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The panel drug test detects traces of 10 different types of substances that are often associated with drug abuse. This test is normally conducted with a urine sample and may involve secondary testing to confirm any positive results. Testing may be performed as a condition of employment or when you are suspected of abusing prescription or illegal drugs. A panel drug test can detect recent use of 10 common drugs of abuse. The most common use is for workplace drug testing. Typically an employer may require drug testing for these reasons:. Because the panel drug test looks for more substances than many other drug tests, it is most frequently used by employers who want to screen employees for a wide range of substances. The panel drug test first analyzes the test sample, usually urine, for the residue of the following 10 substances:. If traces of these drugs are present in the initial screen, a second round of more precise testing is done to confirm the positive result. In a urine drug test, additional analyses may be added to the tests for these 10 substances. For example, the lab may check the pH and other characteristics that help show that the urine sample was not adulterated, diluted, or substituted. While panel drug tests are most commonly used by employers, you may want to order a test for personal reasons. A panel screen may be used for:. A medical professional can help you determine when a panel drug test is the right testing option for you. Drug testing can be conducted in a variety of settings, including labs, workplaces, hospitals and clinics, or drug treatment centers. You will most often need to give a urine sample for a panel drug test, although some tests use other specimens such as blood. Drug tests are available to order online. You can take a panel drug test at home. Many drug tests done at home use a urine dipstick test much like at-home pregnancy tests. The test card will detect if there is more than the cut-off level for each given substance. At-home panel drug tests are fairly sensitive to the presence of drugs but certain foods, beverages, supplements, and medications can interfere with results, according to the Food and Drug Administration FDA. If you get a positive result on an at-home test, the FDA recommends sending a sample to a laboratory for confirmation as lab testing is the most reliable method. How much a panel drug test costs will vary depending on where the test is performed and how it is ordered. If a doctor orders the test, your insurance may cover some or all of the cost of the test. Discuss specific details relating to the cost of the test with your health care and insurance provider, who can give a more accurate assessment of any copays and deductibles. The panel drug test is most often performed on a urine sample. Drug screening tests can also be done on hair, saliva, blood, umbilical cord, and sweat. Before the test, inform your employer or the lab taking your urine sample of any over-the-counter or prescription drugs that you have recently taken because these can in some cases affect your test results. For a urine test, avoid drinking too much water beforehand. Follow any specific instructions from your employer on how to prepare and what to bring when you take the test. Test kits typically include instructions, a collection cup, and the test itself which may be test strips, a test card, or a test cassette. For a urine test at a clinic, you should receive a plastic container that is sealed in tamper-proof packaging. You will normally be directed to a private bathroom where you fill this container with urine up to a specifically marked level. When you go into the bathroom, the water supply may be turned off, and there may be blue dye in the toilet bowl. These are measures intended to prevent tampering with the urine sample. After you have provided a urine sample, staff typically record the temperature of the sample and secure the container in tamper-proof packaging so that it can be sent for analysis. The process lasts less than a few minutes. At-home testing involves collecting and testing urine according to instructions provided with the test kit. A urine test does not have any side effects and does not involve any post-test restrictions on your activity. The second, more specific laboratory test is important because some foods, supplements, and medicines can affect the results of at-home testing. Laboratory test results normally come back within several business days after you have provided a urine sample. Some labs may have on-site testing with more immediate results. Your employer or the school that ordered the test will get the results to you. At-home testing results typically require the results to be visually read within a certain number of minutes after starting the test. Results from a panel drug test are usually reported as positive, negative, or inconclusive:. In many workplace testing programs, employees can request that their samples be analyzed by a second certified lab to confirm the results. At-home testing offers only a preliminary result for the presence of specific drugs. Only a certified laboratory certified can confirm the preliminary test and offer a final result. