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Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Psychiatry, With Clyde Kluckhohn. The psychiatry-anthropology relationship. Word, Professor White and 'anti-evolutionist' schools. In: Handbook of South American Indians, ed. Bureau of American Eth- nology Bulletin , Vol. Washington, U. Print Off. The Bororo. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin , Vol. The Northwestern and Central Ge. In: Handbook of South Amer- ican Indians, ed. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin , Sol. The Southern Cayapo. With Louis C. Folklore, Spanish translation of History of. Fondo de Cultura economica, Mexico. The Eastern Timbira, by Curt Nimuendaju. New York, Columbia University Press. Letters from Ernst Mach to Robert H. Isis, Some problems in Plains Indian folklore. Primitive Society. New York, Liveright Publishing Corpora- tion. Parochialism and historical instruction. In: Learning and World Peace, eighth symposium, ed. New York, The Conference. Some facts about Boas. Some aspects of political organization among the American Indians. The tropical rain forests: an introduction. Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology Bulletin , Vol. Primitive Religion. New York, Liveright Publishing Corporation. Boletin bibliografico de Antropologia Americana, Mexico, D. Man, The American People, by Geoffrey Gorer. Social and political organization of the Tropical; Forest and Marginal tribes. Property among the Tropical Forest and Marginal tribes. Der Ursprung der Gottesidee, Vol. In: South Sea Stud ies, pp. Beitrage zur Volkerkunde Nordamerikas. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg. XXIII, pp. Some aspects of political organization among American aborigines. New York, Interna- tional Universities Press. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Sociologus, 2: Mythos und Cult bei Naturvolkern: Religions wissen-. The Tukuna, by Curt Nimuendaju. Des Menschengeistes erwachen, wachsen, und irren, by R. Psyche, The song'Frohe Botschaft. An- thropol. Tupari, by Franz Caspar. Ethnography, cultural and social anthropology. The relations between the Kiowa and the Crow Indians. Bulletin de la Societe Suisse des Americanistes, 7: The Comanche, a sample of acculturation. Sociologus, Alleged Kiowa-Crow amenities. Contemporary currents in American ethnology. Ethnological Re- search, Translated by I. Obayashi Review. An A ppraisal of Anthropology Today, ed. A Crow tale. Toward Understanding Germany. Field research in South America. Richard Thurnwald Western Folklore, Monthly, Contemporary trends in American cultural anthropology. Sociolo- gus, Choosing reviewers. Supernormal experiences of American Indians. Reminiscences of anthropological currents in America half a century ago. Notes on the Kiowa Indians. Tribus, Soci- ologus, Homans and David M. L Primitive messianism and an ethnological problem. Diogenes, With Luella Winifred Cole. New York, Vantage Press, Inc. Americanists, Copenhagen, , pp. Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard Forlag. Individuum und Gesellschaft in der Religion der Naturvolker. A note on Crow curses. Robert H. Lowie, Ethnologist: A Personal Record. Berkeley, Uni- versity of California Press. The development of ethnography as a science. In: Men and Moments in the History of Science, ed. Evans, pp. Seattle, University of Washington Press. Berkeley, University of California Press. Empathy, or 'seeing from within. A few Assiniboine texts, collected and translated by R. Linguistics, My Crow interpreter. In: In the Company of Man, ed. Casagrande, pp. The oral literature of the Crow Indians. Tervuren, The Congress. Le Compromis dans la societe primitive. International Social Science journal Revue in- ternationale des sciences sociales , Religion in human life. Washo texts. Kinship terminology. In: Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica, Vol. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. He died in New York, April 9, Elected to the Na- tional Academy of Sciences in , he lived to be one of its older members aged ninety-two. He greatly influenced the course of biology in the United States, as it turned from a largely descriptive into an experimental and analytical science. He was one of the founders of the new discipline of general physiology, through his own work and through his editorship of the Journal of General Physiology, which he founded, with Jacques Loeb, in He remained an editor for over forty-five years, and trained many students who contributed to general physiology. Beman of Brooklyn. The mother's family were English; she lived in Baltimore before her marriage. The Osterhout family were Dutch, having come, as the name implies, from the town of Oosterhout East Wood south of the Rhine delta near Breda in the North Brabant province of the Netherlands. Later many family members There seem to be no New England ancestors to account for the distinguished name of Winthrop, which may have been given for some good friend. At the time of Winthrop's birth his father was a Baptist minister