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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Email: s. To better understand donor behavior and ensure a safe and sufficient blood supply, various observational studies have examined barriers to blood donation. Twelve donation barriers were identified: lifestyle, donation location, medical reasons, no invitation, opening times, physical reactions, pregnancy, remuneration, sexual risk behavior, time constraints, travels, and waiting times. Anger associated most strongly with sexual risk behavior and disappointment most strongly with medical reasons. Discussions around blood donation are increasingly taking place online. Donation barriers found in this study differ from those in survey research. In many Western countries the number of donors is decreasing. Moreover, retention of loyal donors is also critical. However, survey research is not immune to methodological difficulties that can threaten the quality of the results, such as reactivity to the study. It is plausible that compared to survey respondents, social media users have previously thought about the content about which they post, and posts can contain a richness that is hard to collect in a survey. In addition, we investigate which donation barrier elicits dissatisfaction, in the form of anger and disappointment. We take into consideration anger and disappointment as these emotions are often expressed by those who are prevented from donating. Dutch blood collection is performed by a monopolistic blood collection agency Sanquin , where all blood donors donate on a voluntary basis and are not compensated. Online messages were collected through Coosto www. We applied a search string, similar to the process of finding literature for a literature review, including various combinations of terms related to blood donors, blood donations, and blood collection agencies see Appendix A, Table A1. Messages from 1 January , the year that Dutch social messages related to blood donation started to rise rapidly, until 31 December were collected. In addition, duplicates, irrelevant topics eg, illegal blood transfusions in cycle racing and media platforms other than Facebook or Twitter eg, blogs, Instagram see Appendix A for the removal keywords were also removed from the dataset. Based on prior research by Duboz and Cuneo, 19 Wevers et al. Two donation barriers that supplemented the list from the literature deserve additional clarification. Second, sexual risk behavior primarily captures the exclusion of men who have sex with men MSM , a policy that has been perceived as highly controversial. In total, twelve donation barriers were included, see Table 1. Due to privacy reasons, no actual messages could be used as an example. However, the examples are based on existing Dutch messages. Based on the procedure described in Stryker et al. Precision of the search strings was calculated by dividing the number of correct results ie, hits that relate to the topic of interest by the sum of correct and incorrect results ie, hits unrelated to the topic of interest using a random sample of 50 messages per search string. The excellent mean precision was 0. Organizing text into networks through SNA makes it possible to turn the large amount of social media messages into manageable and efficient graphical representations. A conditional probability indicates the chance that when a social media message contains concept A, it also contains concept B. For example, p Sexualriskbehavior Anger indicates the likelihood that when a social media message contains anger, it is about sexual risk behavior. We visualized the conditional probabilities between our concepts in terms of a network. To reduce the complexity of the figure, we expressed probabilities in percentages and did not visualize weak conditional probabilities. We defined a weak conditional probability as being smaller than 0. Therefore, an arrow is drawn from concept A to concept B only if the conditional probability reaches a minimum of 0. The lack of visualization does not indicate that no relationship exists, or that conditional probabilities below 0. Overview of conditional probabilities. Darker color corresponds to a higher probability. An example of such a network is illustrated in Figure 2. Due to the use of conditional probabilities to identify the relationship between variables and reduction in figure complexity see above , the networks in this figure and other figures in this paper can be read as separate dyads. Put differently, there is a In addition, we assessed if donation barriers affect the writer of the social media message personally, or if there is an issue with policy that is responsible for the barrier. Table 2 shows the number of messages included in our dataset for each year. When looking at the differences between medium, we see that In addition, we saw disappointment was expressed most on Facebook Similarly, we saw that most donation barriers were found on Facebook, with the exception of sexual risk behavior Similarly, Only one message contained a media source. In these messages people expressed that they were not allowed to donate. Only three messages were about the policy of Sanquin forcing a person to stop donating blood, and all three messages defended the policy. Only 14 messages were about a personal impact. Furthermore, 10 messages had a media source, with six of them only sharing the media messages without adding anything. Four messages discussed ceasing their blood donor career because of the policy and five messages defended the policy. The other 22 messages involved the sharing of a message to recruit new donors because the initial person could not donate for medical reasons. