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Sugar-sweetened beverage intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Metabolic syndrome MetS as a cluster of conditions including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity is linked to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Evidence suggested that intake of curcumin and coenzyme Q10 may have therapeutic effects in the management of MetS. Curcumin improved dyslipidemia, but had no effect on body composition, hypertension and glycemic control. Furthermore, coenzyme Q10 as well as the combination of curcumin and coenzyme Q10 showed no therapeutic effects in subjects with MetS. Metabolic syndrome MetS is a cluster of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity \[ 1 , 2 \]. The worldwide prevalence of MetS is increasing dramatically, and has become a major public health concern \[ 1 , 6 \]. A combination of genetic, metabolism and environmental factors is involved in the etiology of MetS \[ 2 , 9 \]. Insulin resistance and obesity play an important role in the pathogenesis of MetS \[ 2 , 10 \]. In addition to pharmacological management, lifestyle changes such as adherence to healthy dietary patterns, weight loss and physical activity are the important strategies in the management of MetS \[ 11 , 12 \]. Curcumin is a phytochemical and an active compound of turmeric Curcuma longa L. Evidence has shown some beneficial effects of curcumin on obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glycemic control \[ 14 — 17 \]. However, there is only one study with limitations like short intervention duration examining the effects of curcumin on the components of the MetS in subjects with MetS \[ 18 \]. On the other hand, coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant plays a critical role in scavenging active oxygen species and reducing lipid peroxidation, cellular signals, and energy production in mitochondria \[ 19 , 20 \]. Moreover, coenzyme Q10 increases insulin sensitivity and improves glycemic control \[ 21 \]. Clinical findings regarding the effects of coenzyme Q10 on dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity are conflicting. Furthermore, some trials investigated the effect of coenzyme Q10 on the MetS components \[ 22 — 26 \], but the results were not integrated. The exclusion criteria included history of cancers, cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney diseases, and viral hepatitis, taking blood pressure lowering, blood lipid lowering, and blood glucose lowering medications, and unwillingness to continue the study. Finally, 88 subjects were included. After explanation about the risks and benefits of the trial by investigator, an informed written consent approved by the ethics committee in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences IR. In addition, participants could leave the trial at any time for any reason. Simple unrestricted randomization was performed using random allocation software \[ 31 \] and numbers from 1 to The randomized allocation and assignment of participants into intervention groups was performed by a trained person who was not involved in the trial. Supplement boxes were labeled as A or B or C by a person who was not involved in the trial. Subjects and all investigators were blinded to the intervention assignment until the end of the study. Participants consumed two capsules before lunch. Curcumin, coenzyme Q10 and placebo capsules were produced in Karen Pharmaceutical Co. The appearance of curcumin, coenzyme Q10 and placebo was similar. The participants were advised to follow common healthy dietary recommendations higher intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes and fish, and lower intake of red and processed meats, full-fat dairy products, saturated fatty acids, refined sugars and salt during follow-up. A metabolic equivalent of task MET questionnaire \[ 32 \] was used for assessment of physical activity at baseline and after intervention. The validity of the MET questionnaire has been confirmed \[ 33 \]. Height, weight and WC were measured at the baseline and the end of study. A stadiometer was used to measure height of participants, while the participants were in standing position without shoes. To measure weight, the participants were with light clothes and without shoes. The WC was measured at the middle point between the last noticeable rib and the top of iliac crest using a measuring tape with an accuracy of 0. The mean of the 3 measurements were used in the analyses. Measurements were done under the standard methods in laboratory of Nutrition Department. Sample size was calculated based on the study of Panahi et al. Using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test the normal distribution of variables was evaluated. The paired t-test was used to analyze the data within groups at baseline and at the end of the study. Eighty-eight subjects were randomly assigned into four groups. All subjects completed the trial Fig. There were no significant differences between four groups in baseline characteristics Table 1. No serious adverse events were reported during follow-up. We