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Updated April 21, Accessed September 26, National Library of Medicine. Updated February 15, Hoffman, RJ. In: Traub SJ, ed. Updated September 21, MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Drug Testing. Updated June 7, Drug Testing Resources. Updated July 3, Updated October 1, Food and Drug Administration. Drugs of Abuse Home Use Test. Updated September 27, This form enables patients to ask specific questions about lab tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Please allow business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team. Board Approved. Get Tested. Test Quick Guide The panel drug test detects traces of 10 different types of substances that are often associated with drug abuse. About the Test Purpose of the test A panel drug test can detect recent use of 10 common drugs of abuse. Typically an employer may require drug testing for these reasons: Pre-employment: This testing screens applicants for illegal drug use and is often conducted after a conditional offer of employment has been made. Reasonable suspicion: Employers may conduct testing when drug use is suspected based on observable signs and symptoms in the workplace. Post-accident: Drug testing may be performed after a workplace accident to determine if drug use may have been a contributing cause. Although you can test for recent drug use, a positive test alone cannot prove that drug use caused a specific accident. Random: This type of drug testing is typically conducted without prior notice to act as a deterrent for employee drug use. Periodic: Employers may elect to perform drug testing on a set schedule. Periodic testing may be administered as part of an annual physical exam. Return-to-duty: This is performed when an employee is ready to return to the workplace after an extended absence. For example, it may be used after an employee has completed the required treatment for substance use following a positive result on a previous drug test. What does the test measure? The panel drug test first analyzes the test sample, usually urine, for the residue of the following 10 substances: Amphetamines Methamphetamines, meth, speed, ecstasy THC Cannabinoids, marijuana, hash Cocaine Coke, crack Opiates Heroin, opium, codeine, morphine Phencyclidine PCP, angel dust Barbiturates Phenobarbital, butalbital, secobarbital Benzodiazepines Diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam Methaqualone Quaaludes Methadone Opiate analgesic Propoxyphene Darvocet If traces of these drugs are present in the initial screen, a second round of more precise testing is done to confirm the positive result. When should I get a panel drug test? A panel screen may be used for: Medical screening: Your doctor may order a panel drug test as part of your care. Monitoring pain medication use: A panel drug test can be used to monitor your treatment and the level of any medications in your system. See More. See Less. Table of Contents. Ask a Laboratory Scientist. 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Buy coke online in Ed-Dyde

Anyone who has spent significant time playing video games has likely encountered a virtual soda machine. Whether it's a Nuka-Cola machine in the Fallout games, a Grog machine in the Monkey Island series, or any number of other examples, soda machines are surprisingly ubiquitous throughout the medium. Why do soda machines appear so frequently in video games? What purposes do they serve? What values do they represent? This article identifies depictions of soda vending machines in games and analyzes the roles -- commercial, aesthetic, ludic and narrative -- played by these machines. It goes on to argue that soda machines serve a crucial purpose in grounding video games in a world we recognize as like our own, while simultaneously reinforcing the consumerist values of modern capitalism. The paper draws on data from The Video Game Soda Machine Project, a website cataloging more than 3, soda machines across every major platform and genre. Even in today's crazy world, Nuka-Cola is still the number one choice of refreshment among Armageddon's survivors. Nestled in the shadow of a crumbling highway overpass in the harsh post-nuclear landscape of Fallout 3 's Capital Wasteland is the tiny settlement of Girdershade. Despite consisting of only two houses -- each occupied by a single resident -- the ramshackle 'town' is nevertheless home to a noteworthy cultural landmark. While players can explore barely disguised stand-ins for the Smithsonian museums in the game's re-creation of a decimated Washington, D. Housed in a dilapidated one-room shack and curated by ardent cola enthusiast Sierra Petrovita, the museum celebrates the history of Nuka-Cola, a fictional beverage in the Fallout universe. After hitting the market in , Sierra explains that Nuka-Cola 'quickly became the world's most popular soft drink. Crazy for the taste of Nuka-Cola! Soda machines may be difficult to come by in the post-apocalyptic Capital Wasteland of Fallout 3 , but they are a prominent fixture in video games spanning nearly every major genre and platform. From machines selling Juggernog and Double Tap Root Beer in the Call of Duty series to the delightfully named Handsomeman Executive Cola in Killer7 Grasshopper Manufacture, to anachronistic Grog vending machines in the pirate-themed Monkey Island games, virtual soda machines appear in any number of forms across literally hundreds of video games. Why do soda machines appear so frequently in games? What purposes do they serve in these games, and what values do they represent? In addition to fulfilling various commercial, aesthetic, ludic and narrative functions, I argue that vending machines play a crucial role in creating a sense of place in which players can more readily immerse themselves. Soda machines, along with other recurring video game props, connect virtual spaces to a reality we recognize as like our own. The fact that reconstructing our reality in digital spaces so frequently involves the placement of soda machines -- objects as emblematic of brand-consciousness, consumerism, and commercialization as any other artifact of the modern era, if not more so -- further suggests that these vending units reinforce a specific set of capitalist values. The site is accessible to the public and includes both screenshots I have collected