in Webster, Massachusetts, his congregation consisting largely of working people of very small means. John Osterhout was an idealist who preferred to minister to poor people, rather than seek a position at a wealthier church. When Winthrop's mother and infant sister died of typhoid fever in , the boy was left without a nurse. At first his father tried to care for the boy himself, and wrote that 'Winnie is a good little traveller,' when he took his son along wherever he went to preach. However, this arrangement proved too difficult, and young Winthrop was sent to live with his grandmother in Baltimore. This was apparently a happy time, since Grandmother was easygoing and gave him much freedom to play with boys of his own age on the street. Meanwhile the elder Osterhout had remarried, but his second wife died very soon, and Winthrop never knew her. Finally, when he was eight years old, Winthrop moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where his father had again re- married; here he grew up under the care of his stepmother, who was good to him, although never very close; she was a somewhat formal person who always addressed her husband as Mr. Oster- hout, or 'Mr. The parents had bicycles and took trips on them, but the boy was not in- cluded, and in general did not enjoy athletics. He did not play games, not even tennis, and apparently did not have any close boyhood friends that he could remember. In later life his chief recreation was walking and rowing. His father's church in Providence was also a poor one, and. Winthrop attended Bridg- ham Grammar School and Providence High School; when he was ten years old he got a job as errand boy in a bookstore, where he had a chance to get acquainted with books. His em- ployer liked him and allowed him to read; from then on most of his leisure time was spent in reading. Finally, when he entered Brown University in , he was entranced by the col- lection at the library. He was interested mainly in literature, and was elected class poet; he probably would have become a teacher of literature had not one of those chance happenings deflected him to science. In his junior year he met Professor H. Bumpus, who had recently come to Brown from Olivet a small Congregational college in Michigan that had a remarkable succession of good biologists on its staffs. Bumpus urged Osterhout to attend the botany course at nearby Woods Hole, in the summer of ; there the famous Marine Biological Laboratory, then only four years old, was just getting established. Here were such biologists as T. Morgan, E. Conklin, Frank Lillie, and Jacques Loeb, who later became a very close friend. The teacher of the botany course was W. Setchell, a recent Ph. Farlow's at Harvard and then Instructor at Yale. Osterhout and Setchell often went on collecting expeditions. One day he actually found Nitella in Nobska Pond, though it was thirty years before its physiological ad- vantages were recognized. Fifty years later Osterhout was to write Setchell's biography for the American Philosophical So- ciety. Osterhout made such an impression on Setchell that the lat- ter invited him to assist in the course next summer, which he. Now he was given the oppor- tunity to do independent research, and discovered an interesting phenomenonin Rhabdoniatenera now known es Agardhiella : four spores, each capable of forming a new plant, could also combine to form a single plant. This was the subject of Oster- hout's first paper, in the Annals of Botany. He was also in- trigued by plants living in brackish water, and tried some experi- ments that were the beginning of his later work on osmotic pressure and salt effects in algae. Osterhout returned to Brown in the fall of as Instruc- tor in Botany, remaining for two years while he studied for the M. He was able to spend the next year in Germany, where so many young American scientists then went for their graduate training. No doubt Setchell en- couraged this move; in any case the young Osterhout chose Bonn, where Eduard Strasburger was then at the height of his fame as a plant cytologist. The great professor was very kind and helpful, and the atmosphere of the laboratory was con- genial; Strasburger made the students his friends. Here Oster- hout met other young Americans: R. Harper, who took his Ph. Curiously, in view of Osterhout's later utilization of Valonia, Fairchild went on from Bonn to Naples, where he investigated the cytology of that genus. At Bonn Osterhout worked on the cytology and reproduc- tion of the freshwater red alga Batrachospermum. These experiences no doubt contributed to Osterhout's good command of the German language, which. He published several papers in German periodicals. When the time came to return home in , Osterhout had a position awaiting again at Brown, but chose instead to move west, to the University of California, then only 28 years old. Setchell had preceded him to Berkeley as Professor of Botany, and he appointed Osterhout as instructor in his department. At this grade the young man remained for five years while he completed his dissertation on the