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Azerbaijan , \[ a \] officially the Republic of Azerbaijan , \[ b \] is a transcontinental country at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. Baku is the capital and largest city. The territory of what is now Azerbaijan was first ruled by Caucasian Albania and later various Persian empires. Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran , but the Russo-Persian wars of — and — forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire ; the treaties of Gulistan in and Turkmenchay in defined the border between Russia and Iran. By the late 19th century, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in , a year after the Russian Empire collapsed , and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In September , the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh , \[ 17 \] which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in , although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic. Azerbaijan is also an observer state of the World Trade Organization. Azerbaijan is a developing country and ranks 91st on the Human Development Index. The ruling New Azerbaijan Party , in power since , has been accused of authoritarianism under president Heydar Aliyev and his son Ilham Aliyev , and worsening the country's human rights record , including increasing restrictions on civil liberties, particularly on press freedom and political repression. The term Azerbaijan derives from Atropates , \[ 29 \] \[ 30 \] a Persian \[ 31 \] \[ 32 \] satrap under the Achaemenid Empire who was reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great. The name Azerbaijan was first adopted by the government of Musavat in \[ 38 \] after the collapse of the Russian Empire , when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran , \[ 39 \] \[ 40 \] \[ 41 \] \[ 42 \] while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as Arran and Shirvan. The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azykh Cave. The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in , while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sasanian marzban military governor held most civil, religious, and military authority. In the first half of the 7th century, Caucasian Albania, as a vassal of the Sasanians, came under nominal Muslim rule with the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Juansher was suppressed in The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids , Sajids , and Shaddadids. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by the waves of migrating Oghuz Turks from Central Asia, who adopted a Turkoman ethnonym at the time. The pre-Turkic population spoke several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, among them Armenian \[ 53 \] \[ 54 \] \[ 55 \] \[ 56 \] \[ 57 \] and an Iranian language , Old Azeri , which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language , the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today. Under the Seljuks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature in the region. Shirvanshahs , the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of Timurid Empire of Timur and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining for numerous centuries to come a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals as they had done since In , the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs and gained its possessions. In the course of the next century, the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam , \[ 63 \] \[ 64 \] \[ 65 \] as they did with the population in what is modern-day Iran. The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy present-day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman—Safavid War of — ; by the early 17th century, they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I. In the wake of the demise of the Safavid dynasty, Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo-Persian War of — Remainder of present Azerbaijan was occupied by the Ottomans from to After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty. After the death of Nader Shah in , many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. Numerous khanates with various forms of autonomy \[ 70 \] \[ 71 \] \[ 72 \] \[ 73 \] \[ 74 \] emerged. The rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah. Thereafter, the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars. The area to the north of the Aras River was Iranian territory until Russia occupied it in the 19th century. Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with Iranian culture , literature , and language remained widespread among Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis Tbilisi , now Georgia. It was followed by the March Days massacres \[ 94 \] \[ 95 \] that took place between 30 March and 2 April in Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had broken out in Karabakh , Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of —20 quickly or easily. As many as 20, Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri then known as Alexandropol. By decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in February , the commitment of more than workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals. Approximately , people with over , women went to the front, while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3. More than Azerbaijanis were named heroes of the Soviet Union. Following the politics of glasnost initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev , civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh , \[ \] an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to an already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in the Black January events in Baku. The early years of independence were overshadowed by the First Nagorno-Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia. In , democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov , which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. In , Huseynov, by that time the prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev, but he was arrested and charged with treason. He was re-elected to a third term as president in October Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties. The perimeter of Azerbaijan's land borders is 2, km 1, mi , of which 1, km mi are with Armenia, km mi with Iran, kilometers with Georgia, km mi with Russia and 15 km 9 mi with Turkey. Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's center. Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, these volcanoes were among nominees for the New 7 Wonders of Nature. The main water sources are surface waters. Only 24 of the 8, stream are greater than km 62 mi in length. Azerbaijan has several islands along the Caspian sea, mostly located in the Baku Archipelago. Since independence in , the government has taken measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan. National protection of the environment accelerated after when the state budget increased through revenues provided by the Baku—Tbilisi—Ceyhan pipeline. Within four years, protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country's territory. Since the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection. Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of the land consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to levels of —1, meters including the middle and lower lowlands , in some places Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges up to — meters, and others from 0—50 meters and up Qobustan, Absheron. The rest of Azerbaijan's terrain consists of plains and lowlands. The climate is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone , temperate air masses of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates. Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan. Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human-introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers canals and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately , cubic metres 3,, cubic feet per year of water per square kilometer. The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan. They run through the Kura-Aras lowland. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur—Devechi and Lankaran lowlands. Yanar Dag , translated as 'burning mountain', is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the 'land of fire. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area. The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks, and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century. There are species of mammals, 97 species of fish, species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance, and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world, but today the horse is an endangered species. Azerbaijan's flora consists of more than 4, species of higher plants. Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. Sixty-six percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6. In , naturally regenerating forest covered , hectares ha and planted forest covered , hectares ha. Azerbaijan's government functions as an authoritarian regime in practice; \[ \] \[ \] \[ \] \[ \] although it regularly holds elections , these are marred by electoral fraud and other unfair election practices. The structural formation of the political system was completed by the adoption of the constitution on 12 November According to Article 23 of the constitution, the state symbols are the flag , the coat of arms , and the national anthem. The state power is limited only by law for internal issues, but international affairs are also limited by international agreements' provisions. The Constitution of Azerbaijan states that it is a presidential republic with three branches of power — executive, legislative, and judicial. The Parliament of Azerbaijan , called Milli Majlis, consists of deputies elected based on majority vote , with a term of five years for each elected member. The elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The Parliament is not responsible for the formation of the government, but the constitution requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers by Milli Majlis. During the Parliamentary election , the opposition parties, Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party , failed to win a single seat. European observers found numerous irregularities in the run-up to the election and on election day. The executive power is held by the president , who is elected for a seven-year term by direct elections, and the prime minister. The president is authorized to form the Cabinet , a collective executive body accountable to both the president and the National Assembly. The 8th Government of Azerbaijan is the administration in its current formation. The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly but has the right to veto its decisions. To override the presidential veto, the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes. The president nominates the judges in these courts. Azerbaijan's system of governance nominally can be called two-tiered. The top or highest tier of the government is the executive power headed by president. The local executive authority is merely a continuation of executive power. The provision determines the legal status of local state administration on local executive authority Yerli Icra Hakimiyati , adopted 16 June In June , the president approved a regulation which granted additional powers to local executive authorities, strengthening their dominant position in local affairs \[ \] The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president, and he organizes it according to the constitution. It was established on 10 April The administrative department is not a part of the president's office but manages the financial, technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office. The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations. The term of office began on 19 June Foreign policy priorities include, first of all, the restoration of its territorial integrity; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh; \[ \] \[ \] integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structure; contribution to international security; cooperation with international organizations; regional cooperation and bilateral relations; strengthening of defense capability; promotion of security by domestic policy means; strengthening of democracy; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance; scientific, educational, and cultural policy and preservation of moral values; economic and social development; enhancing internal and border security; and migration, energy, and transportation security policy. Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism, and was one of the first countries to offer support after the September 11 attacks. The country may eventually apply for EU membership. On 1 July , the US Congress advanced legislation that will have an impact on the military aid that Washington has sent to Azerbaijan since This was because the packages to Armenia, instead, are significantly smaller. Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home, a practice termed caviar diplomacy. There are also 17, paramilitary troops and ,00 reserve personnel. Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed. Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties. Azerbaijan has deployed of its peacekeeping forces in Iraq and another in Afghanistan. The constitution claims to guarantee freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in , the media environment deteriorated rapidly under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism, even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe May—November Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm. Christianity is officially recognized. All religious communities are required to register to be allowed to meet, under the risk of imprisonment. This registration is often denied. During the last few years, \[ when? Azerbaijan had the largest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists , and is the 5th most censored country in the world, ahead of Iran and China. A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October points to ' Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society. Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work. At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year. Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad, while their family members also faced harassment and arrests. International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country. Reports of torture and other ill-treatment persisted. Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16, covert payments from to Some of this money went to politicians and journalists, as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan's president, Ilham Aliyev, and to promote a positive image of his oil-rich country. The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat , and to supervise all commercial banks. Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the Q1 inflation rate reached This led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January , to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. Arabian historian and traveler Ahmad Al-Baladhuri discusses the economy of the Absheron Peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in particular. The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium , chromium , manganese , cobalt , molybdenum , complex ore and antimony. International academics consider Azerbaijan as one of the most important oil exploration and development regions. Access to biocapacity is less than world average. In , Azerbaijan had 0. This means they use more biocapacity than Azerbaijan contains. As a result, Azerbaijan is running a biocapacity deficit. Baku—Tbilisi—Kars railway line connects the Caspian region with Turkey. Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. In the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships. Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the s. The fall of the Soviet Union and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War during the s damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination. The government has set development as an elite tourist destination as a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy. There are 63 countries which have a visa-free score. According to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council, Azerbaijan was among the top ten countries showing the strongest growth in visitor exports between and , \[ \] In addition, Azerbaijan placed first The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the south—north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of the transportation sector for the country's economy. It is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials. The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets. Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. In , the government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions. In the same year, the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. In Broad-gauge railways and electrified railways stretched for 2, km 1, mi and 1, km mi respectively. By , there were 35 airports and one heliport. In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped improve the situation in the science and technology sectors. The government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable to those from oil production. In , rapid growth was forecast for at least five more years. The country has been making progress in developing its telecoms sector. Public payphones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of \[update\] , there were 1,, main telephone lines \[ \] and 1,, internet users. In the 21st century several prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists, inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others, designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake-resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service. As of March , The sex ratio in the same year was 0. The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries \[ \] and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan, including the German cultural society 'Karelhaus', Slavic cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, Kurdish cultural center, International Talysh Association, Lezgin national center 'Samur', Azerbaijani- Tatar community, Crimean Tatars society, etc. In total, Azerbaijan has 78 cities, 63 city districts, and one special legal status city. The ethnic composition of the population according to the population census: The official language is Azerbaijani , a Turkic language. Each is the mother tongue of around 1. A dozen other minority languages are spoken natively, \[ \] including Avar , Budukh , \[ \] Georgian , Juhuri , \[ \] Khinalug , \[ \] Kryts , \[ \] Lezgin , Rutul , \[ \] Talysh , Tat , \[ \] Tsakhur , \[ \] and Udi. Azerbaijan is considered the most secular Muslim-majority country. Under article 48 of its constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. Of the nation's religious minorities, the estimated , Christians 3. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups, and many groups have difficulty registering with the agency who regulates religion, The State Committee on Religious Associations of the Republic of Azerbaijan. A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects. According to Soviet data, percent of males and females ages nine to forty-nine were literate in Since independence, one of the first laws that Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified-Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education banned during the Soviet period and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. In addition to elementary schools, the education institutions include thousands of preschools, general secondary schools, and vocational schools , including specialized secondary schools and technical schools. Education through the ninth grade is compulsory. The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences; that is why Azerbaijanis are, in many ways, bi-cultural. National traditions are preserved despite Western influences, including globalized consumer culture. For example, Novruz Bayram is a family holiday derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in Zoroastrianism. Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the chokha and papakhi. There are radio broadcasts in Russian, Georgian , Kurdish , Lezgian and Talysh languages, which are financed from the state budget. Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West , \[ \] with heavy influences from Persian architecture. Many ancient architectural treasures are preserved, such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku. Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan , Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar , several bridges spanning the Aras River, and several mausoleums. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. Among the most recent architectural monuments, the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor. The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years, \[ \] evolving around the badge of monody , producing rhythmically diverse melodies. Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. When performing mugham, the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music. In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries, Azerbaijani mugham is more free-form and less rigid; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz. Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song, usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject. Ashiq combines poetry, storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture. It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz. This tradition has its origin in the shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. Since the mids, Western-influenced Azerbaijani pop music , in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan, while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed. Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the Eurovision Song Contest. The country's entry gained third place in and fifth the following year. There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances. They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the chokha, which is well-preserved within the national dances. Most dances have a very fast rhythm. Azerbaijani art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as chasing , jeweling, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone, or bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, and knitting and embroidery. Each of these types of decorative art, evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation, is very much in favor here. Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants, travelers, and diplomats who had visited these places at different times. The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes, with a dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface, whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan's many carpet-making regions. Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Karimov , a prominent Soviet-era scientist and artist. Azerbaijan has been since ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. Archeology testifies to the well-developed agriculture, stock raising, metalworking, pottery, ceramics, and carpet-weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. They consist of some 1, dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer, goats, bulls, dogs, snakes, birds, fantastic beings, and people, carriages, and various symbols were found on basalt rocks. Over the centuries, Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes. Painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli , and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs. The earliest known figure in written Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoghlu , who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Azerbaijani ghazals. Classical literature was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan. The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century, \[ \] and was not written earlier than the 15th century. Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment, and building upon the legacy of his predecessors, Fuzuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society. The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, Akinchi was published in The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography, \[ \] with the apparatus first showing up in Baku. This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation. In December , former President Heydar Aliyev signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in Once again, both choices of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker. Azerbaijani cuisine uses an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro coriander , dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat mainly mutton and beef , and seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan, and black tea is the national beverage. Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan's national sport , in which Azerbaijan has won fourteen medals , including four golds, since joining the International Olympic Committee. The most popular sports are football and wrestling. The Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan , with 9, registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country. In , Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition. Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess, \[ \] having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became European Team Chess Championship winners in , and As of \[update\] , country's home of Shamkir Chess a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time. Azerbaijan has a Formula One racetrack , constructed in , \[ \] and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix in \[ \] and the Azerbaijan Grand Prix since Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage. Country straddling West Asia and Eastern Europe. This article is about the country. For the region of Iran, see Azerbaijan Iran. For other uses, see Azerbaijan disambiguation. Further information: Atropatene , Caucasian Albania , and Azerbaijan toponym. Main article: History of Azerbaijan. Further information: Caucasian Albania. From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period. Aliyev family rule, —present. See also: Extreme points of Azerbaijan. Main article: Wildlife of Azerbaijan. Further information: Fauna of Azerbaijan and Flora of Azerbaijan. Main article: Politics of Azerbaijan. See also: Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan. Main article: Foreign relations of Azerbaijan. See also: Azerbaijan and the European Union. Main article: Azerbaijani Armed Forces. Main article: Human rights in Azerbaijan. Main article: Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan. Main article: Economy of Azerbaijan. Energy and natural resources. Main article: Energy in Azerbaijan. Further information: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan. Main article: Agriculture in Azerbaijan. Main article: Tourism in Azerbaijan. Main articles: Transportation in Azerbaijan and Rail transport in Azerbaijan. Main articles: Demographics of Azerbaijan and List of cities in Azerbaijan. Largest cities or towns in Azerbaijan Demographic statistics according to the administrative divisions , Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee. Main articles: Azerbaijanis and Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan. Demographics of Azerbaijan Azerbaijanis Lezgins 2. Russians 1. Armenians 1. Talyshs 1. Avars 0. Turks 0. Tatars 0. Tats 0. Ukrainians 0. Tsakhurs 0. Udis 0. Georgians 0. Jews 0. Kurds 0. Others 0. Main article: Languages of Azerbaijan. Main articles: Religion in Azerbaijan and Irreligion in Azerbaijan. Main article: Education in Azerbaijan. Main articles: Media of Azerbaijan and Media freedom in Azerbaijan. Main articles: Cinema of Azerbaijan and Television in Azerbaijan. Main article: Sport in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan portal Europe portal Asia portal. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived PDF from the original on 9 October Retrieved 31 August The official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani Language. The Republic of Azerbaijan guarantees the development of Azerbaijani Language. State Statistics Committee. Retrieved 16 September In Elgie, Robert ; Moestrup, Sophia eds. Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan published 15 May ISBN LCCN OCLC LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan's semi-presidential regime. The World Factbook ed. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September Archived edition. Azerbaijan '. International Monetary Fund. April Retrieved 21 April CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 July United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 13 March Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Conversely, some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as Worldatlas. Russia: A History: Sixth Edition. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. Batalden, Sandra The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 24 September Marshall Cavendish. United Nations. Archived from the original on 3 May Retrieved 4 January The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 November The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September Archived from the original on 9 June Retrieved 26 May Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Retrieved 8 May Azerbaijan Since Independence. Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based, if anything, on a nationalist agenda. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 March First Encyclopaedia of Islam — reprint ed. Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Hellenistic Civilization. John Wiley and Sons. Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. Oxford University Press. Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. Kessinger Publishing. Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 June La pecora e il tappeto: i nomadi Shahsevan dell'Azerbaigian iraniano in Italian. Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. Until , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan. Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to , unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago. Tauris and Company. In the post Islamic sense, Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished, while in the pre-Islamic era, Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the Soviet era, in a breathtaking manipulation, historical Azerbaijan northwestern Iran was reinterpreted as 'South Azerbaijan' for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern-day northwestern Iran. Gibb Memorial Trust. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge \[England\]: Cambridge University Press. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original PDF on 16 November Retrieved 27 May Dizadji US: Trafford Publishing. Zondervan Academic. The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. Sochineniya ; p. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. Hewsen, Robert H. Thomas J. Samuelian, ed. Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity. Philadelphia: Scholars Press. Scholars Press. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Cambridge: Wiesbaden: Reichert. The new Central Asia: geopolitics and the birth of nations reprint ed. Archived from the original on 4 December Retrieved 28 February Ward, Steven Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A. Altstadt, Audrey The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Retrieved 31 December Armenia, the survival of a nation. Croom Helm. Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates. On the thinnest of pretexts, he captured the Muslim town of Gandja, the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus Even though these principalities \[the khanates\] had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in , they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains. To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities, the appearance of the new Great Power International Journal of Middle East Studies. ISSN Duke University Press. But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small, centralized, semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century The Cambridge History of Iran. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh , with its capital at Shusha; Ganja, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia Gurjistan , with its capital at Tiflis. The ghost of freedom: a history of the Caucasus. University of Michigan. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Retrieved 3 September January Russo-Persian War. Russian invasion of Persia. Wars and Peace Treaties: to London: Routledge. Dowling Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism reprint ed. The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. Basic Books. Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since Perhaps the most important legacy of Yermolov was his intention from early on to prepare the ground for the conquest of the remaining khanates under Iranian rule and to make the River Aras the new border. Another provocative action by Yermolov was the Russian occupation of the northern shore of Lake Gokcha Sivan in the Khanate of Iravan in A clear violation of Golestan, this action was the most significant provocation by the Russian side. The Lake Gokcha occupation clearly showed that it was Russia and not Iran which initiated hostilities and breached Golestan and that Iran was left with no choice but to come up with a proper response. Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Iranian Studies. S2CID The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century. Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period. ISBN p. Journal of Contemporary History. The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Bloomsbury Academic. National Memory'. Sakharov Center. Archived from the original on 1 April Retrieved 21 August The Struggle for Transcaucasia: — The New York Philosophical Library. A Modern History of the Islamic World. Tauris, Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world. New York: The Overlook Press. Paul Ethnic nationalism and regional conflict: the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. US: Westview Press. Retrieved 9 May Archived from the original on 4 September The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved 1 December King Retrieved 23 August ISBN , Retrieved 9 September Archived from the original on 28 February International Herald Tribune. United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 14 March The Great Soviet Encyclopedia BBC News. BBC Archive. Archived from the original on 18 November Retrieved 15 August Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 June Retrieved 14 October Keesing's Record of World Events. November Deutsche Welle. Associated Press. The Independent. Retrieved 23 September Emerging Europe. AP News. Retrieved 2 January Scientific Data. Bibcode : NatSD PMC PMID Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 29 January Archived from the original on 8 February Retrieved 17 February Archived from the original on 10 February Retrieved 8 February Retrieved 30 June United Nations Environment Programme. Heydar Aliyev Foundation. State Land and Cartography Committee. Archived from the original on 18 July Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on 24 May The new great game: blood and oil in Central Asia. Atlantic Monthly Press. Retrieved 21 November Karabakh Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 October Retrieved 5 March Nature Communications. Bibcode : NatCo.. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sport in Society. Journalism Studies. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer Fachmedien. Government and Opposition. ISSN X. Organizational responses to regulative crackdown on civil society in Azerbaijan'. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies : 1— New Eastern Europe. Retrieved 6 September Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 September Retrieved 7 February Freedom House. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 3 October Retrieved 15 April Archived from the original on 6 August Retrieved 23 November Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 November Retrieved 8 November Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 24 November Country Studies. Retrieved 31 May Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 May Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. Retrieved 21 March Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume. Retrieved 23 December Archived from the original on 20 December Retrieved 3 January Retrieved 23 May Retrieved 24 April Retrieved 14 April The National. July Retrieved 2 July European Stability Initiative. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July Retrieved 4 October Advanced Research and Assessment Group. Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center. 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Retrieved 25 May Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 27 August Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope. Berkeley, California : University of California Press. Archived from the original on 19 April Retrieved 6 May Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on 18 December Studies in languages of Azerbaijan. PR Web. Archived from the original on 14 February Retrieved 16 August Archived from the original PDF on 19 May Retrieved 12 May S Department of State. Archived from the original on 4 June According to SCWRA data the most recent available , 96 percent of the population is Muslim, of which approximately 65 percent is Shia and 35 percent Sunni. Greenger, Nurit 8 May My week travel log in Azerbaijan — Day two'. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 19 January Balci, Bayram 18 March Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 18 January Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 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Archived from the original on 29 July The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century. The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan. According to Lewis , an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks , but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians, the Abkhaz, and the Greeks in Trebizond. Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century, and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century. By this time, the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries, had come to call themselves 'Turcoman' rather than 'Oghuz,' had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies, and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads, farmers, and townsmen. Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether. Excerpt: 'It was not earlier than the fifteenth century. Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers, it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan — Lewis, on the other hand, dates the composition 'fairly early in the 15th century at least. Retrieved October Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet. Archived from the original on 25 November Autumn Archived from the original on 5 January Retrieved 14 December Audrey L. Hoover Institution Press. 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Special administrative regions of China. Hong Kong Macau. Countries and dependencies of Europe. Faroe Islands 3 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Special areas of internal sovereignty. Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty. Eastern Europe. Abkhazia South Ossetia Transnistria. Moldova Ukraine. Georgia — Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria. Georgia Greece Moldova. North Macedonia Romania Russia. Serbia Turkey Ukraine. Emblem Flag. Northern Cyprus as Turkish Cypriot State. G eorgia U kraine A zerbaijan M oldova. Countries and territories. Moro National Liberation Front. International organizations. Organization of Turkic States. Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkey Uzbekistan. Hungary Northern Cyprus Turkmenistan. Supreme Order of Turkic World. Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Authority control databases. MusicBrainz area. UK Parliament. Flag Emblem. Azerbaijani \[ 1 \]. See full list. Unitary semi-presidential republic \[ 3 \] under a hereditary dictatorship. Mehriban Aliyeva. National Assembly. Baku Sumgait. Ganja Mingachevir. Upper Karabakh. Outline Index Bibliography Category Portal. Category Asia portal. Denmark Faroe Islands 3 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Category Europe portal.

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