from video games myself, as well images submitted by visitors via email and social media. For the purposes of this research, I have defined a soda machine as a self-contained automatic machine that dispenses soft drinks in exchange for payment Seagrave, , p. This includes functional analogs of contemporary soda machines found in video games set in the past, future, and any number of science fiction or fantasy settings. For instance, the Grog machine from Monkey Island mimics both the appearance and functionality of modern soda machines despite existing anachronistically in a game set during the 'Golden Age of Piracy' of the 17th and 18th centuries. While I have excluded other vending machines e. While Wolf rightly notes that defining what is meant by the term 'video game' is 'more complicated than it first appears' p. In the case of Catch-a-Coke , a collaboration between Bandai and the Coca-Cola Company, a simple LCD game featuring a Coca-Cola vending machine was mounted into actual Coca-Cola vending machines, providing customers with a few moments of gaming distraction while they waited for their drinks to dispense. Thus, Catch-a-Coke represents perhaps the lone example of a video game soda machine that was also part of a soda machine video game. Working within these parameters, the VGSM Project has documented 3, soda machines from more than 1, different games since its launch in September , spanning every major video genre and platform \[1\]. The abundance of data points not only offers a wide variety of cases to assess, but also serves as a testament to the frequency with which soda machines appear in video games. In turn, the goal of this study is to report on the findings of the VGSM Project, highlighting the various commercial, aesthetic, ludic and narrative purposes these soda machines serve, as well illuminating their broader socio-cultural meaning. More specifically, my approach is patterned on the 'object inventory' methodology advanced by Consalvo and Dutton As the authors contend, 'A useful way for researchers to understand the role that objects can play in a game is to create an object inventory that catalogues all known objects that can be found, bought, stolen or created, and produce a detailed list or spreadsheet that lists various properties of each item' Consalvo and Dutton, They go on to suggest:. Creating such an inventory can help the researcher ask larger questions about the game such as: What role or importance do objects have in the game? Is the player encouraged to collect 'stuff' for the sake of having it, or is there utility in most objects? What can be inferred about the economic structure of the game from the pricing of objects, their relative scarcity or abundance? Are objects valued more than people or interactions in the game? Consalvo and Dutton, While the authors' object inventory approach focuses primarily on game items the player can claim and possess, I contend this general methodology -- identifying examples of items in video games, interrogating these examples to elucidate the items' purposes, and then reflecting on the items' broader diegetic and non-diegetic meanings -- is also an appropriate fit for studying environmental objects like soda machines \[2\]. The project also draws on the emerging theories and practices of archaeogaming. Simply put, archaeogaming is the application of archaeological methods to video game environments. As Reinhard notes, archaeogaming approaches games as 'archaeological sites, landscapes, and artifacts, and the game-spaces held within those media can also be understood archaeologically as digital built environments containing their own material culture' p. By cataloging and studying virtual vending machines as artifacts of material culture in immaterial spaces -- much like a traditional archaeologist might investigate physical artifacts in the real world -- we can contemplate both their purposes and the values they represent. Each of these digital artifacts has its own internal narrative, which, Reinhard argues, not only includes details of their creation and use, but also 'the intangibles of memory and meaning' p. That is, it makes a game out of a game -- or, rather, a game out of more than 1, games. The act of tracking down thousands of virtual vending machines figuratively and literally gamifies data collection, shifting the focus of play away from 'winning' games and instead toward meta-objectives like identifying a game that features a soda machine, obtaining that game, and then progressing through it far enough to capture a screenshot of the soda machine. The fun, as they say, is in the hunt. Therefore, by repurposing play around this set of meta-objectives, the ludic approach of the VGSM Project essentially 'undermines the authority of videogames as authored objects' Boluk and LeMieux, , p. The following section develops a typology of the various commercial, aesthetic, ludic and narrative purposes soda machines serve in video games. I go on to argue that these virtual soda machines play a crucial role in grounding games in a world we recognize as fundamentally similar to our own -- a touchstone of modernity, even in games set outside the modern era. I will begin by exploring examples of video game soda machines that serve as a form of commercial product placement for real-world beverage companies. Spending on in-game advertising has exponentially increased over the past decade to form what is now a multibillion-dollar industry. In turn, Chen and Ringel situate in-game advertising on a continuum ranging from games that attempt to associate a brand or product with the activity featured in the game associative integration to games that prominently feature the product itself in gameplay illustrative integration or allow players to experience the product in some capacity