reproduction of Rhabdonia, the alga on which he began work in Woods Hole. He was awarded the Ph. A daughter, Anna Mrs. Theodore Edison , was born in and another Mrs. Olga Osterhout Sears four years later. Their aid in the prepara- tion of this memoir is gratefully acknowledged. The years at Berkeley were exciting and influential ones. The university, up to that time an isolated and small institution, was beginning to take on the stature of greatness that it later assumed, partly because of the rapid growth of California, partly because of the competi- tion of its new neighbor at Stanford, but mostly because of its remarkable president, Benjamin Ide Wheeler another graduate of Brown. In a day of famous leaders, Wheeler was a great builder and stimulator. One of his notable innovations was the bringing of great scholars from Europe for a year; some of these arrivals in science were Arrhenius from Sweden, de Vries from Holland, and Ostwald from Germany whose name meant the same thing as Osterhout. There also came to Berkeley for a period of eight years the brilliant physiologist Jacques Loeb, who influenced Osterhout very greatly. There exists a photo- graph taken in showing de Vries beside an Oenothera plant in the botanic garden, flanked with the portly Arrhenius. Hilgard, with Loeb smiling beside them, and Osterhout in 'bowler' hat in the back row. It was a fruitful and stimulating society for a young scientist, and it is not surprising that Osterhout's thoughts began turning from cytology and morphology to physiology and physical chem- istry. These were the days of Loeb's interest in artificial par- thenogenesis experiments on which were carried out in the Herzstein Laboratory near Monterey , and 'salt effects' were at the center of the physiology of the day. Osterhout began looking at algae from this point of view, noticing a perfectly natural experiment. He observed the plants on the hulls of river steamers going daily from the salt water of San Francisco Bay to the mountain-fresh water of Sacramento. Those plants which sur- vived could obviously tolerate wide ranges of salinity. He also looked into the necessity of calcium to balance sodium, both in algae and in the roots of higher plants; these observations were the subject of several short papers. In addition, he wrote two books. A remarkable one, entitled Experiments with Plants, described simple, ingenious class exercises which could be per- formed with seeds, corks, and lamp chimneys. There was even included a homemade balance, sensitive to one-tenth of a gram, made from umbrella ribs! While this book was scorned by sophisticated colleagues who remembered Pfeffer's laboratory, its exercises were characteristic of Osterhout's 'make-do' meth- ods, and the book was still in use twenty years later in his Harvard elementary class. I found it very useful when I began to teach in a poorly equipped laboratory ironically that of one of the scorners noted above. Apparently others did also, for it was translated into Dutch within two years, and later into Russian by none other than the distinguished plant physiologist, N. It might still be useful in underdeveloped countries. It contained some illustrations from Luther Burbank, whom Osterhout knew. The other book, written in collaboration with the famous. Hilgard, was entitled Agriculture for Schools of the Pacific Slope. While both books might be regarded as economic potboilers, they added greatly to the young botanist's reputation. At Berkeley, as his fame grew, Osterhout attracted increasing numbers of graduate students, among whom were A. Lawson, C. Williams, E. Byxbee, H. Hus, N. Gardner, and H. Densmore, the last a professor at Beloit College at the time of his work at Berkeley. All of these students worked on cytological problems: polar caps, spindle fibers, and the like. Magowan, however, studied the effects of salts on plants, reflecting Osterhout's own changing interests. Nathaniel L. Gardner, who was seven years older than Osterhout, became one of his most distinguished students, writing a large number of papers on Pacific Coast algae, many in collaboration with Osterhout's professor, Setchell. But it was a long way from other centers; except at Stanford there was then little science west of Chicago, and the long trip east by train was wearisome and expensive. Osterhout had not visited Woods Hole for many years. In Cambridge, Osterhout inherited the laboratories just vacated by G. It is not surprising that later he carried on much of his research in a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden several blocks away. Fernald was in the Gray Herbarium; W. Farlow, Roland Thaxter, and E. Jeffrey in the Museum. With such a collection of stars, life was not easy. Osterhout became a member of two clubs, one consisting mostly of Harvard profes- sors in Cambridge, the other the Thursday Club meeting in Boston and including prominent nonacademic neonle. But still the salary remained low Harvard then paying in the currency of prestige , and Osterhout had to eke out his earnings by teaching a course at Radcliffe as well