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of social media messages in the field of blood donation and transfusion. Only a small part of the sampled messages about sexual risk behavior were about donors discussing the end of their donor career. This is in contrast with other studies that found time constraints and physical reactions to be the primary donation barriers. Medical reasons were most strongly associated with disappointment. This is not surprising because people might want to openly communicate that their good intention to donate blood is impeded by a medical reason. Furthermore, this impediment is often an uncontrollable event where expectations about donating blood are not realized, which can lead to expressions of disappointment to warn others. Sexual risk behavior as a reason for exclusion, especially the exclusion with regards to men who have sex with men has been perceived as controversial 30 and is debated in the media in a negative way. Nearly half of the messages about anger and sexual risk behavior had a media source expressing anger about the MSM exclusion policy and a quarter only shared this media message without any other contribution. Other differences between survey research and social media research as mentioned in the introduction could explain discrepancies as well. Ceasing a donor career because of physical reactions, such as pain or fainting, might leave donors feeling ashamed. The open nature of social media, in which messages are visible to their own network and sometimes even the general public, could stimulate creators of social media messages to censor themselves in order to avoid embarrassment. This study shows some discrepancies with prior research and should be seen as an addition to the current literature. Regardless of the expected discrepancies with other studies, it is important for blood collection agencies to take note and act on the donation barriers expressed online. Despite the contributions to the current knowledge on donation barriers, this study also has some limitations beyond the ones discussed above. First, it is impossible to irrefutably identify if a person who made a social media post about blood donation ever actually donated blood with the data we used in this study. Second, due to the large number of messages in our dataset and inclusion of concepts with a relatively small number of messages, it was not feasible to estimate recall conditional probability that a text related to the concept will be included. Therefore, we did not identify changes in the relationships over time, and changes in the measurement system eg, changes in certain messages over time because specific demographic populations stopped using Facebook might have happened. With these results, the study contributes to prior research on donation barriers and illustrates the benefit of utilizing different methods on the same topic. The insights gained from this study can be implemented in recruitment and retention strategies—especially strategies through social media—in which messages can be tailored to address the significant donation barriers revealed. Barriers to blood donation on social media: An analysis of Facebook and Twitter posts. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Steven Ramondt. Find articles by Melissa Zijlstra. Find articles by Peter Kerkhof. Dissatisfaction Anger The time of aids is over, it is ridiculous that gays cannot donate blood. Disappointment When I finally had the courage to donate blood, I was rejected immediately. How is it possible that they are always calling to come? Lifestyle eg, lack of time, taking drugs or a tattoo Oops! Opening times Standing in front of the blood bank … is only open tonight due to holidays. Physical reactions Very sore arm due to my donation. Worth it! Pregnancy Cannot because of pregnancy, but I expect to be back soon! Remuneration of blood bank's top management Why do blood bank directors have top salaries while we provide free blood? Sexual risk behavior men who have sex with men You have been asking for it for years, and I would like to donate, but you exclude homosexuals. Time constraints Is it possible to donate in the weekend, I have no time during the week. Travels to malaria endemic areas No blood, because I lived in a malaria area for over 8 months. Waiting times Going to donate some blood at the bloodbank. Have to wait long, very busy. Open in a new tab. Precision Voluntary. Steven Ramondt and Melissa Zijlstra contributed equally to this work. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Was a blood donor, but I will not be back until the blood donation location in the village comes back. I would like to donate but my Hb needs to rise before I can donate. The time of aids is over, it is ridiculous that gays cannot donate blood. When I finally had the courage to donate blood, I was rejected immediately. Less blood is needed, so they closed locations. Lifestyle eg, lack of time, taking drugs or a tattoo. No invitation ie, not receiving an invitation to donate. Standing in front of the blood bank … is only open tonight due to holidays. Cannot because of pregnancy, but I expect to be back soon! Remuneration of blood bank's top management. Why do blood bank directors have top salaries while we provide free blood? Sexual risk behavior men who have sex with men. You have been asking for it for years, and I would like to donate, but you exclude homosexuals. Is it possible to donate in the weekend, I have no time during the week. Travels to malaria endemic areas. No blood, because I lived in a malaria area for over 8 months. Going to donate some blood at the bloodbank. Sexual risk behavior MSM.