within the confines of the virtual space demonstrative integration. Furthermore, at least one informal survey of gamers suggests that respondents prefer games that feature familiar brands Kline et al. Of the 3, soda machines currently archived at the VGSM Project, only 72 are representations of actual soda brands \[3\]. Returning to Chen and Ringel's typology of in-game advertising, these cases run the gamut from associative integration that attempts to connect soda brands to exciting activities like NBA basketball and skateboarding to more interactive forms of demonstrative integration that allow players to purchase and drink name-brand beverages from virtual soda machines. In other instances, these soda machines appear in so-called advergames -- that is, games 'specifically designed for a brand with the aim of conveying an advertising message' de la Hera, , p. Similarly, in Mr. Pibb machines throughout the game as they consume the titular soft drink and defeat zombies with the subsequent belches \[4\]. Nevertheless, product placement featuring actual soda brands still constitutes fewer than 2 percent of the machines documented at the VGSM Project. Generic soft drink machines and soda machines featuring fictional brands are far more prevalent in the collection; hence, players are far more likely to see a character reach for a refreshing Nuka-Cola and its ilk than an ice-cold Coke or Pepsi. El-Nasr, et al. In turn, the prevalence of soda machines in video games is perhaps explained in part by the relative ease with which they are visually depicted in virtual environments. For instance, Enix platformer Brain Breaker for the Sharp X1 -- one of the earliest examples cataloged at the VGSM Project -- depicts its soda machines as two-dimensional rectangles, only 8 pixels wide by 16 pixels tall. Occupying less than one percent of Brain Breaker's screen real estate and rendered in only six colors, key aesthetic elements that signify 'soda machine' are nevertheless visible, including four varieties of soda distinguished by color , a coin slot, a dispensing tray, and a Coke-inspired 'wave' logo. While more recent games often depict environmental objects at higher resolutions and in three dimensions, rendering a soda machine in a three-dimensional space is often simply a matter of mapping a 2D texture featuring familiar soda machine elements onto a boxlike 3D model. Adam Gregory, former designer at Wide Games, describes a soda machine in a 3D game environment as a 'simple function expressed as the bare minimum geometry. A cube that does something' personal communication, 31 March Aesthetically speaking, video game soda machines -- much like actual soda machines -- are intended to catch the player's eye. Colorful and often brightly lit, they provide a vibrant pop that stands in contrast to their surroundings. This is particularly the case in contemporary games that employ more naturalistic, desaturated color palettes to communicate realism to players Tulleken, After hours spent creeping around the shadows of Gotham City, turning a corner and encountering a luminous soda machine emblazoned in shades of cotton candy pink and blue certainly constitutes a departure from the game's overwhelmingly gray and gloomy environs. Moreover, in addition to providing artists with an opportunity to diversify a game's color palette with more saturated hues, units like Arkham Knight 's Sprinkle Fizz machine often serve as sources of environmental lighting as a result of their backlit panels and buttons. The variations in color and lighting provided by objects like soda machines offer game designers 'yet another powerful design material to manipulate along with sound, character, narrative, game challenge, genre, etc. Careful manipulation of color and lighting on the part of game designers can not only enrich the visual experience, but also establish mood and evoke emotion \[5\]. For instance, the visual contrast of shifting from dark to bright -- or from a desaturated to a saturated color palette -- tends to heighten tension. The inverse, moving from bright to dark or saturated to desaturated, releases that tension. Brightly lit soda machines are frequently used as a source of atmospheric environmental lighting in Capcom's Resident Evil series and numerous other games in which unfathomable horrors lurk in the shadows just beyond the flickering glow of a Juicy Raccoon vending machine. Whereas some video game soda machines exist largely to fulfill aesthetic purposes, others introduce an interactive element that integrates them into gameplay. Jumping on top of a soda machine may help the player reach an otherwise inaccessible location. Punching a soda machine may cause it to spew out coins. Telekinetically levitating a soda machine into the air may transform it into a deadly weapon to use against one's foes. For instance, at the end of each level in Data East's brawler Crude Buster a. Two Crude and Two Crude Dudes , one of the starring mercenaries punches a Power Cola machine to dispense a health-replenishing can of soda Figure 3. Similarly, purchasing a Nuka-Cola from a vending machine in the Fallout series and drinking it restores a portion of the protagonist's health \[6\]. In some cases, the acts of vending and drinking are implied rather than depicted on screen; players simply stand in front of a soda machine and press the 'interact' button to restore the eponymous hero's health in Duke Nukem: The Manhattan Project Sunstorm Interactive, Soda machines also commonly dispense power-ups to players, granting them any number of special abilities. For example, imbibing a rare Nuka-Cola Quantum from one of the machines in Fallout 3 grants bonus action points, which temporarily allow the player to execute additional moves during a combat turn. The zombie game mode that