as a Saturday morning extension course for teachers. About this time he taught himself mathematics, which now began to nlav an important part in his work. Baxter, A. Lamb, and Theodore Richards, who was soon to be the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in chemistry. They ap- preciated his applications of chemistry to biology, and he estab-. In the summer of he returned to Woods Hole, where he worked almost every summer for the next dozen years. He was elected a trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory in , remaining on the board for thirty years. Now began a most fruitful period of research, when he employed a new organism for studying salt and other permeability effects, and a new technique for biology to measure them. The organism was the brown alga or kelp, Laminaria; the technique, electrical resistance of the tissue. The thin blade of the kelp was cut by a cork-borer into small disks and arranged in columns, like a pile of pennies, then inserted into a Kohlrausch bridge, such as was used for measuring the conductivity of electrolytes. The conductivity of the tissue was assumed to represent the perme- ability of its cells to the ions of the bathing solution. He was perhaps influenced in the choice of this technique by his friend- ship with Arrhenius, who had recently developed his theory of ionic dissociation. The current source was a tuning fork oscillator of Hertz, detected by a telephone. Of course, this circuit really measured impedance, but it was, because of the large number of cells in series, adequate for the purpose. His results were later confirmed with direct current resistance measurements by the writer. Osterhout's procedure had the great advantage of giving quantitative measurements of changes in permeability from moment to moment, permitting the construction of time curves which could be used for calculation and prediction. It was found that the resistance remained high and constant in sea- water, for long periods. On the other hand, a single salt, such as NaC1 of the same conductivity, produced an immediate fall of resistance; if the exposure was continued for some hours, the fall was all the way to that of a dead tissue, completely. Conversely, the resistance recovered if seawater was restored before the resistance had fallen all the way to the dead value. Thus injury and recovery were shown quantitatively. Some divalent ions such as Ca, on the other hand, caused a rise of resistance at first, even to 60 or 70 percent above normal, which would be maintained for some time before falling, eventually to the dead value. Again there was recovery if the tissue was restored to seawater soon enough. However, if a mix- ture of the two salts e. Obviously a balanced solution had been attained between two ions each separately injurious , and the principle of salt antagonism beautifully and quantitatively demonstrated. Varying mixtures of these salts, as well as others, were studied, as were the effects of acid and alkaline seawater, anesthetics, surface active substances, etc. The method was employed as well by several of Osterhout's students, and a great number of papers described the results, at first largely in Science, then in other journals. These studies were summarized in a series of Lowell Lectures, given in Boston in , and as- sembled in a book entitled Injury, Recovery and Death in Re- lation to Conductivity and Permeability, published in a new series, 'Monographs on Experimental Biology,' of which C ster- hout was an editor, along with Jacques Loeb and T. This was the culmination of the Laminaria work, other matters now beginning to occupy Osterhout's attention. Indeed, only four or five more papers on these topics were published in the new periodical founded. Osterhout remained an editor for forty-five years. The journal was the main place of publication for him and his students and col- laborators thereafter. Volume I, No. The first article written with A. Haas utilized this principle to study the 'induction period' of photosynthesis; the second described an apparatus to circulate air from reaction chamber to indicator by means of a rubber bulb, with a soda lime tube to absorb CO2. This apparatus was run with a motor and was dubbed the 'Mills of the Gods'; it was the basis of a number of dissertations by students. Students doing their doctoral work on this or other problems were as far as I can ascertain W. Bovie, G. Reed, A. Haas, S. Brooks, M. Brooks, O. Inman, G. Ray, F. Gustafson, W. Fenn, Oran L. Raber, S. Cook, C. Lyon, P. Davies, and L. This seems a small list for sixteen years, but Ph. Some half dozen of these students predeceased Oster- hout; others went on to productive careers, two becoming members of the National Academy of Sciences. Osterhout was promoted in to the rank of Professor, at the age of forty-two, four years after his arrival in Cambridge. For much of his Harvard career he was in charge of the ele- mentary botany course, which he enlivened with simple but dramatic experiments, many of which could be demonstrated in lectures. He was a polished, effective