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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. In , coca bush cultivation remained at historically high levels and cocaine hydrochloride production reached an all-time high. The COVID pandemic appears to have had an impact on coca and cocaine production during the first three months of However, these seem to have only been temporary disruptions. Global coca cultivation remains concentrated in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru but the eradication of coca plantations in other countries in recent years indicates that it could be expanding outside of the three Andean countries, albeit on a small scale at present. Thus, in and , eradication of coca plants was reported not only in countries close to the three traditional Andean producers, such as Ecuador, but also further afield in Central America including Guatemala and Honduras US State Department, , and Mexico Cervantes, In the three latter countries, facilities to process coca leaves into coca paste were also found at or near the coca plantations, leaving little doubt that the intention was to produce cocaine. In , global coca bush cultivation was estimated to have remained stable compared to the previous year, but remained at a high level by historical standards at hectares DEVIDA, ; UNODC, c, d. Most cocaine manufacture continues to take place in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Together these countries report the majority of cocaine laboratories dismantled globally. However, there is evidence that cocaine hydrochloride is refined elsewhere in South America, further along the trafficking routes, and now also increasingly in Europe. In , global cocaine hydrochloride production is estimated to have increased slightly to 1 tonnes, an all-time high, mostly due to an increase in Colombia UNODC, a. This is likely to lead to a further increase in global cocaine production in , especially since coca cultivation increased in both Bolivia and Peru that year see Coca cultivation: growing out of South America? With even more cocaine becoming available, it is probable that trafficking of the drug to and in Europe will increase. Potassium permanganate is an essential chemical in the illicit manufacture of cocaine, mostly used as an oxidising agent to turn coca paste into cocaine base see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. Efforts to control trafficking in potassium permanganate are complicated since it is used extensively by industries throughout the world, for instance in drinking water treatment, and also because it is produced in illicit facilities in South America. Global seizures of potassium permanganate increased to It should also be noted that the Chinese authorities stopped shipments of potassium permanganate destined to 15 countries and totalling almost 1 tonnes in , while India stopped a total of about 5 tonnes destined for two countries INCB, Illicit manufacture of potassium permanganate using substances such as manganese dioxide and potassium manganate is a fairly long-standing phenomenon in Colombia, where 7. Colombia also reported dismantling 6 illicit potassium permanganate manufacturing facilities in the first 10 months of INCB, Several other substances are used in the production of cocaine, and a number of them are in Table 2 of the UN Convention see Section Cocaine chemicals: increasing seizures indicate cocaine production in Europe. Some of these chemicals, for instance ammonia, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid may be manufactured in illicit facilities in or near the cocaine-producing countries INCB, Others are not under international control and are diverted from licit production, such as calcium chloride, more than tonnes of which was seized in South America and, to a much lesser extent Europe, in Another such chemical, sodium metabisulfite was also seized in large amounts in South America as well as in Europe in INCB, ; data from the European Commission. Data reported to the European Commission by EU Member States suggest that Europe is a significant source for chemicals associated with cocaine manufacturing, and together with information on dismantled cocaine production facilities see Section Manufacturing cocaine , confirm that stages of the cocaine manufacturing process are taking place in Europe, especially in the Netherlands and Spain. Considering the 53 chemicals monitored as potentially associated to cocaine production, a total of tonnes and 1. Attempts to source these chemicals in Europe that resulted in stopped shipments amounted to 36 tonnes and close to 45 litres in the period, but given the absence of reports of stopped shipments in , it is not comparable to previous periods. While these data cannot be taken as a direct indicator of cocaine production in Europe, they provide evidence of the scale of the amounts of chemicals seized or stopped in Europe in connection with illicit drug production. Potassium permanganate is one of the chemicals more directly associated with cocaine processing. Approximately 3. The vast majority was seized in a single operation in Germany in 3 tonnes , where it was found on the property of an individual known to rent farm buildings to people associated with large-scale illicit drug production information reported to the European Commission. As in previous years, all stopped shipments of potassium permanganate in Europe, amounting to 36 tonnes in , were reported by Spain. No stopped shipments were reported to the European Commission in Seizures of chemicals that can be used as precursors or substitutes of potassium permanganate were reported for the first time in Europe in and These included potassium manganate 