appears in various installments of the Call of Duty series is rife with soda machines that offer a wide selection of Perk-a-Colas, including Double Tap Root Beer increased accuracy , PhD Flopper immunity from explosive damage , and Mule Kick extra weapon-carrying capacity. As is so often the case for those of us in the real world, video game characters frequently turn to soda machines when they need a little pick-me-up. In addition to providing health and power-ups, soda machines fill a wide array of ludic purposes across various genres. For example, video game soda machines may serve as a n :. While this list is far from comprehensive, it nevertheless gives an indication of the creative -- and, at times, outrageous -- ways designers have integrated soda machines into gameplay. In certain instances, video game developers have also relied on soda machines to help tell their stories, leveraging them as part of an assortment of narrative techniques. Anna: 'Are you sure you pressed the right button? I wanted orange. It gave me lemon-lime. He knows I like orange. They do it on purpose. This back-and-forth helps establish Anna as a reasonable, pragmatic character and Gunther as stubborn and conspiracy-minded, if perhaps 'not the most intelligent agent at UNATCO' Ion Storm, A later installment in the series, Deus Ex: Mankind Divided employs slogans found on its soda machines to advance the game's central theme of the growing societal tensions between baseline humans and mechanically augmented humans. Keep it real,' urges a Popa Cola machine. Survival horror game NightCry Playism, relies on a soda machine as part of a crucial plot twist early in the game; when a drink machine bloodily devours a supporting character, it is the first clear sign that the protagonist's weeklong voyage aboard a luxury ocean liner is going to be anything but a vacation. In Konbini Pedrono and Beaurepaire, , looking at the soda machine outside an abandoned convenience store triggers a flashback to an earlier visit when the store was still open, and the protagonist purchased an especially memorable lemonade. Notably, virtual soda machines often provide opportunities to parody actual soft drink brands. Professor Doctor from F. I argue that the commercial, aesthetic, ludic, and narrative functions of soda machines coalesce to serve a vital purpose: grounding video games in a reality players recognize as fundamentally like their own. Certainly, soda machines are a fixture of everyday life in many developed countries -- particularly in Japan and the United States, two countries at the center of the video game industry. Soft drink sales accounted for more than half of these returns 'Vending Machine Industry Statistics,' Many of us are surrounded by vending machines in our daily lives, so it stands to reason that vending machines would figure prominently into digital games that attempt to re-create our physical world with varying degrees of realism. If a game's developers want a game to feel 'real' to players, a soda machine on a subway platform can go a long way toward making that happen. Not only is a soda machine instantly recognizable to players, but they can anticipate the range of likely interactions with that machine. As players, we expect to see soda machines, and we know what to do with one when we see it. The overall sense of 'being there' in a virtual environment, toward which soda machines and any number of other game design elements contribute, is known as presence McMahan , p. Writing about virtual reality technology, Lombard and Ditton argue that a strong sense of presence provides users with a mediated experience that seems 'very much like it is not mediated' -- one that 'seems truly 'natural,' 'immediate,' 'direct,' and 'real. Of particular relevance to the present study, Lombard and Ditton emphasize realism as a significant component in establishing a sense of presence. Adding to this concept, Fencott discusses the importance of sureties -- 'mundane details that are somehow highly predictable' -- in virtual environments, offering 'unremarkable objects such as lamp posts and street furniture' as examples p. The VGSM Project provides evidence that soda machines take on this role as sureties in hundreds of video games, cluttering virtual environments ranging from train stations to space stations. They serve as familiar, predictable objects that connect gaming environments to players' actual lives, thus creating a sense of realism and, just as importantly, strengthening presence. In turn, something as simple as a red rectangle on screen with the word 'cola' on it has a powerful capacity for grounding players in a world they immediately recognize as real. Perhaps the most striking instance of a video game leveraging soda machines to establish this sense of presence comes in Quest for Bush also known as Night of Bush Capturing. This first-person shooter was developed by the Global Islamic Media Front, an organization tied to al-Qaeda and other jihadist groups, as a propaganda and recruiting tool. The player assumes the role of an insurgent carrying out a campaign of violence against American foes using a variety of weapons. A article in The Washington Post described the game as follows:. It's the latest -- and most extreme -- addition to a small but growing list of Islamic video games, monitored by the Defense Department and much blogged about in gaming circles. Some are free, others are not. Either way, they champion issues from an Islamic perspective, in stark contrast to many Western-made games that generally cast Muslims and Arabs as the bad guys. Furthermore, they underscore a brewing game-design war between East and West, a simmering tension of who's writing and rewriting history. Vargas, Notably, while battling American soldiers through a series of underground