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A week or so later, he emailed me a huge thanks, saying of his gang packed their theater to watch the program. That made me one happy tour guide. Travel is fun, eye-opening, and sometimes life-changing. It can even help change the world. Thanks for being part of that community. The offer still stands. If you want it to go viral, why not put the whole program online? If not on your website, then at least on vimeo. That would generate a lot of views from people with a casual interest. So, do Iranians or at least, Tehranians ski? Thank you so much for this offer. They are very interested in each others cultures and I think they will really enjoy this. Since our president extended an offer to open communications with IRan and they spit on his hand I am not as hopeful as I had been. Tom: There sure is skiing in Iran. Tehran IS ringed by mountains. Shemshak is the nicest resort for accomplished skiers. There are a whole bunch of other ski resorts around Tehran. Rick, fantastic idea and very generous of you. Nancy, saw your comment just as I posted my first one. You might feel differently about who spit in whose hand, when you do. Remember to look for the actual text, not what some paper reported he said. There is a huge difference sometimes. I agree, if this thing went viral it would be totally awesome. I just think if you really want to get it out there, you have to remember the structure of Generations. Because they are going to be incharge of things some day and hopefully can do a better job. Gunther makes a good point. This is how so much bad legislation gets passed. Just announcing it on Facebook got people watching for the next airing. I think it is absolutely critical as many people see this show as possible. Gunther I read the message and it was a good message. Iran wants too much. Russia, England, Germany and France three of whom are our greatest critics thought it was a great start so if they are on the same page as me maybe you are off page. We previewed it and thought it was great. Nice work. This is really great news, Rick! Best wishes for continued success with this extremely worthy project! Rick, thank you for making this great offer to groups. It really is a great program and should be seen by everyone. A demonization of a people is impossible when the people are no longer strangers. That does not mean we will not have disagreements, but it means that we will at first strive with all our might to communicate about our differences rather than resort to the sword. Of course, it is still acceptable to demonize PETA terrorists. Rick how do you feel about the cheezy gift of an IPOD that OBama gave the queen and the fact he insulted the whole of Great Britian by sending a bust of Churchill back to England after they offered to extend it on loan. I have read that no one on Mr. The Queen solves the problem easily—everyone gets an autographed photo of herself and Prince Philip in an expensive frame. Well done. I bought a copy of the Iran dvd and have shown the program to my geography students. They liked the show very much! You misunderstand, Proud. Obama is new at the job and he needs help in certain areas. His staff is not doing its best for him. I have been hoping that smart folks such as Rahm Emmanuel would be there to smooth some of the bumps in the road as they should and not allow him to stumble on such matters as gift-giving. Good staff does allow for such lapses. To Toby and Louisa and anyone else , I proffer this to illustrate the folly of wrestling over the tiniest of matters. Alfran, Way to leave them grinding their teeth, stomping their feet and holding their breath until they turn blue. Alfran you doing coke with Barry? You really need to examine facts not liberal talking points. You just sound like a nut otherwise. And until you can remember the name is President Barack Obama, perhaps you should troll somewhere else. I defy you to present a real rebuttal. Getting back to the topic; Mr. Steves, I look forward to seeing more thought-provoking work like the Iran special. However, you really need to consider what Judy proposes on expanding the media. We need to get this to as many young people as possible….. Terrific service to mankind, Rick. You bring real knowledge to us all. I wonder how long the President of Notre Dame will be president after Obama finishes that infamous visit. I see some velvet glove Vatican intervention after the Presidents visit. Hope Jenkins enjoyed his time in office there. My first time to read your blog. Great job. Keep up the good work of making our world accessible and understandable. They love to party and are so very hospitable and generous. They see a huge distinction between the American government and the American People. Thanks so much for showing the real Iran, with all its pluses and minuses just like us, and balancing the mass media portrayal of Iran as a country full of fanatics. I should tell that this information is very interesting to me Kiev apartments for rent. The blog probably very good tool when is necessary for telling it about itself or about the business. Kiev apartments. Rick, Hi! I want to thank you for doing such a great special on your visit to Iran. I was born and raised USA like any other American kid until 12 yrs old in the states. Father Persian and mom Hispanic American. My father moved us to Iran in and we fled with just a suitcase in minus my dad. I have a book I am writing on my time in Iran and what it was like as primarily as an American. They love America! I tell anyone I meet this and I want everyone to know this. They Love American People. They are completely fascinated with us. I speak of the people and not the government or any other political situation. They are a beautiful people and they really do not want anything from us or anyone. They have great pride of over years and are just a beautiful culture of people. You did a fabulous job of talking with the common people too. You also captured the true beauty of the history, culture and the travels that you went on within Iran. I hope that when people see the special they will feel the warmth of the Iranian people. I have been back to the states since and I am now 49 years old and to this date I have never felt that warmth or the love of the people or the life that I experienced in Iran. I am grateful for my time over there but, would never exchange it for the rights and freedom that I have as an American in the USA. Awesome response to a generous offer, Rick! BTW, where in the world literally are you?