73 kilograms and the substitute sodium permanganate 95 kilograms , all reported by the Netherlands. This may be an indirect indicator of when the oxidation stage of cocaine processing commenced in the EU. Reducing agents, such as sodium metabisulfite kilograms and sodium bisulfite kilograms continued to be seized in Europe, exclusively in the Netherlands, in , with seizures of the latter increasing considerably in These chemicals are strongly associated with cocaine production, since they are typically not used in the manufacturing of other drugs. Seizures of drying agents reached their highest level on record in , at 2. These chemicals, which in Europe mostly consist of calcium chloride, have a role in drying the solvents used in the stages of cocaine production where the presence of water must be eliminated. Finally, approximately 2. Tetramisole is a commercially available veterinary medicine made up of equal proportions of levamisole and dexamisole, the two enantiomers of phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole PTHIT Casale et al. As well as enhancing profits by bulking the quantity, there is evidence to suggest that levamisole enhances the effects of cocaine in a synergistic way, as it was found to produce no psychoactive effect when administered on its own Tallarida et al. Preliminary data for reported to the European Commission suggest that these seizure levels were maintained or increased in , with more than 1. In addition to seizures and stopped shipments of cocaine chemicals, recent information provides more details on cocaine hydrochloride production in Europe, which appears to be larger and more sophisticated than was previously thought EMCDDA and Europol, , Indeed, recent data indicate that, at least since and probably earlier Cawley, , large amounts of cocaine hydrochloride have been processed in Europe, especially the Netherlands, Spain, and more recently Belgium, from intermediary products coca paste and cocaine base smuggled from South America. The evidence indicates that, in most cases, the intermediary product converted into cocaine hydrochloride in Europe is cocaine base extracted from carrier materials such as charcoal, coco pulp, plastics in which it was chemically concealed in order to facilitate smuggling. Europol information indicates that the methods used to incorporate cocaine in carrier materials, particularly charcoal, have recently become more sophisticated, making detection by law enforcement more difficult. Spain reported to the EMCDDA that between October and July , 11 illicit cocaine secondary extraction facilities were dismantled, with estimated cocaine hydrochloride production capacity ranging between 3 and kilograms a week CITCO, Meanwhile, the Dutch Police reported that 45 secondary extraction facilities were dismantled in the Netherlands between and Additional Dutch law enforcement information specified that more than 10 of these facilities had an estimated production capacity of between and kilograms of cocaine hydrochloride a day, that is, between kilograms and 1. This suggests that cocaine hydrochloride manufacturing activities in Europe are on a much larger scale than was previously understood. Recent law enforcement information also suggests that the cocaine production facilities dismantled in the Netherlands are sophisticated and capable of producing high-purity cocaine. Several factors support this finding. First, some facilities were reported to be exact copies of the layout of facilities producing cocaine hydrochloride in Colombia. Second, some of the equipment seized in Dutch laboratories was built in the Netherlands based on Colombian blueprints, to a higher specification than the Colombian equivalents. Of note, it is possible that the same facilitators who, for years, have been manufacturing synthetic drug production equipment in the Netherlands now also make cocaine production equipment. Third, the chemicals seized in Dutch and Spanish facilities, including potassium permanganate and sodium metabisulfite, imply that the re-oxidation step is performed there. The re-oxidation of cocaine base is a fairly recent and sophisticated method used in Colombia in order to standardise batches of cocaine base of different origins prior to conversion to hydrochloride, increasing the efficiency of production EMCDDA and Europol, ; INCB, There are strong indications that the chemicals seized in cocaine facilities in the Netherlands were procured in EU countries including Germany, Poland and Spain. This means that these chemicals are probably of higher quality than the chemicals used in Colombian cocaine laboratories. Fourth, a number of Colombian nationals have been arrested while working in illicit cocaine facilities in the Netherlands and Spain, which could indicate that some Dutch, Spanish and Latin American criminal networks are collaborating in order to produce cocaine in Europe, with each side providing connections and know-how in order to make production more efficient and profitable. This bears a striking similarity to recent findings related to methamphetamine production facilities dismantled in Belgium and the Netherlands, where suspects originating from Latin America have been arrested in several cases and linkages between European and particularly Mexican cartels have been observed see EU Drug Markets: Methamphetamine. In addition to these concerns, intelligence suggests that some of the large facilities found in the Netherlands and Spain were processing coca paste see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. Some of the chemicals seized in illicit facilities in both Spain and the Netherlands can be used to process coca paste into cocaine base, a key step before cocaine