speaker, who enjoyed making startling statements, and was not above showmanship when it could illustrate a point. He had to do this, he later explained, to keep the interest of Harvard's gilded youth, some of whom even brought bulldogs to class and aimed at the. Among his advisees was Vincent Astor, who was always accompanied by a bodyguard! His advanced lectures, on the other hand, were serious, carefully studied efforts, filled with the latest research results, often freshly published in the newest 7. Indeed, for a long time his classes were the only place in Harvard College where practical work in bio- chemistry could be studied. Henderson, who taught bio- logical chemistry, offered no laboratory; Otto Folin was at the Medical School, many miles away in Boston. Osterhout's courses consequently attracted many able students, not only in botany, but from zoology, and from the Bussey Institution, a dozen miles away. Through much of his stay in Harvard, Osterhout was faithfully assisted by Lee Morrison, who also performed many of the Laminaria experiments, and was addressed by some students as 'Professor Morrison. Oster- hout's first paper on Nitella dealt with the rate of loss of chloride ions under injury e. He also measured the fall of electrical impedance of Nitella under injury, but the method at cycles was not capable of showing very great changes, on ac- count of the cell's high capacitance. Direct current was later employed by the writer, with much higher resistance values. Beginning in , a start was made on bio- electric measurements with Nitella, under a Carnegie Institu- tion grant, which enabled E. Harris to assemble electronic equipment and literally make a string galvanometer. The study of dye penetration into Nitella also began at this time, in collaboration with Marian Irwin, a recent Ph. In work with giant marine algal cells began. Years earlier, at Osterhout's suggestion, R. Wodehouse, then a Harvard graduate student, had gone to Bermuda in and studied the vacuolar sap of Valonia macrophysa. This is a coenocytic alga, the large cells of which can each yield one ml or more of sap with a minimum of contamination by seawater. Wodehouse found potassium to be abundant, while sulfate was absent, in the sap. Crazier in found the pH of the sap to be about 6, while that of the seawater was 8. Crazier had also sent to Osterhout a large volume of sap from Valonia for careful chemical analysis by L. The analysis confirmed Wode- house's qualitative findings. K was found to be 40 times as concentrated in the sap as in seawater, while Na was one-fifth to one-sixth as concentrated: K was accumulated, Na was partially excluded. C1 was a little higher in the sap than in seawater, while SO4 was excluded as was Mg. The stage was now set for the study of Valonia at its place of growth; it was necessary to go to Bermuda for this. A grant not at all common in those days was obtained from the Rockefeller Institute, a sabbatical leave was arranged for the first term of the college year, and in the summer of Oster- hout took the Fort Victoria of the Furness line to Bermuda. His assistant was Mr. Dorcas, from the Chemistry Depart- ment at Harvard; the writer joined the two in the autumn, and work began in earnest on Valonia at the Biological Station. This year was possibly the happiest in Osterhout's life; he. His knee, injured in a mountain climb just before, prevented much walk- ing, but there was the daily row back and forth between the Grasmere Hotel where we lived and Agar's Island where we worked. Dorcas studied the entrance of CON into the sap and later compared the saps of Valonia macrophysa with stranded 'sea bottles' then regarded as V. He found large differences, the latter cell not accumulating potassium at all. The anomaly was shifted to another genus when the writer identified the Bermuda 'sea bottle' as a Halicystis from a dif- ferent natural order and named it H. But the Pacific Coast Halicystis does accumulate K! In , Osterhout made the first measurements of potential difference across the protoplasm of Valonia, using a Compton electrometer. The P. The cause of such asymmetry found in several marine algae is still not thoroughly understood fifty years later. It is formally explained, and in Halicystis demonstrated by vacuolar perfusion, that the cell's plasma membrane and its tonoplast differ in their relative permeability to ions. Osterhout enjoyed the lively scene at the Hamilton water- front market on Saturday nights; there were tropical fruits, brought in from the West Indies and exposed for sale under kerosene lamps, with haggling over price and condition often becoming intense. Such evenings might end in having a beer at the Windsor Palm Garden, but more often in listening to the Salvation Army songs and preaching. Perhaps these awoke boyhood memories of Baptist services which left little other trace except a good fund of biblical quotations. At this time he also began taking black and white pictures of sunsets with. It was his only hobby. He was given a folding vest-pocket Kodak for Christmas that year, but