tunnels in the game's third level 'Jihad Growing Up' , the player encounters a Pepsi machine Figure 4. The mere fact that even the developers of an al-Qaeda propaganda game chose to include a vending machine that dispenses a popular American cola -- while perhaps engaging in a sly critique of Western capitalism in the process -- speaks volumes about how video games can establish a sense of presence \[7\]. How does the player know the game's rather crude graphics are meant to represent an actual American military base? Because there's a Pepsi machine, of course! If soda machines so often serve as a touchstone of modernity in video games, what does that say about modernity? In other words, if we know what video game soda machines do , what do they mean? I assert that video game soda machines, in addition to establishing a sense of presence, fundamentally reflect and reinforce the consumerist values of modern capitalism. These game environments are 'real' only insomuch as they reproduce the same signifiers of neoliberalism that surround gamers on a daily basis. In essence, they mirror players' internalized values concerning notions like free markets, competition, and consumerist ideals of personal fulfillment Bailes, , p. Or, as Dye-Witheford and de Peuter wryly observe, 'Welcome to your second life -- much like the first. But a world without capitalism? Actual soda machines and the beverages they dispense exemplify several defining facets of contemporary capitalism: consumerism, advertising, brand affinity, conspicuous consumption, convenience, impulse buying, disposability, and shopping as a cultural practice. Moreover, soda machines arguably represent the excesses of neoliberalism by commodifying carbonated sugar water -- a concoction with negligible intrinsic value -- and marketing it to thirsty consumers. These critiques appear in even sharper relief in the context of video game soda machines. A diet cola may have minimal intrinsic value in the real world, but in a video game, it is nothing more than an image on a digital display -- a cluster of pixels incapable quenching the player's thirst or providing a much-needed caffeine boost. Returning to the Fallout series, the consistent presence of Nuka-Cola presents a telling commentary on the centrality of soda machines to modern life. Bowman goes so far as to suggest that 'Bethesda has created a world that, despite being visibly destroyed, is also a manifestation of the permeation of capitalist ideology into every aspect of our lives. Sure, a lot of that cola is radioactive, but what else are you going to drink -- water? Scholars have explored 'ludocapitalism' Dibbell, , the intersection of capitalism and video games, from a variety of perspectives. As Dye-Witheford and de Peuter contend, 'A media that once seemed all fun is increasingly revealing itself as a school for labor, an instrument of rulership, and a laboratory for the fantasies of advanced techno-capital. Payne and Fleisch suggest that games have the capacity to 'reflect, internalize, and articulate reigning beliefs about free market capitalism' p. Perhaps, as Brogan suggests, video game soda machines resonate with players in part because 'they express a feeling of pleasure on demand -- the possibility of getting what we want when we want it. In that respect, they may not be unlike video games themselves. Given this context, it's not surprising that soda machines figure so prominently in video games. Like any other cultural artifact, we would expect to see video games 'reassert, rehearse, and reinforce' Dye-Witheford and de Peuter, values like consumerism through signifiers such as soda machines. In fact, as Castronova argues, 'Nothing makes a world feel more alive than an active market system' p. The introduction of player-controlled vending machines in the multiplayer action RPG Fallout 76 Bethesda Game Studios, bears out Castronova's claim. Following a difficult launch in , Bethesda updated the game in May to allow players to build vending machines at their camps and sell items they scavenge from the Appalachian wasteland to one another. As a result, a thriving in-game economy emerged where players exchanged everything from Nuka-Cola to shoulder-mounter nuclear weapons for bottlecaps, the game's primary currency. Driven by the forces of supply and demand and frequently characterized by arbitrage and artificial, this vending machine economy mimics many of the defining features of real-world markets. Moreover, Fallout 76 's vending machines created a reason for players to visit one another's camps, spurring social interaction in a multiplayer game that, up to that point, had paradoxically been characterized by a sense of isolation. Payne and Fleisch note similar patterns in the Borderlands series, where vending machines emerge not only as a hub for the buying and selling of equipment, but also the exchange of gaming capital Consalvo, in the form of player interaction and knowledge-sharing. While I would contend the vast majority of the soda machines that appear in games do not reflect a conscious attempt on the part of developers to reinforce consumerist values, in certain instances this process of socialization is arguably more deliberate. The aforementioned cases of product placement featuring actual soda brands in video games clearly represent intentional efforts to boost brand awareness and loyalty -- in exchange for beverage companies underwriting a portion of these games' development costs. We can also look to the niche genre of 'educational' vending machine games available for mobile platforms as a decidedly more blatant example of socialization. I bought my own drink! No matter how many you buy, your mom and dad won't get mad. Buy as many drinks as you want in this simulation' App Store, Similarly, an Android game titled