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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. In , coca bush cultivation remained at historically high levels and cocaine hydrochloride production reached an all-time high. The COVID pandemic appears to have had an impact on coca and cocaine production during the first three months of However, these seem to have only been temporary disruptions. Global coca cultivation remains concentrated in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru but the eradication of coca plantations in other countries in recent years indicates that it could be expanding outside of the three Andean countries, albeit on a small scale at present. Thus, in and , eradication of coca plants was reported not only in countries close to the three traditional Andean producers, such as Ecuador, but also further afield in Central America including Guatemala and Honduras US State Department, , and Mexico Cervantes, In the three latter countries, facilities to process coca leaves into coca paste were also found at or near the coca plantations, leaving little doubt that the intention was to produce cocaine. In , global coca bush cultivation was estimated to have remained stable compared to the previous year, but remained at a high level by historical standards at hectares DEVIDA, ; UNODC, c, d. Most cocaine manufacture continues to take place in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Together these countries report the majority of cocaine laboratories dismantled globally. However, there is evidence that cocaine hydrochloride is refined elsewhere in South America, further along the trafficking routes, and now also increasingly in Europe. In , global cocaine hydrochloride production is estimated to have increased slightly to 1 tonnes, an all-time high, mostly due to an increase in Colombia UNODC, a. This is likely to lead to a further increase in global cocaine production in , especially since coca cultivation increased in both Bolivia and Peru that year see Coca cultivation: growing out of South America? With even more cocaine becoming available, it is probable that trafficking of the drug to and in Europe will increase. Potassium permanganate is an essential chemical in the illicit manufacture of cocaine, mostly used as an oxidising agent to turn coca paste into cocaine base see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. Efforts to control trafficking in potassium permanganate are complicated since it is used extensively by industries throughout the world, for instance in drinking water treatment, and also because it is produced in illicit facilities in South America. Global seizures of potassium permanganate increased to It should also be noted that the Chinese authorities stopped shipments of potassium permanganate destined to 15 countries and totalling almost 1 tonnes in , while India stopped a total of about 5 tonnes destined for two countries INCB, Illicit manufacture of potassium permanganate using substances such as manganese dioxide and potassium manganate is a fairly long-standing phenomenon in Colombia, where 7. Colombia also reported dismantling 6 illicit potassium permanganate manufacturing facilities in the first 10 months of INCB, Several other substances are used in the production of cocaine, and a number of them are in Table 2 of the UN Convention see Section Cocaine chemicals: increasing seizures indicate cocaine production in Europe. Some of these chemicals, for instance ammonia, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid may be manufactured in illicit facilities in or near the cocaine-producing countries INCB, Others are not under international control and are diverted from licit production, such as calcium chloride, more than tonnes of which was seized in South America and, to a much lesser extent Europe, in Another such chemical, sodium metabisulfite was also seized in large amounts in South America as well as in Europe in INCB, ; data from the European Commission. Data reported to the European Commission by EU Member States suggest that Europe is a significant source for chemicals associated with cocaine manufacturing, and together with information on dismantled cocaine production facilities see Section Manufacturing cocaine , confirm that stages of the cocaine manufacturing process are taking place in Europe, especially in the Netherlands and Spain. Considering the 53 chemicals monitored as potentially associated to cocaine production, a total of tonnes and 1. Attempts to source these chemicals in Europe that resulted in stopped shipments amounted to 36 tonnes and close to 45 litres in the period, but given the absence of reports of stopped shipments in , it is not comparable to previous periods. While these data cannot be taken as a direct indicator of cocaine production in Europe, they provide evidence of the scale of the amounts of chemicals seized or stopped in Europe in connection with illicit drug production. Potassium permanganate is one of the chemicals more directly associated with cocaine processing. Approximately 3. The vast majority was seized in a single operation in Germany in 3 tonnes , where it was found on the property of an individual known to rent farm buildings to people associated with large-scale illicit drug production information reported to the European Commission. As in previous years, all stopped shipments of potassium permanganate