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Lake Peipsi sensu lato s. The formation and distribution of the structural types of bottom deposits of Lake Peipsi is determined by hydro-meteorological waves, currents, seasonal water-level fluctuations, lake ice impacts as well as by the local geologic and geomorphologic factors like the topography and coastal morphology. The central part of the Lake Peipsi s. The water quality of the Lake Peipsi basin depends on natural processes and human activities. The trophic level of Lake Peipsi has increased step by step from mesotrophic-eutrophic to eutrophic-hypertrophic during the past decades. The main commercial fishes of Lake Peipsi are lake smelt, perch, ruff, roach, bream, pike, vendace and pikeperch. Being officially approved by the Estonian-Russian Transboundary Water Commission, the Lake Peipsi basin Management Programme forms a base for the future joint actions in the basin. Both sides notify each other regularly on the planned and implemented measures, however, the implementation of such measures is decided and done independently from each other. The management measures in Estonia should prioritize land use issues, such as a reduction of diffuse emissions from agriculture; in contrast, the Russian policy should focus on improved municipal and industrial waste-water treatment and the drinking water quality. It is of great importance for both Russia and Estonia as a resource of drinking water, but also from the point of view of fishery, recreation, and traffic. In general, Lake Peipsi has attracted specialists of different professions since long. Figure 1. Location map of the Narva River — Lake Peipsi catchment basin. After the Neva, the Narva River is the second largest river 77 km long flowing into the Gulf of Finland. The Narva-Peipsi watershed 56, km 2 is a major international basin in the Baltic Sea area and Europe. The watershed is approximately 12 times larger than the lake surface itself. The catchment basin of Lake Peipsi s. The drainage basin is flat, with a highest point of m above sea level and an average elevation of m. This basin is a typical North-European lowland area of glacial origin, characterized by Palaeozoic bedrock, covered by unconsolidated glacial materials of variable thickness. Lake Peipsi s. The lake consists of three parts: the largest and deepest northern part Lake Peipsi sensu stricto s. Lake Pihkva is almost entirely under Russian jurisdiction. Figure 2. The catchment area of the Velikaya River is 2. The lake average depth is 7. Table 1. Morphometric data on Lake Peipsi s. Summers are comparatively warm and wet, and winters are rather mild. The average air temperature in the Lake Peipsi s. The mean annual precipitation during — is — mm Tammets and Jaagus droughts appear mostly in the first half of summer, while in the eastern Estonia, they are usually observed during the second half of summer. Extreme precipitation events have become more frequent and intense. Statistically significant increasing trends were, first of all, found in the time series of winter extreme precipitation indices. In summer and autumn, trends existed in some indices, but in spring, there were no trends at all. There were no trends in time series of dryness indices in Estonia in — The average velocity of the wind is m s —1. Waves are steep and short and with the wind force of 8 m sec —1 their height is 60—70 cm Sokolov Peipsi s. The highest waves cm were recorded in and with the wind force of 20 m sec —1 Terasmaa et al. In general, ice starts to cover Lake Peipsi s. In normal winters ice is The first scientific studies of the lake were started after the catastrophic inundations in the s, which had caused great damage to adjacent areas Anto Raukas and Tavast Baer guessed that catastrophic floods had been caused by meliorative works and down cutting of forests in the watershed. To avoid big floods G. In Nina Village on the western coast of Lake Peipsi south of Kallaste Town, local inhabitants had to be resettled and shore defence constructions were built Vichmann The beginning of hydrological exploration in the Peipsi basin is related to navigation on the Narva River Raukas and Tavast and references therein. Commissioned by the Russian Ministry for Roads, the engineer E. At the same time, seven water level measurement stations were built on the banks of the Narva River. Distinct rhythmicity is observed in lake-level fluctuations. The short period cycles with a mean extension of approximately 5. Reap carried out the spectral analysis of the same series, detaching cycles in years of 6. Due to the considerable water-level fluctuations in the lake both the surface area and the volume of the lake water vary greatly. During the highest water level May, 12, ; At the lowest water level November, 7, ; The surface area may vary by km 2 and the water volume by The amplitude of natural fluctuation between annual averages of the water level of Lake Peipsi is about 1. The maximum amplitude of water level fluctuations is 3. The trophic level of Lake Peipsi has increased step by step from the mesotrophic-eutrophic state to the eutrophic-hypertrophic state during the past decades, depending on the lake part Frumin et al. Riverine transport is the most important pathway for input of nutrients to the Lake Peipsi. In the s, Lake Peipsi s. Further, eutrophication of surface waters started from the s. The pollution load was the largest at the beginning of the s due to intensive human activity in the catchment area. Because of inefficient use of fertilisers and improper manure handling during the Soviet period, agriculture caused high emissions of nutrients total N, total P into rivers and lakes and subsequent eutrophication problems. The pollution load dynamics has changed since the breakup of the former Soviet Union. The economic recession followed the collapse of Soviet Union as well as increased wastewater treatment capacities of big settlements. However, in spite of the drop in the external loading, the P content in the southern part of the lake continued to increase in the s. The ecological condition of Lake Peipsi s. According to Kangur et al. Roughly half of that was retained in the lake while the other half flowed