hydrochloride can be manufactured see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. This implies that shipments of coca paste, and potentially of fairly large quantities, are now smuggled into Europe. However, no large seizures of coca paste or cocaine base have been reported to the EMCDDA by European countries in recent years 30 kilograms of cocaine base in and grams in , although a few seizures of hundreds of kilograms of coca paste bound for different European countries were reported in Colombia in the mids Cawley, The smuggling of large amounts of coca paste into Europe clearly constitutes an intelligence gap and a threat that must be better understood and documented. Any availability in Europe of large amounts of cocaine base and coca paste creates a risk that new, inexpensive, smokeable cocaine products similar to those available in many South American countries may emerge on European drug consumer markets in the future see Figure The cocaine production process and the different cocaine products. This has happened in South America. However, no evidence has been found that such products are sold to consumers in Europe at present, and it appears that the coca paste and cocaine base trafficked to Europe mainly serve as starting materials for the manufacture of cocaine hydrochloride. These developments related to cocaine production processes taking place in Europe, requiring large quantities of intermediary products like cocaine base and the more bulky coca paste, as well as the diversion of tonnes of auxiliary chemicals, suggest that concerted efforts are needed to better understand and respond to these new challenges. The environmental harms caused by coca cultivation, cocaine production and trafficking are multifaceted. Fundamentally, removing vegetation from a patch of land in order to cultivate a single type of plant, in this case coca, has a negative effect on biodiversity, and can lead to erosion and soil depletion. The drive to maximise the yield of the coca bush often leads to the use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides, resulting in the pollution of soils and risks contaminating rivers and underground water deposits. The chemical extraction of the cocaine alkaloid from coca leaves and the conversion to cocaine hydrochloride also has severe environmental consequences. Many of the chemicals used to process coca leaves into cocaine hydrochloride, including potassium permanganate and solvents such as acetone, toluene, kerosene and acids, are hazardous. Many of these chemicals are also used in cocaine extraction and processing facilities in Europe, where cocaine base is extracted from carrier materials and then processed into cocaine hydrochloride. The increased detection of these facilities may indicate rising negative environmental damage from cocaine processing in Europe. The environmental impact of transporting cocaine between source countries and consumer markets is difficult to assess since bulk transatlantic trafficking mainly occurs via shipments of licit goods, thus contributing to the general environmental consequences of licit global supply chains. Considering the hundreds of tonnes of cocaine seized globally, the emissions related to cocaine transportation through the use of maritime and air freight, and also smaller aeroplanes and boats, could be considerable. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Coca and cocaine production. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

Peru’s cocaine trade overruns remote Indigenous territory

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UK, remember your settings and improve government services. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. You have accepted additional cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time. You have rejected additional cookies. This guide also has safety advice for regions of Peru. There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times. UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad. Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreigners. Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities. Political protests in Peru are unpredictable and can escalate quickly. Demonstrations can become violent and lead to roadblocks, travel disruption, including trains, and suspension of immigration services at land borders. This is often without notice or notification of estimated re-opening timelines. Local groups can announce strike action, with little or no notice, particularly in areas connected to mining. These may quickly spill over from one region to another. You may face detention or deportation if you take part in a demonstration. To reduce any risk:. Protests in Lima often happen in the historic centre, where access can be restricted, but they can also spread to other areas. Some train services in the south, including those to and from Machu Picchu, are occasionally suspended or disrupted because of protests. Contact your travel provider for further advice on disruptions, and check if changes need to be made to your journey. Contact an iPeru office or iPeru online for help with issues travelling to different regions of Peru. Help from local authorities, including police and emergency services, will also be very limited, especially if airports, roads and railroads are affected. There is a higher risk to your safety in areas where there is organised crime and terrorism linked to drug production. Street crime, including muggings and thefts, is a significant problem in Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and other major cities. Be alert in public places and when withdrawing cash from ATMs. It is safer to use ATMs inside banks, supermarkets or large