in Europe, amounting to 36 tonnes in , were reported by Spain. No stopped shipments were reported to the European Commission in Seizures of chemicals that can be used as precursors or substitutes of potassium permanganate were reported for the first time in Europe in and These included potassium manganate 73 kilograms and the substitute sodium permanganate 95 kilograms , all reported by the Netherlands. This may be an indirect indicator of when the oxidation stage of cocaine processing commenced in the EU. Reducing agents, such as sodium metabisulfite kilograms and sodium bisulfite kilograms continued to be seized in Europe, exclusively in the Netherlands, in , with seizures of the latter increasing considerably in These chemicals are strongly associated with cocaine production, since they are typically not used in the manufacturing of other drugs. Seizures of drying agents reached their highest level on record in , at 2. These chemicals, which in Europe mostly consist of calcium chloride, have a role in drying the solvents used in the stages of cocaine production where the presence of water must be eliminated. Finally, approximately 2. Tetramisole is a commercially available veterinary medicine made up of equal proportions of levamisole and dexamisole, the two enantiomers of phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole PTHIT Casale et al. As well as enhancing profits by bulking the quantity, there is evidence to suggest that levamisole enhances the effects of cocaine in a synergistic way, as it was found to produce no psychoactive effect when administered on its own Tallarida et al. Preliminary data for reported to the European Commission suggest that these seizure levels were maintained or increased in , with more than 1. In addition to seizures and stopped shipments of cocaine chemicals, recent information provides more details on cocaine hydrochloride production in Europe, which appears to be larger and more sophisticated than was previously thought EMCDDA and Europol, , Indeed, recent data indicate that, at least since and probably earlier Cawley, , large amounts of cocaine hydrochloride have been processed in Europe, especially the Netherlands, Spain, and more recently Belgium, from intermediary products coca paste and cocaine base smuggled from South America. The evidence indicates that, in most cases, the intermediary product converted into cocaine hydrochloride in Europe is cocaine base extracted from carrier materials such as charcoal, coco pulp, plastics in which it was chemically concealed in order to facilitate smuggling. Europol information indicates that the methods used to incorporate cocaine in carrier materials, particularly charcoal, have recently become more sophisticated, making detection by law enforcement more difficult. Spain reported to the EMCDDA that between October and July , 11 illicit cocaine secondary extraction facilities were dismantled, with estimated cocaine hydrochloride production capacity ranging between 3 and kilograms a week CITCO, Meanwhile, the Dutch Police reported that 45 secondary extraction facilities were dismantled in the Netherlands between and Additional Dutch law enforcement information specified that more than 10 of these facilities had an estimated production capacity of between and kilograms of cocaine hydrochloride a day, that is, between kilograms and 1. This suggests that cocaine hydrochloride manufacturing activities in Europe are on a much larger scale than was previously understood. Recent law enforcement information also suggests that the cocaine production facilities dismantled in the Netherlands are sophisticated and capable of producing high-purity cocaine. Several factors support this finding. First, some facilities were reported to be exact copies of the layout of facilities producing cocaine hydrochloride in Colombia. Second, some of the equipment seized in Dutch laboratories was built in the Netherlands based on Colombian blueprints, to a higher specification than the Colombian equivalents. Of note, it is possible that the same facilitators who, for years, have been manufacturing synthetic drug production equipment in the Netherlands now also make cocaine production equipment. Third, the chemicals seized in Dutch and Spanish facilities, including potassium permanganate and sodium metabisulfite, imply that the re-oxidation step is performed there. The re-oxidation of cocaine base is a fairly recent and sophisticated method used in Colombia in order to standardise batches of cocaine base of different origins prior to conversion to hydrochloride, increasing the efficiency of production EMCDDA and Europol, ; INCB, There are strong indications that the chemicals seized in cocaine facilities in the Netherlands were procured in EU countries including Germany, Poland and Spain. This means that these chemicals are probably of higher quality than the chemicals used in Colombian cocaine laboratories. Fourth, a number of Colombian nationals have been arrested while working in illicit cocaine facilities in the Netherlands and Spain, which could indicate that some Dutch, Spanish and Latin American criminal networks are collaborating in order to produce cocaine in Europe, with each side providing connections and know-how in order to make production more efficient and profitable. This bears a striking similarity to recent findings related to methamphetamine production facilities