on to the River Narva estimated by Kondratyev Pskov Russia and Tartu Estonia with and inhabitants, respectively, contribute the majority of the point source pollution Buhvestova et al. Blank et al. The recovery may be a slow process and as biotic communities differed in the timing of their responses to changing nutrient conditions. The most significant increase of the reeds has taken place in the northern part of Lake Peipsi figure 3. The area of reeds mainly Phragmites australis Cav. Figure 3. About 32 km of coastal sand dunes have formed on the northern shore of Lake Peipus s. Structural changes in the fish community of Lake Peipsi during the last 70 years have shifted from clean and cold-water species like vendace, whitefish and burbot, to more pikeperch preferring productive warm and turbid waters Kangur et al. The stock of vendace has sharply decreased in the last years, while the amount of pikeperch has increased. There are large and medium-sized transboundary watercourses: sixty-two rivers flowing from the territory of Russia and forty rivers flowing into Russia. The total number of rivers, lakes and other water bodies crossing the border amounts to a thousand Kukosh and Nabrodov To the other side with an area of 45, km 2 , Estonia is larger for example than Slovenia, Holland, Denmark or Switzerland. The total population of the Russian Lake Peipsi catchments area is about , inhabitants, out of which , live in towns. The region is comparatively rich in natural resources. Great such differences, which became of territory and population like government structures, economical interests, investments etc. On the Russian side, the Leningrad and Pskov Regions oblast border the lake. Five districts and two towns Pskov and Ivangorod are major administrative entities in this region for Lake Peipsi with the total area of 13, km 2. The rest of the land cover consists of peat bogs and built-up areas Mourad Agriculture in the Lake Peipsi catchment includes animal husbandry and the production of crops, mainly cereals Iital et al. The northern part of the lake catchment is the most industrial and is intrinsically linked to oil shale. The oil shale in the Baltic Basin is one of the most unique by virtue of its composition and high quality. The reservoir belongs to a huge power complex, which includes hydroelectric and thermal power stations. The total output of these oil-shale operated power stations can be up to MW Jaani No artificial barrier impeding the vertical movement of landfill leachate was arranged on the dumping site. Total fly-ash emission to the atmosphere from the power plants reached annually more than kilotonnes at the end of the s Punning et al. Therefore, in the ss much attention was paid to power plant emissions as a potential source of the pollution to Lake Peipsi and its catchment. Since that time serious measures to decrease emissions have been implemented and by fly-ash emissions from the power plants had decreased more than fold compared with the maximum rates during the late s. All these municipalities rank below the national average living standard. And they all see their development potential in the lake and local small and medium size entrepreneurship focusing on fishery, organic farming and tourism. Some work has already been done but the building of infrastructure has not yet been completed. There has also been little development in the lakeside areas including the islands of lake. However, these environmentally clean, quiet and safe places could attract a large number of tourists, both foreign and Russian especially from St-Petersburg. Obviously, this is one of the reasons why relatively little attention has been paid to tourism opportunities associated with Lake Peipsi in the development plans. The weak side of tourism development is also the water transportation possibilities and the infrastructure of lake ports in both countries. The possibilities on economic cooperation through Lake Peipsi have been already discussed for at least 20 years. Pollution risk from tourism is low due to a moderate number of tourists, which is caused by undeveloped infrastructure hotels, restaurants, shops, organised beaches etc. Raukas and Tavast Building a better infrastructure is essential to support tourism and recreation. The Commission organizes exchange of monitoring data between the Parties in accordance with the agreed monitoring program, defines priority directions and programmes of scientific studies on protection and sustainable use of transboundary waters, and agrees on common indicators of quality for transboundary waters, methods of water testing and conducting analyses. At occasions when an extraordinary situation occurs on transboundary waters, the Parties will immediately inform each other through the competent agencies and the commission. Being officially approved by the Estonian — Russian the Joint Commission, the Programme forms a base for the future joint actions in the basin. At the same time, the development and implementation of the joint Programme is complicated due differences in the official requirements and deadlines. The WFD sets a ground for transboundary cooperation in cross border waters and significant water issues. The main objective of the WFD is to achieve good chemical and ecological status or ecological potential for all surface waters as well as coastal waters and good chemical and quantitative status for all groundwater bodies. The last report describes the environmental objectives that shall be achieved and measures that shall be implemented now in — River basins and sub-basins are water management units, which do not follow county or rural municipality administrative borders. East Estonian river basin official number EE2 includes rives and 40 lakes table 2. Both sides Estonia and Russia notify each other regularly on the planned and implemented measures, however, the implementation of such measures is decided and done independently from each other. The quantitative monitoring programme has changed in East Estonia RBDs since the surveillance monitoring programs have considerably 2—3-fold decreased; operational monitoring has been decreased from 44 to Table 2. Updated water management plans have been prepared for the