commercial buildings during business hours. Do not walk on your own in quiet areas or at night. There have been a number of robberies at gunpoint of British tourists and residents. Attacks can take place in tourist areas of Lima such as Miraflores and Barranco. To reduce your personal risk:. Criminals target cars stopped at traffic lights. Keep your doors locked and windows shut while driving. There is a risk of robbery by bogus taxi drivers, especially at Jorge Chavez International Airport and bus terminals. Bogus taxi drivers and thieves pretending to be tour operators sometimes approach arriving passengers. To reduce the risk:. Victims are taken hostage and forced to withdraw money from ATMs for their release, usually at night. Incidents often involve armed criminals posing as taxi drivers, or taxi drivers working for organised gangs. Provincial and inter-city buses are sometimes held up by armed robbers. Criminals can also fake kidnappings by contacting the numbers from a stolen mobile phone and claiming to have kidnapped the owner. They then demand a ransom. Report it to the police if you suspect this has taken place. There have been some cases of rape or sexual assault of tourists, mostly in the Cusco and Arequipa areas. Unscrupulous tour agents have targeted young females, travelling alone in the Cusco area. You should:. For information on reputable tourist services around Peru, contact iPeru. Counterfeit US and Peruvian banknotes are in circulation. There have been reports of intis former Peruvian currency now out of circulation being used fraudulently by street money changers in Cusco tourist areas. Illegal drug use and drug trafficking in Peru carry lengthy jail sentences. Prison conditions in Peru are extremely poor and the British Embassy cannot intervene in police or judicial matters, or secure more favourable conditions. Some British nationals have been targeted by drug couriers through email scams. These items contain drugs. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Peru, but social attitudes are generally conservative. Make sure that agencies providing adventure activities like zipline, canopy tours, bungee jumping, paragliding, kayaking, rock climbing, sand buggies and surfing have a licence. You should also check their health and safety precautions. For updated information on tour and sport services, contact iPeru. Several hikers have died and others had to be rescued after serious accidents. Much of the region is inaccessible by helicopter so rescues are usually carried out on foot. Contact the iPeru tourist office in Huaraz — phone: 43 — before you set off. There have been deaths and accidents involving recreational sand buggies, particularly in the sand dunes around Ica and Lake Huacachina. These buggies are unregulated and the drivers and agencies take no responsibility for the welfare of passengers. There are unauthorised surfboard rentals at the beaches of Miraflores. There may not be lifeguards on beaches. For more information or to check the credentials of rafting and cruise operators, contact iPeru. This service typically involves drinking a brew containing dimethyltryptamine DMT , a hallucinogenic drug that is a Class A substance in the UK. This brew is not regulated and its interaction with existing medical conditions is not well understood. People have suffered serious illnesses and in some cases death after taking part in these ceremonies. Spiritual cleansing retreats are usually some distance from populated areas making it difficult to access medical attention for those who need it. There have also been reports of sexual assault during these ceremonies. There is guidance to support you if you have been sexually assaulted or raped in Peru. If you are planning to drive in Peru, see information on driving abroad. You can use a UK photocard driving licence to drive in Peru if your immigration stay permit is valid for up to 6 months. If you still have a paper driving licence, you may need to update it to a photocard licence or get the correct version of the international driving permit IDP as well. Take particular care if you are driving close to places where protests are taking place. Do not attempt to pass blockades. Driving standards in Peru are poor. Drivers often ignore stop signs and traffic lights, and fatal crashes are frequent. Drivers do not always show concern for pedestrians. You should be extra cautious when walking alongside traffic. Bus crashes are common, especially at night. Only use reputable transport companies, and where possible, avoid overnight travel, especially in mountainous and remote regions. The rainy season in Peru runs from November to May bringing heavy rain and snow in northern Peru, the Andes, including Cusco, and other parts of the country. It can lead to the disruption of some travel services, the restriction of some inter-provincial travel by road, flight delays and the temporary closure of some tourist sites. Rockslides, mudslides and snow can cause disruption to walking routes, road and rail travel in mountain and jungle areas:. Follow any advice given by the local authorities. If you are planning to visit areas of known volcanic activity, listen to all warnings and follow the advice of the local authorities. Although tsunamis are rare in Peru, higher tides often happen either after an earthquake or for other reasons throughout the year. See the Peruvian Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation for information. To help us improve GOV. Please fill in this survey opens in a new tab. Cookies on GOV. UK We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Accept additional cookies Reject additional cookies View cookies. Hide this message. Home Passports, travel