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You have full access to this open access article. Jurassic and Triassic coals and organic matter-rich shales of the Tabas Basin, Iran, were investigated with respect to their thermal maturation and petrographic composition. The Triassic coals of the Parvadeh coal field range in vitrinite reflectance between 1. Maceral analysis revealed a predominance of vitrinite in all samples, with slightly higher percentages of inertinite in the Jurassic samples. Rock—Eval analyses confirm the presence of type III kerogen in the Triassic coals, while the Jurassic coals contain strongly carbonized residual kerogen. The range of sulfur contents for coals from the Parvadeh coal field 0. The studied samples are characterized by the predominance of short- over long-chained n -alkanes. Molecular geochemical parameters such as carbon preference index CPI, 0. Burial and thermal history reconstruction indicates necessity of an erosional thickness of about m in the Parvadeh area. Coal deposits of Iran are mainly located in the northern e. The bituminous coals of the Parvadeh and Nayband coalfields are of Upper Triassic age and used for coke production, while Jurassic semianthracites are mined from the Mazino, Abdooghi, and Kalshaneh coalfields. This study deals with the organic geochemical and organic petrological characteristics of bituminous coals from the Parvadeh field as well as semianthracites from the Mazino coalfield Fig. The Parvadeh coalfield has an area of about km 2 and is divided into six sections based on fault structures Parvadeh 1—4, and northern-, and southeastern Parvadeh. In our study, we discuss some petrological and geochemical parameters of the B 1 , B 2 , C 1 , and D seams, sampled in the Parvadeh sections 1—4. According to well logs, the Mazino coal deposit consists of more than coal layers. In this study, we focus on the three layers exploitable within the Chahrekhneh mine K 1 , K 2 , and K 3. As compared to Permian and Carboniferous coals on the one hand and Cenozoic coals and lignites on the other hand, Mesozoic coals have been much less studied in the past. Furthermore, only little information is available on coals of the Middle East, of which those of Turkey are best studied. Although the mineralogy, inorganic geochemistry, and stratigraphy of the Mesozoic coals of Iran have been investigated by several authors e. Pazand ; Goodarzi et al. In order to investigate depositional conditions, plant input and thermal maturity of the aforementioned Iranian coal deposits, a wide range of organic petrological and organic geochemical methods was applied. This paper will provide first detailed data on the organic matter in the Triassic and Jurassic coals of the Tabas Basin. In addition, a first numerical model on burial and uplift of the Tabas Basin is presented based on the maturity data and geological information. Modified after Konon et al. The basin is characterized by E-W-trending faults and fault-related folds in the east and N-S- trending faults in the west Fig. A large area of the Tabas Block subsided from the Upper Triassic until the Middle Cretaceous, accompanied by rifting activities. This group deposited in a continental lagoonal setting and consists, from old to young, of the Nayband, the Ab-e-Haji, the Badamu, and the Hojedk Formations Fig. Ghassabiyan et al. The Cretaceous sequence in the Tabas Basin includes shallow marine deposits, e. In the Parvadeh coalfield, coal layers occur within the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation that has a thickness of about m and is separated into four members which are, from bottom to top: the Bidestan Member, build up by m of shale, siltstone, and sandstone with sandy limestone and marl; the Howze Sheikh Member, consisting of m of shale, followed by siltstone and finally sandstone; the Howze Khan Member, with m of shale and sandstone; and the Ghadir Member with a thickness of more than m consisting of sandstone, shale, limestone, and coal layers Rajabzadeh et al. Coal-bearing layers of the Mazino coalfield are hosted by the Middle Jurassic Hojedk Formation, with a thickness of about 60 m, consisting of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal seams Ghassabiyan et al. Modified after Wilmsen et al. Fifteen samples of coal and organic matter-rich clay stone were collected from different mines within the Parvadeh and Mazino deposits after removing the weathered surface. The sample set covers several coal seams, which are accessible in the Chahrekhneh mine and several mines in the Parvadeh coalfield Table 1. All samples were used for organic petrology, elemental analysis, ash content measurement, and Rock—Eval pyrolysis. In addition, molecular organic geochemistry was analyzed on 11 samples from the Parvadeh coalfield. Analyses include maceral-group counting and vitrinite reflectance measurements. Maceral