Twelve donation barriers were identified: lifestyle, donation location, medical reasons, no invitation, opening times, physical reactions, pregnancy.
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Email: s. To better understand donor behavior and ensure a safe and sufficient blood supply, various observational studies have examined barriers to blood donation. Twelve donation barriers were identified: lifestyle, donation location, medical reasons, no invitation, opening times, physical reactions, pregnancy, remuneration, sexual risk behavior, time constraints, travels, and waiting times. Anger associated most strongly with sexual risk behavior and disappointment most strongly with medical reasons. Discussions around blood donation are increasingly taking place online. Donation barriers found in this study differ from those in survey research. In many Western countries the number of donors is decreasing. Moreover, retention of loyal donors is also critical. However, survey research is not immune to methodological difficulties that can threaten the quality of the results, such as reactivity to the study. It is plausible that compared to survey respondents, social media users have previously thought about the content about which they post, and posts can contain a richness that is hard to collect in a survey. In addition, we investigate which donation barrier elicits dissatisfaction, in the form of anger and disappointment. We take into consideration anger and disappointment as these emotions are often expressed by those who are prevented from donating. Dutch blood collection is performed by a monopolistic blood collection agency Sanquin , where all blood donors donate on a voluntary basis and are not compensated. Online messages were collected through Coosto www. We applied a search string, similar to the process of finding literature for a literature review, including various combinations of terms related to blood donors, blood donations, and blood collection agencies see Appendix A, Table A1. Messages from 1 January , the year that Dutch social messages related to blood donation started to rise rapidly, until 31 December were collected. In addition, duplicates, irrelevant topics eg, illegal blood transfusions in cycle racing and media platforms other than Facebook or Twitter eg, blogs, Instagram see Appendix A for the removal keywords were also removed from the dataset. Based on prior research by Duboz and Cuneo, 19 Wevers et al. Two donation barriers that supplemented the list from the literature deserve additional clarification. Second, sexual risk behavior primarily captures the exclusion of men who have sex with men MSM , a policy that has been perceived as highly controversial. In total, twelve donation barriers were included, see Table 1. Due to privacy reasons, no actual messages could be used as an example. However, the examples are based on existing Dutch messages. Based on the procedure described in Stryker et al. Precision of the search strings was calculated by dividing the number of correct results ie, hits that relate to the topic of interest by the sum of correct and incorrect results ie, hits unrelated to the topic of interest using a random sample of 50 messages per search string. The excellent mean precision was 0. Organizing text into networks through SNA makes it possible to turn the large amount of social media messages into manageable and efficient graphical representations. A conditional probability indicates the chance that when a social media message contains concept A, it also contains concept B. For example, p Sexualriskbehavior Anger indicates the likelihood that when a social media message contains anger, it is about sexual risk behavior. We visualized the conditional probabilities between our concepts in terms of a network. To reduce the complexity of the figure, we expressed probabilities in percentages and did not visualize weak conditional probabilities. We defined a weak conditional probability as being smaller than 0. Therefore, an arrow is drawn from concept A to concept B only if the conditional probability reaches a minimum of 0. The lack of visualization does not indicate that no relationship exists, or that conditional probabilities below 0. Overview of conditional probabilities. Darker color corresponds to a higher probability. An example of such a network is illustrated in Figure 2. Due to the use of conditional probabilities to identify the relationship between variables and reduction in figure complexity see above , the networks in this figure and other figures in this paper can be read as separate dyads. Put differently, there is a In addition, we assessed if donation barriers affect the writer of the social media message personally, or if there is an issue with policy that is responsible for the barrier. Table 2 shows the number of messages included in our dataset for each year. When looking at the differences between medium, we see that In addition, we saw disappointment was expressed most on Facebook Similarly, we saw that most donation barriers were found on Facebook, with the exception of sexual risk behavior Similarly, Only one message contained a media source. In these messages people expressed that they were not allowed to donate. Only three messages were about the policy of Sanquin forcing a person to stop donating blood, and all three messages defended the policy. Only 14 messages were about a personal impact. Furthermore, 10 messages had a media source, with six of them only sharing the media messages without adding anything. Four messages discussed ceasing their blood donor career because of the policy and five messages defended the policy. The other 22 messages involved the sharing of a message to recruit new donors because the initial person could not donate for medical reasons. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of social media messages in the field of blood donation and transfusion. Only a small part of the sampled messages about sexual risk behavior were about donors discussing the end of their donor career. This is in contrast with other studies that found time constraints and physical reactions to be the primary donation barriers. Medical reasons were most strongly associated with disappointment. This is not surprising because people might want to openly communicate that their good intention to donate blood is impeded by a medical reason. Furthermore, this impediment is often an uncontrollable event where expectations about donating blood are not realized, which can lead to expressions of disappointment to warn others. Sexual risk behavior as a reason for exclusion, especially the exclusion with regards to men who have sex with men has been perceived as controversial 30 and is debated in the media in a negative way. Nearly half of the messages about anger and sexual risk behavior had a media source expressing anger about the MSM exclusion policy and a quarter only shared this media message without any other contribution. Other differences between survey research and social media research as mentioned in the introduction could explain discrepancies as well. Ceasing a donor career because of physical reactions, such as pain or fainting, might leave donors feeling ashamed. The open nature of social media, in which messages are visible to their own network and sometimes even the general public, could stimulate creators of social media messages to censor themselves in order to avoid embarrassment. This study shows some discrepancies with prior research and should be seen as an addition to the current literature. Regardless of the expected discrepancies with other studies, it is important for blood collection agencies to take note and act on the donation barriers expressed online. Despite the contributions to the current knowledge on donation barriers, this study also has some limitations beyond the ones discussed above. First, it is impossible to irrefutably identify if a person who made a social media post about blood donation ever actually donated blood with the data we used in this study. Second, due to the large number of messages in our dataset and inclusion of concepts with a relatively small number of messages, it was not feasible to estimate recall conditional probability that a text related to the concept will be included. Therefore, we did not identify changes in the relationships over time, and changes in the measurement system eg, changes in certain messages over time because specific demographic populations stopped using Facebook might have happened. With these results, the study contributes to prior research on donation barriers and illustrates the benefit of utilizing different methods on the same topic. The insights gained from this study can be implemented in recruitment and retention strategies—especially strategies through social media—in which messages can be tailored to address the significant donation barriers revealed. Barriers to blood donation on social media: An analysis of Facebook and Twitter posts. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Steven Ramondt. Find articles by Melissa Zijlstra. Find articles by Peter Kerkhof. Dissatisfaction Anger The time of aids is over, it is ridiculous that gays cannot donate blood. Disappointment When I finally had the courage to donate blood, I was rejected immediately. How is it possible that they are always calling to come? Lifestyle eg, lack of time, taking drugs or a tattoo Oops! Opening times Standing in front of the blood bank … is only open tonight due to holidays. Physical reactions Very sore arm due to my donation. Worth it! Pregnancy Cannot because of pregnancy, but I expect to be back soon! Remuneration of blood bank's top management Why do blood bank directors have top salaries while we provide free blood? Sexual risk behavior men who have sex with men You have been asking for it for years, and I would like to donate, but you exclude homosexuals. Time constraints Is it possible to donate in the weekend, I have no time during the week. Travels to malaria endemic areas No blood, because I lived in a malaria area for over 8 months. Waiting times Going to donate some blood at the bloodbank. Have to wait long, very busy. Open in a new tab. Precision Voluntary. Steven Ramondt and Melissa Zijlstra contributed equally to this work. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Was a blood donor, but I will not be back until the blood donation location in the village comes back. I would like to donate but my Hb needs to rise before I can donate. The time of aids is over, it is ridiculous that gays cannot donate blood. When I finally had the courage to donate blood, I was rejected immediately. Less blood is needed, so they closed locations. Lifestyle eg, lack of time, taking drugs or a tattoo. No invitation ie, not receiving an invitation to donate. Standing in front of the blood bank … is only open tonight due to holidays. Cannot because of pregnancy, but I expect to be back soon! Remuneration of blood bank's top management. Why do blood bank directors have top salaries while we provide free blood? Sexual risk behavior men who have sex with men. You have been asking for it for years, and I would like to donate, but you exclude homosexuals. Is it possible to donate in the weekend, I have no time during the week. Travels to malaria endemic areas. No blood, because I lived in a malaria area for over 8 months. Going to donate some blood at the bloodbank. Sexual risk behavior MSM.
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