next six-year period, The preparation of water management plans is organized by the Ministry of the Environment; plans are approved by the Government of the Estonian Republic. The baseline scenario for the year was prepared as part of the program of measures. There were streams, 12 terrestrial standing bodies lakes and 2 coastal bodies in moderate, poor or bad condition. Compared to the previous period, the state of the 31 water bodies has improved and the status of the 57 water bodies has deteriorated. In this regard, it is important to note that a large proportion of water bodies have been assigned to a worse state class compared to the previous water management plan due better knowledge of state of water. In , updated state assessments do not show a major change in the status of water bodies — in the better state class there are 7, in the worst state class — 14 surface water bodies. Based on all groundwater analyses for East-Estonian RBD from periods — and —, the content of benzene and oil products has decreased, that of monophenols does not have a trend, whereas the occurrence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAH is episodic not allowing to determine a trend. The RBMP has a legal effect in the sense that it complements the regulation in the Water Act and also due to the principle that all relevant facts and interests have to be taken into consideration in exercising discretion e. On the basis of available information, it seems, however, that the plans do not have any significant effect on individual decisions in practice. It seems that the management plans are conceived as some type of strategy documents not legal acts , which cannot limit discretion. The Water Act provides that, if it appears that environmental objectives are unlikely to be achieved, then emission limit values and environmental quality limit values set out in the water permit should be reviewed. On the national level, the main body currently working in the sphere of use and protection of water resources is the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. The Russian Water Code is based on a river basin approach. Water basin management boards were created under the Ministry of Natural Resources to prepare and organize implementation of river basin management plans. According to the Water Code, regions of the Russian Federation sharing a river basin have to sign a basin agreement that defines a procedure for cooperation on implementation of a river basin management plan; river basin councils are to be established that should represent interests of local stakeholders to advise water basin management boards on implementation of the basin plans. Code of the hydrographic unit of Narva River basin including the lake is In the Basin of Narva, four water management sub-basins including 14 water management sites are identified. In four water management sites were very polluted, 8 — contaminated, and two — slightly contaminated. In there are no rivers in the Narva River — Lake Peipsi with 1st class water quality — conditionally clean water. The main cause of the unsatisfactory ecological condition of water bodies is the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated sewage and non-point loading. The high level of anthropogenic pollution of water bodies is the main problem with the drinking water quality. Moreover, the complex of measures to decrease phosphorus load on the lake from agricultural activity in the catchment is under realization. This complex includes the strict observance of fertilizers application technology, organizing storehouses for mineral fertilizers. Even so, several Estonian-Russian joint monitoring expeditions have been organized and conducted by the Joint Commission. The first is the lack of resources, both financial and administrative, of the local environmental authorities and as well as research; the second is the complicated, also with regular reconstitution, the environmental management systems, especially in Russia; the lack of knowledge and means of nature of environmental problems in a transboundary context on some levels. The projects obviously cannot pretend to solve all problems and ensure that upon completion the Lake Peipsi transboundary water resource system will be entirely in line with the requirements of the WFD, the projects mostly focus on key aspects and limited number of demonstration actions. A common and concerted effort is needed from all the parties involved. This is already complicated inside of Europe, and it is even more so in the Lake Peipsi catchment as it is located at the frontier of Europe Ganoulis et al. For the successful joint management of the transboundary Lake Peipsi basin a common and concerted effort is needed from all the parties involved. The accepted legal acts, undoubtedly, promote the decision of nature protection questions, however they not always take into account a number of the specific problems at the local level. The main wastes of the Estonian shale oil industry — oil shale semi-coke and ashes — are deposited in landfills. There should be some options to restrict the expansion of pollutants in groundwater. The monitoring and research shall be continued and new collaboration projects could be initiated with clear governmental funding. Institute of Ecology at Tallinn University. Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn, Estonia. Site map — Contact — Website credits — Syndication. Privacy Policy — About Cookies — Report a problem. OpenEdition member — Published with Lodel — Administration only. Skip to navigation — Site map. Contents - Previous document - Next document. Galina Kapanen. Abstract Lake Peipsi sensu lato s. Outline Introduction. Full text PDF 1. Introduction 1 Lake Peipsi sensu lato s. Zoom Original jpeg, k. List of illustrations Title Figure 1. Top of page. Browse Index Authors Keywords. Aquitaine coastal lakes and ponds 42 From Baltic Glint to lake Peipsi. All issues. Follow us RSS feed. Newsletters OpenEdition Newsletter. In collaboration with. In All OpenEdition. On Dynamiques environnementales. Home Catalogue of journals OpenEdition Search. All OpenEdition. OpenEdition Freemium. OpenEdition Search Newsletter.
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