analyses were carried out by counting points per sample on an equidistal grid, following the Stopes-Heerlen system Taylor et al. More information on microscopic device and measuring procedure can be found in Sachse et al. Prior to analyses, the samples were crushed to fine powders using a rotation mill. This temperature is held for 60 min. Each sample was further measured in triplets. The solvent was then changed to n -hexane and the total amount was reduced to 0. The samples were subsequently dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and finally desulfurized. The extracts were separated into two fractions aliphatic and aromatic by liquid chromatography on a micro column using 2 g of activated silica gel. The aliphatic fraction was eluted with five ml of n -pentane. Both fractions were then concentrated to less than 0. Hydrogen was used as carrier gas. Helium was used as carrier gas. To better understand the burial and thermal history and examine different scenarios of erosion magnitude and basal heat flow values in the Tabas Basin, 1D modeling was performed in two different settings, i. The models were reconstructed using the PetroMod software Schlumberger; Version Vitrinite reflectance data were used as calibration tool Senglaub et al. To quantify burial and thermal evolution in the Parvadeh and Mazino areas, two pseudo wells have been reconstructed. The Silurian-Devonian succession acts as the lower boundary and the models consist of 12 events, including one erosion event, which took place after Alpine orogeny from 34 Ma to present-day. Due to the lack of sufficient information from deep wells some input data including formation thickness, lithologies and ages had to be estimated based on the general geological information on Central Iran Aghanabati ; Darvishzadeh ; Shahrabi Also to avoid confusion caused by formation names and to keep the models simple, the geological events were named based on the age instead of local names Table 2. A single rift phase occurred in the late Paleozoic Bordenave and Hegre The input data for the Parvadeh area is provided in Table 2 and petrophysical rock properties in Table 3. The microscopic analyses showed that the major maceral group in the samples from both, the Parvadeh and Mazino deposits is vitrinite V although the samples from the Mazino deposit show a slight enrichment in inertinite I. Liptinite was not detected in the samples. Microscopically counted mineral contents are not reported, because only small coal pieces were studied, which do not represent the entire samples. VR r of Triassic samples in the Parvadeh deposit ranges from 1. Reflectance values of the Jurassic coals from the Mazino coalfield are higher and vary between 2. Table 4 shows the relative contents of maceral groups in the analyzed Triassic and Jurassic samples. Pyrite and clay minerals are commonly present. The vitrinite of the Parvadeh samples shows small pores in low abundance, while vitrinite of the samples from the Mazino area shows large pores in high concentrations Fig. Photomicrographs of coal samples of Parvadeh and Mazino coalfields under oil immersion with reflected light : a typical vitrinite-inertinite association with fusinite FU of a coal sample from the Mazino area. Note the abundant pores within the telovitrinite center , b fusinite in a Mazino coal sample with pyrite Py precipitated in intercellular spaces, c exemplary microphotograph of a sample from the Parvadeh deposit showing inertinite particles I and gelovitrinites V in a matrix of detrovitrinite and clay minerals, d framboidal pyrites in vitrinite in a Parvadeh coal sample. TOC contents vary between 7. The ash content of the Triassic samples varies between 7. TS contents of the Parvadeh and Mazino samples range from 0. Low OI values of coals have been commonly observed Jasper et al. Carbon preference index CPI values range from 0. The methylphenanthrene index MPI varies between 1. The Parvadeh and Mazino samples show different degrees of maturity, as evidenced by vitrinite reflectance measurements. The VR r values of the Jurassic Mazino samples reveal a higher maturity compared to the Triassic shales and coals of the Parvadeh coalfield. The inertinite maceral group is more abundant in the Jurassic samples, of which, however, only a small number have been analyzed Table 4. Jasper et al. The same observation can be made for the analyzed samples Fig. Binary diagrams of HI a and OI b versus vitrinite reflectance of organic-rich sediments and coal samples of Parvadeh coalfields as compared to Carboniferous coal samples from Germany. Coal-rich sedimentary sequences are ideally suited to study the relationship between optical and geochemical maturity parameters. This is due to the fact that the optical parameters, especially vitrinite reflectance, can be determined with great certainty on coals, whereas there are many pitfalls in other