he preferred the Brownie. He had a suspicion of complicated apparatus and always did experiments as simply as possible. He literally lived in his work; he kept a pad of paper beside his bed at night, on which he could write in large flowing script, suggestions for the next day's experi- ments. He had to return to Cambridge to offer his course shortly after Christmas; in February Jacques Loeb came to Bermuda on a holiday, only to die of a heart attack within a week. Loeb's death ended the friendship that began in But it created a vacancy in the Department of General Physiology at the Rocke- feller Institute, to which Osterhout was called a year later. He accepted gladly, for although he had been a most successful teacher at Harvard, he had longed for time to do more research. The opportunity now presented, to attack the many problems posed by large algal cells, with adequate staff and fine equip- ment at the Institute, was irresistible. He gave his last class in the spring of , turned over his three remaining graduate students to his successor, W. Crozier, and moved to New York that autumn. With him went E. Harris and Marian Irwin, to be joined by the writer in In Bermuda a branch laboratory was set up in the Grasmere Hotel, with E. Damon and W. Cooper, Jr. Then began the most productive decade of Osterhout's life. The Institute was a scientific paradise, with full time available for research, and many associates, assistants, and technicians to help him. The electrical measurements begun at Harvard on Nitella were now pursued intensively by Harris, particularly with regard to the effects of salts on the potential. Osterhout discovered, in collaboration with Harris and the writer, that a 'disturbance,' a potential variation very like that of a nerve impulse, passed down the cell at a rate of about a centimeter per. While this had been partially appreciated by Georg Hormann in , it had been unstudied until when amplifiers and faster recording instruments Einthoven string galvanometers allowed it to be followed in detail. Umrath's papers began to appear three years later. A large number of papers, too numerous to refer to individually, by Osterhout and Harris, later by Osterhout and S. The mobilities of a number of ions in the cell surface were investigated, both under normal conditions and with seasonal alterations, effects of nonelectrolytes, and other agents. The bibliography during the decade in- dicates the wide range of these studies. It was found that these penetrated more rapidly as undissociated molecules than as charged ions and were therefore under control of the external pH value. Ammonia actually accumulated in the vacuole, e. This caused the Valonia cells to float and was a tempting analog to the ac- cumulation of potassium. However, the latter was not under very great control by pH. The laboratory next moved to an old part of 'Undercliff,' near the Grasmere, where E. Damon, A. Jacques, and L. Burgess worked on bioelectric and chemical properties of the cells. In New York, and later in Bermuda, the writer continued studies of the electrical resistance and capacity of Falonia, Nitella, and Halicystis, and Marian Irwin studied the penetration of vital dyes in cells and models. The latter two investigators published their results independently, the others usually collaborated with. Almost every weekend was spent in the country, writing or calculating; the load was heavy and the literary quality of the papers occasionally suffered. In the decade , some fifty joint papers appeared, as well as many by Oster- hout alone. It is not surprising that important points were inserted as footnotes, often in proof. The result made for dif- ficult reading, and since no book summing up this work has ever appeared, a great deal of important material is still buried in footnotes, remaining to be rediscovered by future workers. A totally different research also developed along the line of ingenious models, by which the penetration of electrolytes into cells could be partially explained. Particularly striking was a mixture of p-cresol and guaiacol, separating two aqueous phases of different pH. In the research on such systems Osterhout was assisted by S. Kamerling, J. Murray, and W. Stanley who was later to become a Nobel laureate and famous for 'crystallizing' tobacco mosaic virus. Theodore Shedlovsky, Lewis Longs- worth, and D. MacInnes were especially helpful in the physicochemical analysis of these models. One important con- cept developed from these studies was that of 'carrier mole- cules,' still a useful principle in discussions of cellular perme-. Although Osterhout had not visited Europe since his student days in Bonn, he was now able to travel again, and attended the Botanical Congress at Cambridge, England, in , saw the Passion Play at Oberammergau, and visited the French Colonial Exposition in Paris. He returned again in to France and Holland, seeing de NIries once more. He had earlier undergone an operation for glaucoma, saving one eye, but its sight deterioriated slowly henceforth. In the winter of came an attack of atrial