simply Vending Machine Inclusive Technology HelpKidzLearn, is 'designed to provide a great opportunity for discussion and the development of everyday day \[ sic \] vocabulary associated with using a vending machine' Play Store, The description continues: 'People always say that soda is bad for you. It's bad for you \[sic\] teeth, bad for your health and it's expensive. Well we've got news for you: It's not that bad if you get to learn how to handle money, right? These mobile games and others like them frame virtual interactions with soda machines as educational experiences for young children. While counting money is certainly an important skill replicated in any number of childhood play experiences from toy cash registers to the board game Monopoly , these educational titles serve as noteworthy examples of how video game soda machines can actively promote the internalization of consumerist norms associated with modern capitalist societies. The added fact that such games often rely on bowdlerized versions of actual soda brands with familiar color branding and logos -- for instance, Koala Cola and Panda fruit-flavored soda as stand-ins for Coca-Cola and Fanta, respectively, in I Can Do It -- Vending Machine -- only further underscores the socializing role video game soda machines can play. While some of this reporting likely reflects the popular 'person does curious thing on the internet' journalistic trope, it also suggests soda machines are a memorable enough part of video game history to merit broader attention. This is further reinforced by the fact that video game soda machines and the fictional drinks they dispense have increasingly 'crossed over' into the real world. To promote Fallout 4 's release in , Bethesda Softworks partnered with Jones Soda to sell bottles of Nuka-Cola Quantum -- a repackaged version of Jones's existing berry lemonade flavor -- on the shelves of Target Good, Bethesda followed suit in with a replica Nuka-Cola machine mini-fridge to promote Fallout 4 Fallon, Lest we dismiss these crossovers as little more than cogs in a massive promotional machine, a February search of Etsy, an online store specializing in handmade goods, revealed listings for unofficial Nuka-Cola merchandise -- including multiple replica vending machines. Future avenues of research into video game soda machines might focus in greater depth on oppositional readings of these digital texts. While this study argues that soda machines typically reflect consumerist values, several games use soda machines to challenge, satirize, or otherwise disrupt this dominant discourse. For instance, drink machines labeled 'Carbonated Sugar' in True Crime: New York City Luxoflux, lay bare through satire the commodification and branding of what is ultimately a nutritionally empty product. Future research might also apply the present study's methodology -- assessing the commercial, aesthetic, ludic, and narrative purposes of items in video games -- to other environmental objects. Sites similar to the Video Game Soda Machine Project have already cataloged in-game items ranging from paintings to traffic cones to toilets. Exploring how these objects fit into game environments, how they are incorporated into gameplay, and how they are used to tell stories could offer worthwhile points of comparison. Players encounter her while she is vacationing at the titular Nuka-World, a massive theme park dedicated to all things Nuka-Cola -- 'the happiest place on earth,' at least according to Sierra. Through a convoluted series of events involving a scavenger hunt and the cryogenically preserved head of Nuka-Cola inventor John-Caleb Bradberton, players find themselves shoulder-to-shoulder with Sierra, breaking into Bradberton's office to steal the carefully guarded secret formula for Nuka-Cola. The present study suggests that video game soda machines, too, merit serious attention. More than mere background decorations, devoid of meaning, these soda machines help establish a sense of presence in virtual environments, serving as familiar signifiers of 'reality' even in the most fantastical settings. In doing so, they also reinforce the consumerist values of modern capitalism by replicating in video games the same models of commodification, branding, and consumption that surround players in their daily lives. Perhaps, as Sierra Petrovita claims, there's nothing in the world quite like an ice-cold Nuka-Cola, but the pervasiveness of soda machines suggests they are a meaningful artifact of modernity -- not only in our world, but also in the games we play. In Fallout and Fallout 2 , it is possible for the protagonist to become addicted to Nuka-Cola and suffer withdrawal symptoms if he or she fails to consume the soft drink frequently enough. One of the levels in Quest for Saddam features, perhaps unsurprisingly, a Coca-Cola machine. Allison, A. Harootunian Eds. Bailes, J. Ideology and the virtual city: Videogames, power fantasies and neoliberalism. Hampshire, UK: Zero Books. Bogost, I. Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. Boluk, S. 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Marketers are looking to casual mobile gaming to target audiences. Wolf, M. The video game as medium. Wolf Ed. Bethesda Game Studios. Fallout 3 \[Multiplatform\]. Rockville, MD: Bethesda Softworks. Fallout 4 \[Multiplatform\]. Fallout 76 \[Multiplatform\]. Clap Hanz, Ltd. Tokyo, Japan: Sony Computer Entertainment. Ecole Software and French-Bread. Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax \[Multiplatform\]. SEGA of America. Deus Ex: Mankind Divided \[Multiplatform\]. Tokyo, Japan: Square Enix. Electronic Arts Canada. Dreamfall: The Longest Journey \[Multiplatform\]. Game Freak. Kyoto, Japan: Nintendo. Global Islamic Media Front. City Shrouded in Shadow \[PlayStation 4\]. Tokyo Japan: Bandai Namco Entertainment. Inclusive Technology HelpKidzLearn. Vending Machine \[Android\]. Irrational Games and Looking Glass Studios. System Shock 2 \[Windows\]. USA: Electronic Arts. Left Field Productions. USA: Crave Entertainment. Monkey Island series \[Multiplatform\]. USA: LucasArts. Monolith Productions. USA: Warner Bros. Interactive Enterainment, Inc. Neversoft Entertainment. Tony Hawk's American Wasteland \[Multiplatform\]. USA: Activision. Oddworld Inhabitants Inc. Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee \[Multiplatform\]. USA: Microsoft Corporation. Online Entertainment. Rocky Interactive Horror Show \[Windows\]. Online Entertainment Ltd. Radical Entertainment. Rocksteady Studios. Batman: Arkham Knight \[Multiplatform\]. Interactive Entertainment. SCE London Studio. Sony Computer Entertainment. Sunstorm Interactive. Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project \[Multiplatform\]. Jess Morrissette Dr. His research includes work on bureaucracies and modernity in Papers, Please , patriarchal play and sex positivity in the Leisure Suit Larry series, and the labor economics of the coal mining industry as depicted in Fallout Contact information: morrissette at marshall. Keywords: soda machines, archaeogaming, presence, capitalism, consumerism Introduction Even in today's crazy world, Nuka-Cola is still the number one choice of refreshment among Armageddon's survivors. They go on to suggest: Creating such an inventory can help the researcher ask larger questions about the game such as: What role or importance do objects have in the game? Consalvo and Dutton, While the authors' object inventory approach focuses primarily on game items the player can claim and possess, I contend this general methodology -- identifying examples of items in video games, interrogating these examples to elucidate the items' purposes, and then reflecting on the items' broader diegetic and non-diegetic meanings -- is also an appropriate fit for studying environmental objects like soda machines \[2\]. The Purposes of Video Game Soda Machines The following section develops a typology of the various commercial, aesthetic, ludic and narrative purposes soda machines serve in video games. Commercial Purposes: Product Placement and Advergames Spending on in-game advertising has exponentially increased over the past decade to form what is now a multibillion-dollar industry. Ludic Purposes: Playing with Soda Machines Whereas some video game soda machines exist largely to fulfill aesthetic purposes, others introduce an interactive element that integrates them into gameplay. Raw , Yuke's Co. Narrative Purposes: Telling Stories with Soda Machines In certain instances, video game developers have also relied on soda machines to help tell their stories, leveraging them as part of an assortment of narrative techniques. Establishing Presence I argue that the commercial, aesthetic, ludic, and narrative functions of soda machines coalesce to serve a vital purpose: grounding video games in a reality players recognize as fundamentally like their own. A article in The Washington Post described the game as follows: It's the latest -- and most extreme -- addition to a small but growing list of Islamic video games, monitored by the Defense Department and much blogged about in gaming circles. Vargas, Notably, while battling American soldiers through a series of underground tunnels in the game's third level 'Jihad Growing Up' , the player encounters a Pepsi machine Figure 4. Figure 4: A Pepsi vending machine from Quest for Bush Global Islamic Media Front, The mere fact that even the developers of an al-Qaeda propaganda game chose to include a vending machine that dispenses a popular American cola -- while perhaps engaging in a sly critique of Western capitalism in the process -- speaks volumes about how video games can establish a sense of presence \[7\]. The Meanings of Video Game Soda Machines If soda machines so often serve as a touchstone of modernity in video games, what does that say about modernity? Gargantua: Manufactured mass culture. London: Verso. Ludography Activision. Call of Duty series \[Multiplatform\]. Bandai Electronics. Catch-a-Coke \[Arcade\]. Blue Fang Games. Zoo Tycoon \[Muliplatform\]. Halo 2: Anniversary \[Xbox One\]. Chief Gamer Soda Crush Vending Machine \[Mobile\]. Chief Gamer. Data East Corporation. Crude Buster \[Multiplatform\]. Digital Gene. Brain Breaker \[Sharp X1\]. Japan: Enix Corporation. The Longest Journey \[Multiplatform\]. Oslo, Norway: Funcom. The Secret World \[Windows\]. Gearbox Software Borderlands series \[Multiplatform\]. USA: 2K Games. Grasshopper Manufacture. Killer7 \[GameCube\]. Osaka, Japan: Capcom. Interceptor Entertainment. Rise of the Triad \[Windows\]. USA: Apogee Software. IO Interactive. Hitman \[Multiplatform\]. Square Enix. Ion Storm. Deus Ex \[Multiplatform\]. London: Eidos Interactive. Kaos Studios. Homefront \[Multiplatform\]. KID Corp. Pepsiman \[PlayStation\]. Lucasfilm Games. Maniac Mansion \[Multiplatform\]. USA: Lucasfilm Games. Geist \[GameCube\]. Nintendo of America Inc. New Generation Software. Chewy: Esc from F5 \[PC\]. Blue Byte Software. Pedrono A. Konbini \[Windows\]. NightCry \[Windows\]. Playtonic Games. Yooka-Laylee \[Multiplatform\]. UK: Team 17 Software Limited. Quantum Integrity Software. In development. Dead Matter. Rockstar Games. Grand Theft Auto series \[Multiplatform\]. Rockabilly Beatdown \[Multiplatform\]. Sega AM2. Shenmue \[Dreamcast\]. Tokyo: Sega. The Sims Studio. The Sims 3 \[Multiplatform\]. Batman: Arkham Underworld \[iOS\]. Entertainment, Inc. XPEC Entertainment. Do Not Fall \[Multiplatform\]. Yuke's Co. WWE: SmackDown vs. Raw \[Multiplatform\]. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings.

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