sedimentary sequences, in particular marine sediments, e. Accordingly, some molecular geochemical parameters, suitable for rather high levels of maturity as reached by the Triassic coals about 1. A well-established maturity-indicating ratio based on the distribution of n -alkanes is the CPI, introduced by Bray and Evans CPI ratios of the Parvadeh samples show no predominance of odd- or even-numbered n -alkanes Table 5 indicating high thermal maturity. There is no difference with respect to this parameter between coals and organic matter-rich shales. As indicated by Fig. MPI-1 increases with increasing maturity until VR r values of about 1. While values of the organic-rich sediments from the Parvadeh deposit correlate well with those of sediments from the Canada Basin Fig. The turning point from positive to negative correlations with vitrinite reflectance seems to be at higher thermal maturities for coals as compared to dispersed organic matter of the same kerogen type. Willsch and Radke reported a stagnation of MPI-1 values of coals around 1. The calculated reflectance R c shows values similar to the measured reflectance for the coal samples but is slightly lower for the organic matter-rich shale samples Table 5. The high vitrinite contents of the Jurassic and Triassic samples are typical for humic coals and associated organic matter-rich sediments. Both ratios are exceptionally low in two of the Parvadeh shales if compared to the coals, probably indicating stronger thermal degradation of pristane and phytane in the shales as compared to the coals rather than more reducing depositional environments. Aside from maceral composition and molecular geochemical parameters, information on depositional environment can also be deduced from the elemental composition, in particular sulfur-organic carbon relationships Berner Most of the sulfur in coals is of syngenetic origin, formed during early diagenesis at the peat stage Casagrande et al. The total sulfur TS content can be used as indicative for marine influence on the coal forming peat, as seawater is enriched in sulfate and interactions of seawater and organic matter leads to the formation of abundant pyrite due to the activities of sulfate reducing bacteria Casagrande et al. The amount of sulfur in coals not affected by marine waters is around 0. In addition, one of the organic matter-rich Parvadeh shales plots along the normal marine line Berner , also suggesting periodic marine flooding. Depositional facies after Jasper et al. Maturity data clearly prove an advanced maturation of coal-bearing rocks in both the Parvadeh and Mazino area. Such high maturation can be due to either a deep burial of the rocks at low-moderate basal heat flows or a moderate burial at high heat flows or a combination of both Senglaub et al. Considering the present-day geology and heat flow history of the region Table 2 an erosion thickness of up to m is necessary to reach the measured maturity data and calibration in Parvadeh area. This thickness of now eroded sedimentary rocks is slightly higher than the reported total thickness of the upper Jurassic-Eocene succession of type sections in Central Iran Aghanabati ; Shahrabi Erosion is assumed to have occurred during the Alpine Orogeny Fig. Following the Alpine Orogeny, uplift and erosion in the region the burial depth decreased to around m at present-day. The maximum thermal maturity of 1. Burial and thermal history at the locations of Parvadeh a and Mazino b including basal heat flow history and model calibration. Such maturity variations can be explained by either greater burial depth, higher heat flows, thrust faulting and hydrothermal fluids or a combination of these factors Ruppert et al. Although there is no justified evidence, we cannot rule out the possibility of short-term thermal events caused by volcanic intrusions and hydrothermal fluids. Whereas the data for the Parvadeh area seem to fit well with geological data and the paleo-geothermal regime, more information is needed to understand the data for the Mazino region e. Triassic coals and organic matter-rich sedimentary rocks of the Parvadeh coalfield are characterized by abundant vitrinite and less inertinite and a vitrinite reflectance of about 1. Ash contents of these medium volatile bituminous coals are usually high, whereas sulfur contents are variable, but mostly high. Jurassic coals and organic matter-rich sedimentary rocks of the Mazino coal field are more mature, with vitrinite reflectance values of about 2. Some of these rocks are rich in inertinite, especially the coals. Similar to the Parvadeh samples, ash contents are mostly high and sulfur contents variable, but often high. Based on the TOC-sulfur relationship, it can be deduced that most coals are derived from topogeneous or transitional mires, but not from ombrogeneous mires. Organic geochemical maturity parameters were tested on