fibrillation, when he was sixty-one. He was actually to live more than thirty years longer, owing to expert medical care and devoted home nursing. He married Marian Irwin at this time. His first marriage had ended in divorce the year before. His department began to break up; Damon and the writer departed to other positions, as did Hill later. Jacques was drowned in Bermuda in , and the Bermuda laboratory was given up. Most of the work of the next two decades was carried on by Mrs. Osterhout and a number of technicians. It is remarkable that so much important research was still ac- complished and so many papers written fifteen in alone. In the whole volume of the J. Osterhout never returned to Bermuda, but went regularly to Cold Spring Harbor or Woods Hole in the summers and at- tended the spring meetings of the National Academy of Sciences until about As his eyesight failed he kept in touch with developments by having others read to him, and he dictated papers after he could no longer see. Curiously, several of his later papers were on the egg of Nereis, a marine worm, his only work with animals. His last paper was a 'summing up,' written for the Annual Review of Plant Physiology; readers are re- ferred to it for further details of his work. In his last few years he was bedridden, but he retained clarity of intellect and dignity of bearing to the last. Winthrop Osterhout died peacefully in St. Barnabas Hospital in New York on April 9, His ashes are buried in the churchyard of St. American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science. Botany American Journal of Botany Biol. Biological Bulletin Bot. Botanical Gazette Bot. Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Botanik J. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Journal of General Physiology Proc. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proc. With W. Some aqueous media for preserving algae for class material. A simple freezing device. Flora, Cell studies. Spindle formation in Agave. California Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Univ. New York, The Macmillan Company. With many reprintings and at least two transla- tions, one into Dutch, , and one by N. Maximov in Russian, in the late s. The role of osmotic pressure in marine plants. On the importance of physiologically balanced solutions for plants. The antitoxic action of potassium on magnesium. Extreme toxicity of sodium chloride and its prevention by other salts. NIarine plants. Fresh-water and terrestrial plants. On nutrient and balanced solutions. The value of sodium to plants by reason of its protective action. On the effects of certain poisonous gases on plants. On plasmolysis. Die Schutzwirkung des Natriums fur Pflanzen. The nature of balanced solutions. Translated by S. The Bot. On similarity in the behavior of sodium and potassium. Agriculture for Schools of the Pacific Slope. On the penetration of inorganic salts into living protoplasm. Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Science, Plants which require sodium. Reversible changes in permeability produced by electrolytes. Sci- ence, Some chemical relations of plants and soil. Also in Proceedings of the American Physiological Society , xi. The organization of the cell with respect to permeability. Protoplasmic contractions resembling plasmolysis which are caused by pure distilled water. Some quantitative researches on the permeability of plant cells. Plant World, The effect of alkali on permeability. Antagonism between acids and salts. Quantitative criteria of antagonism. The measurement of antagonism. The forms of antagonism curves as affected by concentration. Stetige Anderungen in den Formen van Antagonismus-Kurven. Uber den Temperaturkoeffizienten des elektrischen Leitvermogens im lebenden und toten Gewebe. Biochemische Zeitschrift, Vitality and injury as quantitative conceptions. On the decrease of permeability due to certain bivalent kations. The effects of some trivalent and tetravalent kations on permeabil- ity. The determination of additive effects. The measurement of toxicity. Normal and abnormal permeability. Botany, 2: On the nature of antagonism. A dynamical theory of antagonism. Philosophical Society, The nature of mechanical stimulation. Permeability and viscosity. Antagonism and Weber's Law. The penetration of balanced solutions and the theory of antagonism. Specific action of barium. Botany, The dynamics of the process of death. Also in Science, Some aspects of the temperature coefficients of life processes. With A. An adaptation of Winkler's method to bio- logical work. The dynamics of photosynthesis. The role of the nucleus in oxidation. Similarity in the effects of potassium cyanide and of ether. Tolerance of fresh water by marine plants and its relation to adaptation. Does the temperature coefficient of permeability indicate that it is chemical in nature? The determination of buffer effects in measuring respiration. Conductivity as a measurement of permeability. Dynamical aspects of photosynthesis. Endurance of extreme conditions and its relation to the theory of