigated. The Supreme Court ruled in that the growth and production of marihuana plants including possession of marihuana and money laundering had a penalty value of 18 months in prison subsumed under the Addictive Drugs and Narcotics Act. The accused person admitted to about , EUR in profits. A lower court had previously sentenced the accused to three years in prison, but this was overruled in the Supreme Court partly due to the length of the judicial process H. Gunnlaugsson, personal communication, Penal sanctions system. The rising drug problem has consequences for the prison system Gunnlaugsson, b. In cannabis violations, fines for possession for personal use dominate the system but imprisonment is not uncommon for distribution, import, or production. Possession for personal use of cannabis results in most cases in a summary procedure, which means that conditions of treatment never apply. In the recent decades, new forms of alternative sanctions have been introduced in the justice system. Community service is not a penal sanction. Instead the Prison and Probations Administration decides whether to use community service, as is done with conditional release. The possibility for alcohol and drug treatment during imprisonment or at the end of a prison sentence was introduced in in Iceland Bragadottir, According to the story the reason is that attitudes to cannabis smoking in Iceland are very liberal and its use tolerated by the authorities. The Daily Mail story was based on maps comparing the rates of drug and alcohol use in the US and Europe created by Recovery Brands, which operate substance abuse treatment centres in the US. The maps were created using statistics from the United Nations. The story claims that between and out of every 1, adults in Iceland smoke weed. The Daily Mail story was wrong on all counts. While cannabis use has increased in Iceland in recent years, partially thanks to growing domestic production, Iceland is not among the countries with the highest cannabis use. The UN figures were based on a misunderstanding. According to that survey which had a response rate of Of those who said they had at some time tried cannabis It is this figure the UN, and the Daily Mail are using when they concluded that Icelanders set the world record in weed smoking. The correct figure would be 6. This figure puts Iceland in the 29th place in cannabis consumption internationally. Iceland - Opioids. Denmark - Opioids. Norway - Opioids. Sweden - Opioids. Finland - Opioids. Estonia - Political situation. Estonia - Pricing. Estonia - Marketing and advertising. Estonia - Availability. Estonia - Alcohol-related harm. Estonia - Alcohol and cancer. Estonia - Opioids. Comparability problem. Sources for this chapter: 1. Cannabis policy and legislation in the Nordic countries A report on the control of cannabis use and possession in the Nordic legal systems Published by Nordic Welfare Centre, 2. Do Icelanders really smoke more cannabis than anyone else?