found that curcumin supplementation improves lipid profile, but has no effect on body composition, hypertension and FPG. On the other hand, supplementation with coenzyme Q10 as well as curcumin plus coenzyme Q10 showed no significant effects on lipid profile, body composition, hypertension and FPG. The evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies revealed the mechanisms that curcumin improves dyslipidemia \[ 16 , 34 \]. Curcumin downregulates key factors in the lipogenesis like 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA HMG-CoA reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins SREBPs and fatty acid synthase, and stimulates lipid excretion as well as mobilization from adipose tissue \[ 16 , 34 \]. In addition, the study of Adab et al. However, study of Baum et al. The differences in health status of subjects can be a logical reason for this contrast. Our finding did not show any significant improvement in lipid profile after supplementation with coenzyme Q In line with our findings, in the study of Raygan et al. In addition, Gholnari et al. In contrast to our study, Zhang et al. In addition, Derosa et al. It seems, longer duration interventions with coenzyme Q10 has a beneficial effect in dyslipidemic subjects, but, it has no effect in diabetic or MetS subjects. Based on our findings, although the CQ group curcumin plus coenzyme Q10 showed some effects on dyslipidemia, the CP group curcumin plus placebo had greater effects. In contrast to similarity in some lipid-lowering mechanisms of curcumin and coenzyme Q10 \[ 19 , 20 , 34 \], it seems coenzyme Q10 neutralized the therapeutic effects of curcumin on dyslipidemia. Contrary to our study, previous evidence suggested that curcumin by mechanisms like increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stress as well as endothelial dysfunction and ameliorating aortic stiffening can improve hypertension \[ 39 \]. On the other hand, studies suggested that coenzyme Q10 by inducing vasodilatation via impact on the endothelium and peripheral vascular resistance, as well as increasing nitric oxide levels and reducing lipid peroxidation, improves hypertension. In contrast with our results, Hodgson et al. In line with our results, study of Young et al. Furthermore, in the study of Eriksson et al. Higher doses of coenzyme Q10 probably has a beneficial effect on hypertension. In line with our results, the study of Saraf-bank et al. Longer duration of curcumin supplementation may be useful to improve body composition. In line with our study, Eriksson et al. Furthermore, Izadi et al. Consistent with our study, in the study of Thota et al. In contrast to our findings, NA et al. On the other hand, studies suggested that coenzyme Q10 by modulating receptors of insulin and adiponectin, and regulating tyrosine kinase TK , phosphatidylinositol kinase PI3K , and glucose transporters improves glycemic control \[ 21 \]. In line with our results, in the study of Gholnari et al. In addition, Eriksson et al. Moreover, the study of Lee et al. However, our study has some limitations. We did not evaluate the dietary intake of curcumin and coenzyme Q In addition, we did not measure levels of insulin and HOMA-IR, which could help to accurate conclusion in the field of glycemic control. Moreover, subjects were enrolled sequentially rather than all at once , which could lead to selection bias. In conclusion, our finding indicated that curcumin supplementation especially by its effects on dyslipidemia is more effective than coenzyme Q10 as well as the combination of curcumin and coenzyme Q10 in the management of MetS. However, curcumin, coenzyme Q10 and their combination have no effect on body composition, hypertension and glycemic control. M, and K. P: conceived and designed the study; M. P and M. T: provided material and technical support; A. S: wrote the manuscript; K. P: critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content; K. P: had primary responsibility; and all authors: read and approved the final manuscript. This study was supported by the Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. This was a financial support for student thesis process including laboratory works, and provide kits as well as supplements. The data and materials of the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The research council of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences confirmed the study protocol. The ethical committee of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences approved the informed written consent code number: IR. The informed written consent was obtained from all participants before the data collection. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Nutr J. Find articles by Abbas Ali Sangouni. Find articles by Maryam Taghdir. Find articles by Javad Mirahmadi. Find articles by Mojtaba Sepandi. Find articles by Karim Parastouei. Received Aug 3; Accepted Sep 28; Collection date Open in a new tab. Dietary intakes and physical activity in subjects with metabolic syndrome a. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.
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