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Missouri Court of Appeals Western District. Gary L. Stamper , Columbia, for appellant. William L. Webster , Atty. Ziegler , Asst. He appeals the trial court 's decision alleging it erred in the following respects: 1 by failing to suppress evidence seized from the trunk of his car; 2 by failing to suppress an inculpatory statement of appellant which was made without being given a Miranda warning; and 3 by not suppressing Exhibit 9, a photograph of a magazine captioned 'Cocaine Billionaires'. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. On September 6, , two highway patrol officers, Trooper James E. Lane and Sergeant Vincent J. Ellis , were patrolling on opposite sides of Interstate Trooper Lane who was traveling eastbound, detected a tan Fleetwood Cadillac traveling westbound at an approximate speed of 81 m. Trooper Lane radioed Sergeant Ellis who was traveling westbound to pursue the car while Trooper Lane crossed the median to join him. Trooper Lane signaled the tan car, with flashing red lights, to pull over to the side of the road at which point he pulled in behind the tan car. Trooper Lane then approached the car at which time, defendant , a twenty year-old resident alien from Panama, voluntarily got out of the car with a map in his hand and started asking Trooper Lane directions to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Defendant told Trooper Lane that he was moving to Minneapolis and needed directions. Trooper Lane then advised defendant that he had been stopped for speeding and asked for his driver's license, and defendant produced a Florida driver's license. At this point, Trooper Lane told defendant that he would have to issue him a traffic ticket and to come to the patrol car while the ticket was being completed. As they neared the rear of the defendant 's car, Sergeant Ellis, who had overheard the previous discussion, had observed that the car license plates were New York and that no luggage was visible. Consequently, Sergeant Ellis asked defendant 'Do you mind if we look through your vehicle? Defendant responded 'Sure. Go right ahead. Sergeant Ellis then suggested to speed up the process, that he continue the search while defendant was completing the ticket with Trooper Lane in the patrol car. Defendant then went with Trooper Lane to his car, which was parked directly behind defendant 's car, and completed the ticket. Defendant sat in the front seat and was able to observe Sergeant Ellis as he conducted the search. Sergeant Ellis continued his search of the trunk, finding articles of clothing, produce, and a white bag with clothing inside and a child's yellow lunchbox. He opened the lunchbox and found a block wrapped in black and tan plastic tape. Sergeant Ellis took the package to the patrol car and asked the defendant , 'What is this? Defendant replied, 'Cocaine. Trooper Lane then placed defendant under arrest, read him his Miranda rights and transported defendant to the Columbia Police Department. Upon arrival at the police department, defendant was once again read his Miranda rights, he signed a waiver of his rights form, and a form consenting to the search. Defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence which was denied at a hearing held on the motion. At trial, defendant objected to the admission of the package and filed a new motion to suppress defendant 's statements acknowledging the contents of the package given at the scene of the arrest. This motion was also denied. Defendant 's defense at trial was that he had no knowledge that the package was in his car and therefore, was not guilty. Defendant contends in his first point that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress the seized package of cocaine because defendant did not voluntarily consent to the search of his automobile. He premises this argument upon the fact that at the time the consent to search was made he was in custody and was unaware of the fact that he could deny the request to search. A search or seizure is valid if it is made with proper voluntary consent. State v. Lingar , S. Johns , S. Blair , S. It is well established that the determination of whether consent was voluntary depends upon many factors including but not limited to 'the number of officers present, the degree to which they emphasized their authority, whether weapons were displayed, whether the person was already in police custody, whether there was any fraud or misleading on the part of the officers, and the evidence as to what was said and done by the person consenting. Rush, S. Although knowledge of the right to refuse consent is relevant, it is not essential in showing consent. DuBose , S. We believe defendant 's consent was voluntary for the following reasons. First, there were only two patrol officers present, only one of which approached defendant 's door while the other remained at the rear of the car. Second, Trooper Lane immediately informed defendant that he had been stopped for exceeding the speed limit and that he would have to issue defendant a traffic ticket. Third, neither officer drew his weapon or physically restrained defendant. Fourth, defendant was asked by Sergeant Ellis, 'Do you mind if I look through your vehicle? Defendant then sat in the front seat of the patrol car directly behind his own vehicle and watched the entire search while completing the traffic ticket, and at no time requested the search to cease. Additionally, both officers testified that they would not have proceeded with the search without consent, or without probable cause. They testified at the hearing that the defendant was very cooperative and that they had conversed fluently with him. We believe that under the totality of the circumstances test, defendant 's consent was voluntarily given. Therefore, defendant loses on this point. Next, defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting into evidence an inculpatory statement acknowledging the nature and character of seized contraband because defendant 's detention for a traffic violation turned into custody and therefore, he was entitled to a Miranda warning. Defendant 's entitlement to a Miranda warning is conditional upon the existence of both custody and interrogation. Mouser , S. Defendant alleges that his detention turned into custody when Sergeant Ellis suggested that he sit with Lane and complete the traffic ticket while Ellis completed the search. Defendant relies upon the three prong test in State v. Bradley , S. The test is: 1 whether there was probable cause to arrest; 2 whether the investigation at the time of the interrogation had focused on the accused; and 3 the subjective intent of the police officer. A person is not in custody when he is only being asked investigatory questions by the police. Even when a person is a suspect, if he is not under arrest or otherwise restrained, custodial interrogation does not exist. Mathiason , U. Defendant was stopped initially for exceeding the speed limit. Having observed a traffic violation, Trooper Lane possessed the authority to stop defendant 's vehicle for the purpose of issuing a traffic Subscribers can access the reported version of this case. Search over million documents from over countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more. Advanced A. Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the cited cases and legislation of a document. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the documents that have cited the case. Subscribers are able to see the revised versions of legislation with amendments. Subscribers are able to see any amendments made to the case. Subscribers are able to see a visualisation of a case and its relationships to other cases. An alternative to lists of cases, the Precedent Map makes it easier to establish which ones may be of most relevance to your research and prioritise further reading. You also get a useful overview of how the case was received. Subscribers are able to see the list of results connected to your document through the topics and citations Vincent found. VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. Your World of Legal Intelligence. Court Missouri Court of Appeals. Page S. WD To continue reading. You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits. Request your trial. Sanad, S. Swingler, S. Cody, S. We believe an objective observer could reasonably have interpreted the question and answer in this fashion. See, e. Brown, S. Pena, S. Shortly after midnight, Office In determining whether there was a voluntary consent to search, this court may consider such factors as the number of office Request a trial to view additional results.

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