adaptation. On the dynamics of photosynthesis. Note on the effect of diffusion upon the conductivity of living tissues. A method of measuring the electrical conductivity of living tissues. A simple method of measuring photosynthesis. Note on measuring the relative rates of life processes. The nucleus as a center of oxidation. Memoirs, 1: Brooklyn Botanical Garden A simple method of demonstrating the production of aldehyde by chlorophyll and by aniline dyes in the presence of sunlight. Comparative studies of respiration. A comparative study of permeability in plants. Decrease of permeability and antagonistic effects caused by bile salts. A comparison of permeability in plant and animal cells. Antagonism between alkaloids and salts in relation to permeability. Comparative studies on respiration. Respiration and antago- nism. Introductory note. Apparatus for the study of photosynthesis and respiration. A theory of injury and recovery. Experiments with pure salts. Experiments with mixtures. Repeated exposures to toxic solutions. Conductivity and permeability. The mechanism of injury and recovery of the cell. Injury, recovery and death. American journal of Physiology, Some aspects of selective absorption. Monograph on experimental biology. Philadel- phia, J. Lippincott Company. Reviewed in J. The mechanism of injury, recovery and death. Harvey Lectures, Continuation of investigations on permeability in cells. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book, The Nature of Life. With M. Contrasts in the cell sap of Valonia and the problem of flotation. Is living protoplasm permeable to ions? The penetration of CO2 into living protoplasm. Damon and A. Dissimilarity of inner and outer protoplasmic surfaces in Valonia. Some Fundamental Problems of Cellular Physiology. Jacques Loeb. Collecting Net, 7. With E. Protoplasmic asymmetry in Nitella as shown by bioelectric measurements. The death wave in Nitella. Application of like solutions. Internal vs. Reversible changes in living protoplasm. Note on the penetration of electrolytes. Some aspects of cellular physiology. Philadelphia, W. Saunders Company. Applications of J. Cooper, fir. Edith E. The concentration effect in Nitella. Note on the nature of the current of injury in tissues. With L. Blinks and E. Bioelectrical aspects of the all-or-none law. Some aspects of permeability and bioelectrical phenomena. In: Molecular physics in relation to biology. Bulletin of the Na- tional Research Council, The penetration of. The concentration effect with Valonia: poten- tial differences with concentrated and diluted sea water. With S. Negative variations in Nitella produced by chloro- form and by potassium chloride. Salt bridges and negative variations. The kinetics of penetration. The penetra- tion of CO. Calculations of bioelectrical potentials. The accumulation of electrolytes. The entrance of ammonia into Valonia macrophysa. Eauations for the exchange of ions. Suggestions as to the nature of accumulation in Valonia. Be- havior of sodium, potassium and ammonium in Valonia. Electrical variations due to mechanical transmis- sion of stimuli. Harvey Lectures, With S. The production and inhibition of action currents by alcohol. Physiological studies of single plant cells. Biological Reviews, 6: Internal versus external concentrations of potassium. NVith W. Models showing accumulation and a steady state. Diffusion against a growing poten- tial gradient in models. Models showing accumulation. Studies on large plant cells. The kinetics of a model as related to the steady state. Anesthesia produced by distilled water. Anesthesia in acid and alkaline solutions. The electrical behavior of large plant cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Also in Collecting Net, Osmotic pressure in relation to permeability in large plant cells and in models. Permeability in large plant cells and in models. Physiologie, Some aspects of cell physiology. Reversible loss of the potassium effect in distilled water. Kamerling and W. The kinetics of penetra- tion. Some factors affecting penetration. Molecular vs. Tem- porary accumulation. The effect of external pH. Nature of the action currents in Nitella. General considerations. Models of mature cells. Penetration of potassium into Nitella. Biographic Memoirs: Volume 44 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 44 Chapter: 7. Winthrop John Vanleuven Osterhout. Get This Book. Unfortunately, this book can't be printed from the OpenBook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF. Visit NAP. Looking for other ways to read this? No thanks. Suggested Citation: '7. Biographical Memoirs: Volume Page Share Cite. Login or Register to save! Contents Front Matter i—x 1. Charles Haskell Danforth 1—57 2. Thomas Francis, Jr. Donnel Foster Hewett — 4. William Vermillion Houston — 5. Howard Bishop Lewis — 6. Robert Harry Lowie — 7. Winthrop John Vanleuven Osterhout — 8. Theodore William Richards — 9. Rudolf Ruedemann — Edward Arthur Steinhaus — Chester Hamlin Werkman — Acknowledgements Stay Connected!

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