and living abroad Travel abroad Foreign travel advice. Foreign travel advice Peru. Safety and security This guide also has safety advice for regions of Peru. Terrorism There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Terrorism in Peru Terrorist attacks in Peru cannot be ruled out. Political situation Political protests in Peru are unpredictable and can escalate quickly. To reduce any risk: avoid large gatherings and protests stay in a safe place follow the instructions of army or police officers take the advice of local authorities or tour operators monitor local media, including social media channels be wary of unverified, unofficial information make sure you travel with enough food, water, local currency and personal medication allow extra time to reach your destination Protests in Lima often happen in the historic centre, where access can be restricted, but they can also spread to other areas. Crime Organised crime There is a higher risk to your safety in areas where there is organised crime and terrorism linked to drug production. Street crime Street crime, including muggings and thefts, is a significant problem in Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and other major cities. To reduce your personal risk: avoid wearing or displaying expensive items avoid using your phone at the roadside, as motorbike riders may snatch it report crimes to local police as soon as possible ask lodge or hotel staff for help if an incident happens on site Criminals target cars stopped at traffic lights. Protecting your belongings Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and bag-snatching, is common, so: keep your belongings secure do not leave bags unattended on bus journeys, keep your passport with you Bogus taxi drivers There is a risk of robbery by bogus taxi drivers, especially at Jorge Chavez International Airport and bus terminals. If a kidnapping or hold-up happens to you: do not attempt to resist attackers agree to any demands for cash or goods report the incident to the police as soon as possible Criminals can also fake kidnappings by contacting the numbers from a stolen mobile phone and claiming to have kidnapped the owner. Sexual assault There have been some cases of rape or sexual assault of tourists, mostly in the Cusco and Arequipa areas. You should: buy your own drinks and keep sight of them at all times try to seek help from people you know report incidents to the police as soon as possible For information on reputable tourist services around Peru, contact iPeru. Money scams Counterfeit US and Peruvian banknotes are in circulation. Laws and cultural differences Personal ID Carry an identification document with you at all times as the Peruvian police may ask to see it. Illegal drugs and prison sentences Illegal drug use and drug trafficking in Peru carry lengthy jail sentences. You should: pack your luggage yourself and keep it with you at all times not carry anything through customs for anyone not take coca leaves or coca tea out of the country — it is illegal to import these items into the UK Some British nationals have been targeted by drug couriers through email scams. Military photography Do not take photographs of anything of a military nature. Same-sex couples showing affection in public may receive unwanted and negative attention. Outdoor activities and adventure tourism Make sure your insurance covers you for all planned activities. Unregulated tour services Make sure that agencies providing adventure activities like zipline, canopy tours, bungee jumping, paragliding, kayaking, rock climbing, sand buggies and surfing have a licence. Sand buggies There have been deaths and accidents involving recreational sand buggies, particularly in the sand dunes around Ica and Lake Huacachina. Surfing There are unauthorised surfboard rentals at the beaches of Miraflores. River rafting and Amazon riverboat cruises For more information or to check the credentials of rafting and cruise operators, contact iPeru. Transport risks Road travel If you are planning to drive in Peru, see information on driving abroad. Extreme weather and natural disasters Rainy season The rainy season in Peru runs from November to May bringing heavy rain and snow in northern Peru, the Andes, including Cusco, and other parts of the country. Rockslides, mudslides and snow can cause disruption to walking routes, road and rail travel in mountain and jungle areas: across the Cusco Region routes to Machu Picchu including the alternative Santa Maria-Santa Teresa-hydroelectric plant route, and the Salkantay route the route to Manu in Cusco and Madre de Dios across northern regions of Peru You should: check the latest conditions with your tour operator travel with enough food, water, cash in local currency, medication and warm clothes monitor local media for updates on travel information before starting your journey contact iPeru before you set off Earthquakes Peru is in an active earthquake zone and there are frequent tremors. Volcanic eruptions If you are planning to visit areas of known volcanic activity, listen to all warnings and follow the advice of the local authorities. Tsunamis and high tides Although tsunamis are rare in Peru, higher tides often happen either after an earthquake or for other reasons throughout the year. Previous : Entry requirements. Next : Regional risks. View a printable version of the whole guide. Explore the topic Living in Peru Travelling to Peru. Is this page useful? Maybe Yes this page is useful No this page is not useful. Thank you for your feedback. Report a problem with this page. This field is for robots only. Please leave blank. What were you doing? What went wrong?

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