these samples and compared to vitrinite reflectance. Differences were observed for coals and other rocks with respect to the evolution of the methyl phenanthrene index at high levels of maturity, i. MPI-1 further increases for coals whereas in shales, it reaches the turnaround point at about 1. Modeling at the location of Parvadeh coalfield indicates the necessity of about m erosion which probably occurred during the Alpine Orogeny in order to reach the present-day thermal maturity of the Triassic successions applying basal heat flow of approx. Magmatic intrusions can have caused the high heat flow in the area of the Mazino coals. Aghanabati SA Jurassic stratigraphy of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran in Persian. Google Scholar. J Min Metall 47 1 :9— J Geodyn 21 1 :1— Org Geochem — Article Google Scholar. Int J Min Sci Technol 22 1 — Oil Gas Sci Technol 56 2 — Berner RA Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 4 — Int J Coal Geol — J Pet Geol — Geochim Cosmochim Acta — Geochim Cosmochim Acta 41 1 — Casagrande DJ, Grondli K, Sutton N The distribution of sulfur and organic matter in various fractions of peat: origins of sulfur in coal. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44 1 — Org Geochem Pet Explor — Chou LC Sulfur in coals: a review of geochemistry and origins. Darvishzadeh A Geology of Iran. Amir Kabir Publication, Tehran in Persian. Nature — In: Durand B ed Kerogen. Technip, Paris, pp — Geological Society of London, Special Publications, pp — J Sci Islam Repub Iran 21 1 — J Sci Islam Repub Iran 26 3 — Int J Coal Geol 5 4 — Int J Coal Geol 65 1—2 — Springer, Berlin. Hughes WB, Holba AG, Dzou LI The ratio of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59 17 — Earth Planet Sci Lett — Int J Coal Geol 80 1 :1— Int J Coal Geol 83 4 — GSA Bull 11—12 — J Asian Earth Sci — Terra Nova 17 1 :1—6. Int J Coal Geol 96—— Arab J Geosci 6 10 — Tectonics TC Int J Earth Sci 90 2 — Arab J Geosci 8 12 — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Adv Org Geochem — Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 1 :1— Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 10 — Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 17 — Sabatier, Toulouse, Thesis, pp. Fuel — Int J Coal Geol 81 3 — Org Geochem 42 3 — Int J Earth Sci 95 2 — Shahrabi M Triassic in Iran. Shanmugam G Significance of coniferous rain forests and related organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil, Gippsland Basin. AAPG Bull 69 8 — Stampfli GM, Borel GD A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1 — Int J Coal Geol 67 4 — Geological survey of Iran, Report No. AAPG Bull 74 10 — Takin M Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East. Geophys J Int 1 — Willsch H, Radke M Distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds in coals of high rank. Polycyclic Aromat Compd — Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 1 — Int J Coal Geol 60 1 — Zieger L, Littke R, Schwarzbauer J Chemical and structural changes in vitrinites and megaspores from carboniferous coals during maturation. Download references. We further acknowledge Dr. Hower for constructive comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Mohammad Ali Rajabzadeh. Reprints and permissions. Zamansani, N. Int J Coal Sci Technol 6 , — Download citation. Received : 13 October Revised : 01 July Accepted : 04 July Published : 18 July Issue Date : September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Jurassic and Triassic coals and organic matter-rich shales of the Tabas Basin, Iran, were investigated with respect to their thermal maturation and petrographic composition. Coal petrology analysis and implications in depositional environments from upper Cretaceous to Miocene: a study case in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia Article Open access 06 February Organic petrographic and mineralogical composition of the No. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Full size image. Table 1 Sample types and sampling locations Full size table. Table 2 Input data used for modeling the burial and temperature history in the Parvadeh Area see Table 3 for physical rock properties Full size table. Table 3 Physical parameters of the sedimentary rocks used in modeling in the Parvadeh Area PetroMod default parameters for these lithologies Full size table. Table 4 Results of Rock—Eval pyrolysis, bulk analyses, and ash content as well as organic petrographical analyses Full size table. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran in Persian Google Scholar Shanmugam G Significance of coniferous rain forests and related organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil, Gippsland Basin. View author publications. About this article. Cite this article Zamansani, N. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

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