dismantled in Belgium and the Netherlands, where suspects originating from Latin America have been arrested in several cases and linkages between European and particularly Mexican cartels have been observed see EU Drug Markets: Methamphetamine. In addition to these concerns, intelligence suggests that some of the large facilities found in the Netherlands and Spain were processing coca paste see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. Some of the chemicals seized in illicit facilities in both Spain and the Netherlands can be used to process coca paste into cocaine base, a key step before cocaine hydrochloride can be manufactured see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. This implies that shipments of coca paste, and potentially of fairly large quantities, are now smuggled into Europe. However, no large seizures of coca paste or cocaine base have been reported to the EMCDDA by European countries in recent years 30 kilograms of cocaine base in and grams in , although a few seizures of hundreds of kilograms of coca paste bound for different European countries were reported in Colombia in the mids Cawley, The smuggling of large amounts of coca paste into Europe clearly constitutes an intelligence gap and a threat that must be better understood and documented. Any availability in Europe of large amounts of cocaine base and coca paste creates a risk that new, inexpensive, smokeable cocaine products similar to those available in many South American countries may emerge on European drug consumer markets in the future see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. This has happened in South America. However, no evidence has been found that such products are sold to consumers in Europe at present, and it appears that the coca paste and cocaine base trafficked to Europe mainly serve as starting materials for the manufacture of cocaine hydrochloride. These developments related to cocaine production processes taking place in Europe, requiring large quantities of intermediary products like cocaine base and the more bulky coca paste, as well as the diversion of tonnes of auxiliary chemicals, suggest that concerted efforts are needed to better understand and respond to these new challenges. The environmental harms caused by coca cultivation, cocaine production and trafficking are multifaceted. Fundamentally, removing vegetation from a patch of land in order to cultivate a single type of plant, in this case coca, has a negative effect on biodiversity, and can lead to erosion and soil depletion. The drive to maximise the yield of the coca bush often leads to the use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides, resulting in the pollution of soils and risks contaminating rivers and underground water deposits. The chemical extraction of the cocaine alkaloid from coca leaves and the conversion to cocaine hydrochloride also has severe environmental consequences. Many of the chemicals used to process coca leaves into cocaine hydrochloride, including potassium permanganate and solvents such as acetone, toluene, kerosene and acids, are hazardous. Many of these chemicals are also used in cocaine extraction and processing facilities in Europe, where cocaine base is extracted from carrier materials and then processed into cocaine hydrochloride. The increased detection of these facilities may indicate rising negative environmental damage from cocaine processing in Europe. The environmental impact of transporting cocaine between source countries and consumer markets is difficult to assess since bulk transatlantic trafficking mainly occurs via shipments of licit goods, thus contributing to the general environmental consequences of licit global supply chains. Considering the hundreds of tonnes of cocaine seized globally, the emissions related to cocaine transportation through the use of maritime and air freight, and also smaller aeroplanes and boats, could be considerable. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Coca and cocaine production. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

Mallorcan “coca” with trampó

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It is very important that all the ingredients are of the highest quality, because it is directly reflected in the final result. Cut into small pieces less than 1 x 1 cm. Mix well and let stand with extra virgin olive oil and salt. Spread the dough with your hands on a baking tray previously smeared with olive oil. The dough must leave a higher rim to contain the trap. Then put it back in the oven. It takes about 45 minutes to bake, but from experience it is better to keep an eye on it, as each oven works differently, and the amount of trapping on the dough may need a longer or shorter baking time. It should be baked until the upper ends of the trap begin to burn, or until you notice that the vegetable is already cooked. Another dish, and this is the best known, and at the same time easy to prepare, is pa amb oli. Follow the link to learn something about it: Pa amb oli. Once out of the oven, pour a little oil over the coca to make it juicier. We have made a video that shows in a more graphic way the whole process. Follow the link to learn something about it: Pa amb oli Pa amb oli. Facebook Twitter Google Plus Pinterest. Aceptar Denegar Ver preferencias Guardar preferencias Ver preferencias. Gestionar consentimiento.

Buy coke online in Mallorca