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January Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Major William Leith-Ross, More details: NAM. In January , the British assembled a prototype special operations unit known as Dunsterforce. This handpicked team of soldiers undertook a daring secret mission to northern Persia now Iran and the Caucasus. Their aim was to unify into an effective force the various anti-Bolshevik and anti-Turkish groups fighting there. The photographs and papers of Captain William Leith-Ross, a member of Dunsterforce, shed light on this largely unknown episode. After the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the October Revolution , the Russian armies opposing the Turks on the Caucasian Front began to disintegrate. The British therefore felt it necessary to bolster the Allied position there. Dunsterforce, named after its commander Major-General Lionel Dunsterville, was tasked with securing the vulnerable oil installations at Baku and the strategically important Trans-Caucasian railway from both the Turks and the Bolsheviks. Such a move would also secure the right or eastern flank of the British forces fighting in Mesopotamia, now exposed following the Russian withdrawal. The oil fields of Binagardy, Baku, August This was all to be achieved by organising local groups of Armenians, Assyrians, Georgians and anti-Bolsheviks into an irregular army. Dunsterville even had the authority to encourage the establishment and maintenance of independent friendly nations, such as Georgia and Armenia, in order to stabilise the Caucasus and simultaneously help safeguard the approaches to British India from any possible Turkish attack. This was deemed a real threat given Turkish intentions to expand their influence both in the Caucasus and further eastwards. Dunsterforce, officially called the British Military Mission to the Caucasus, consisted at its peak of around 1, officers and non-commissioned officers. It is certain that a finer body of men have never been brought together. A British artillery officer with Armenians at a forward observation post, Baku, September But growing worries about the chaotic situation in the Caucasus had already forced the British to send ahead a small advance party on 27 January Dunsterville, Leith-Ross and 50 other men were ordered to head north to secure Baku and then, if possible, move to Tiflis now Tbilisi where they were to establish a base for recruiting and directing irregular forces. They took with them a large amount of Persian silver and British gold to assist this plan. Map of northern Persia and the Caucasus, Driving cars, vans and armoured vehicles, they travelled over miles north-east through difficult Persian terrain, over the 7,feet Asadabad Pass, down to Hamadan, and then north another miles to Enzeli now Bandar-e Anzali on the Caspian Sea. En route, this small force was bolstered by a group of anti-Bolshevik Cossacks whom they encountered at Kermanshah. At Enzeli they hoped to obtain ship passage to Baku. But, arriving on 19 February, they found the port controlled by hundreds of armed Bolsheviks and other revolutionaries. The message they received was that Russia was no longer at war with the Turks, and the British were not wanted there. Ford vans struggling through deep snow in the high Persian passes, Dunsterville returned to Hamadan, arriving on 25 February His group now stayed there until the summer. They spent the next few months engaged in famine relief work and civil construction projects. Many locals resented the presence of foreign soldiers in Persia as earlier depredations by the Turkish and Russian armies had contributed to widespread starvation. The Dunsterforce aid effort bolstered the reputation of the British in what was officially still a neutral country. Dunsterforce officers also trained the locals so that they could defend their villages from bandits and Turkish-backed tribesmen. Members of the group engaged in several skirmishes with the latter and helped deny the movement of enemy agents through north-west Persia. Digging out a Dunsterforce armoured car after a river crossing, In July , Dunsterville also sent a small force with money and arms to assist the Jelus, a group of Assyrians resisting the Turks around Lake Urmia to the north-west. Leith-Ross recorded that:. We sent them thousands of rifles and much ammunition. It was very difficult to get it to them across country. But when the British group arrived they found the town of Urmia captured by the Ottoman army. About 80, people fled and the Dunsterforce party helped hold off the Turkish pursuit and attempts by Muslim Kurdish tribesmen to attack the refugees. Eventually they reached safety near Hamadan, where a brigade-sized force was later raised from the survivors, trained and commanded by a small Dunsterforce detachment. The remaining Assyrian refugees were sent on to refugee camps near Baghdad. Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros saluting with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, During this episode the British found it difficult to work out who among the myriad tribes and faiths in the region were allies or enemies. During May-June , the London contingent and extra infantry and cavalry detachments had joined Dunsterville at Hamadan. They had travelled from Baghdad by train part of they way before being forced to march with mules the remaining miles. Now reinforced, Dunsterville returned to Enzeli, which was finally occupied on 27 June. He then set sail for Baku in early July. Arrival of the first British guns at Baku, August By the time Dunsterville disembarked in Baku, the city was already under siege by the Turkish army. For the next six weeks his men struggled to bolster the 7, Armenian, Assyrian and Russian volunteers including some Bolsheviks defending the port. Dunsterforce tried training the troops into an army, but found them commanded by five different political factions, making control and coordinated action difficult. But the local forces frequently melted away when attacked or failed to follow orders. Armenian troops at Baku, August On 1 September , large Turkish regular forces and Muslim tribesmen launched co-ordinated offensives against both Baku and Hamadan. Baku fell on 14 September. Dunsterville evacuated his force back to Enzeli and then Hamadan, leaving soldiers dead or captured. He was accompanied by thousands of Armenian refugees. Once it was back in northern Persia they suspended their drive from Tabriz towards Hamadan. This provided some security to the right flank of the British forces in Mesopotamia, one of the original goals of the mission. The War Office disbanded Dunsterforce on 22 September Most of the surviving men returned to their original units. Funeral of British soldiers killed at Baku, August The British also struggled to mobilise the residents of Baku, who were too preoccupied with infighting to mount a united defence. An Armenian howitzer fires at enemy positions near Baku, September This was a period in which the war was decided by victories over Germany on the Western Front, and defeats of the Ottomans in Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Salonika. On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies, so its occupation of Baku and the oilfields was short lived. They may not have achieved all their objectives, but the men of Dunsterforce exhibited the kind of courage and endurance that we often associate with Special Forces missions. In northern Persia and the Caucasus the conditions in which they travelled and fought were extreme. Marches of up to 30 miles per day in temperatures topping 50C, or plummeting to C in the mountain passes, were routine. A British officer with the Armenians, Baku, August They were cut off from immediate reinforcements and lacked a reliable supply line. It also took great skill to drive and maintain a column of basic motor vehicles across such terrain. The men of Dunsterforce were often treated as unwelcome strangers in lands wracked by famine, war, genocide, and civil unrest. But they tried to work with local groups against a common enemy. He had one brother, John, and a sister, Elena Violet. The following year he joined the 77th Moplah Rifles in Bangalore and was also appointed an extra aide-de-camp to the Prince and Princess of Wales during their visit to India. The 55th remained on the frontier during the First World War, but many men from the regiment saw service abroad while attached to other units. Captain William Leith-Ross next to a wireless wagon station, c One of his first major tasks was assisting Tigris Corps with the doomed attempt to relieve the besieged British-Indian force at Kut. The role gave him a unique opportunity to travel by motor vehicle and aircraft to reconnoitre, photograph, survey and report on the British area of operations. Some of these were official photographs collected by Leith-Ross, but he personally took many more. His intelligence experience, and the fact that he was already in theatre, made Leith-Ross an ideal recruit for Dunsterforce. He was seconded to Dunsterville in January He subsequently returned to his intelligence duties with the Expeditionary Force, remaining in Mesopotamia until the end of the war. A keen tennis player, Leith-Ross reached the final of the Mesopotamian open tennis championships where he lost to Norman Brookes, the and Wimbledon champion. Leith-Ross continued to serve in Mesopotamia until late During the early s he attended the Indian Army Staff College at Quetta before undertaking staff and regimental appointments. Between and , he commanded 5th Battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles, leading it during several frontier operations. Leith-Ross left talking to a visiting dignitary shortly after landing his aircraft, Mesopotamia, April Between and , he was commandant of a prison for Indian nationalist political prisoners on the Andaman Islands. On retiring as a lieutenant-colonel in he returned to Scotland where he was appointed Inspector of Prisons and subsequently Director of Prisons and Borstals. In , Leith-Ross sold his ancestral home, Arnage Castle. In later years he lived at Moungan in nearby Ellon. He retired from the prison service in July Drilling Armenians at Baku, August Oil trucks at Baku, August A Dunsterforce armoured car on a bridge on the Kermanshah-Hamadan Road, Related timeline events British surrender at Kut Dunsterforce in Baku.
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