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The Amazon forest and watershed shared by Peru, Colombia, and Brazil provide ideal cover for coca cultivation and processing. As a result, a cocaine trafficking chain has emerged there — one that begins with coca grown in Peru. The criminal infrastructure created to feed this trade also protects and promotes environmental crimes, such as illegal deforestation, timber trafficking, and illegal gold mining. The remote areas have little state presence, and the dense forest canopy makes illicit activities and armed groups largely invisible. The tri-border where Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela meet has continued to maintain its longstanding role as a transit corridor for cocaine. Read the other chapters here or download the full PDF. But now, criminals are clearing rich, verdant rainforest along the Amazon River to make way for the illicit crop. For a decade, a faction of the Shining Path guerrilla force has holed up in the VRAEM, securing coca crops and moving cocaine on behalf of different clans. Previously, coca growing had been minimal there. Juan Mojica and Santos Mojica, leaders of the Colombian Indigenous community of Nazareth, about an hour up the Amazon River from Leticia, said that crops being grown on the Peruvian side of the river have become a problem for their community. People, including school-aged adolescents, are crossing the river to work as raspachines, or day laborers hired to pick and process coca leaves, they said. Traffickers also pay communities for sacks of coca leaves, known as arrobas. In some cases, they negotiate with community leaders to set up monthly payments for access to their territories. Coca cultivation has doubled there over the past four years, and its 6, hectares of coca accounted for nearly all the illicit crops in Bajo Amazonas in , according to the latest drug report. Bajo Amazonas was the third-largest area for cultivation in the country. We are on our own here. Its numerous river arteries and thick jungle connect Colombia and Peru, the main drug-producing countries, with one of the major international cocaine exit points, Brazil. Authorities have announced seizures of gasoline drums, cement, and calc, all of which are used in the production of cocaine base. For example, a March raid ended in the destruction of two laboratories near the Orosa River, halfway up the Amazon River from Leticia. The camp held half a dozen 2,liter tanks, which are used to mix coca leaves with solvents. In February , kilograms of processed cocaine were discovered at a camp on the Atucari River, along the Colombia-Peru border. Drug and environmental crime also appear to be occurring in tandem. Colombian law enforcement officials mentioned a group called Clan Chuquizuta. The most likely scenario is that the Peruvian traffickers in this region are freelancers who supply Brazilian and Colombian groups. A soldier standing guard at the port said smugglers mostly avoid the island. Instead, they pass at night, using smaller waterways to evade controls, he said. A senior Peru military official who asked for anonymity because he was not authorized to speak said he had heard of coca cultivation occurring there. The Amazon River and its vast network of tributaries and streams provide smuggling routes from Peru into Colombia and Brazil. National and political allegiances are largely irrelevant. Alliances and enemies are made easily. Reaching deeper into this corner of the Amazon to control drug corridors, these armed groups have broadened into environmental crimes, particularly illegal gold mining. Gunmen shut down villages, confining people to their homes, said an Indigenous leader who spoke on condition of anonymity out of fear of reprisals. There is the invasion of our rivers for mining. The Indigenous leader said the gunmen who threatened her community called themselves the Sinaloa. Human rights officials and the representative of the National Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Colombian Amazon, said they had also taken declarations from people who had been threatened by representatives of the so-called Sinaloa group. Instead, it has been used at times by members of the Border Command , a confluence of ex-FARC cells and remnants of the Colombian drug trafficking organization La Constru. Members have described themselves as opposed to injustices committed by FARC commanders, including not sharing wealth with the rank and file. The human rights official who works with communities in Amazonas said the group operates more like a paramilitary drug clan, extending its reach by recruiting smaller groups and making alliances with Brazilian groups. Social control and youth recruitment are part of its modus operandi. In Tabatinga, Brazil, graffiti offers some insight into which gangs are dominant. The Crias appear to be a brazen new gang of which little is known. The group is believed to control street-level drug sales in the tri-border. While the upstart gang would only be able to control the critical drug corridor by forming alliances with powerful traffickers and larger criminal groups, its possible spread into the Javari Valley should raise alarm. Fish poaching, drug running, illegal logging, mining, and ranching have proliferated in the Javari Valley, the second-largest reserve in Brazil and home to several isolated Indigenous groups. A surge in piracy attacking boats moving drugs in the region there has added a dangerous transnational dimension to these environmental crimes. Three fisherman were arrested and charged in the crime, including one who confessed and led police to their bodies. A fourth man, Rubens Villar Coelho, who has admitted to having a commercial relationship with the fishermen, is also under investigation. Both are protected species in the Javari Valley reserve. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. Photograph by: Seth Robbins. Tabatinga, Brazil, August Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

How Marbella became the drugs capital of the world

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It was the latest local case of amarre , or kidnapping, to settle a score between criminal gangs. Working-class holidaymakers thronged the public beaches and an emerging class of jet-setters found a piece of paradise in Marbella. The plan to develop the region succeeded, but success came with baggage. Escape your echo chamber. Get the facts behind the news, plus analysis from multiple perspectives. From our morning news briefing to a weekly Good News Newsletter, get the best of The Week delivered directly to your inbox. According to the Spanish Intelligence Centre for Counter-Terrorism and Organised Crime, there are at least criminal groups representing 59 different nationalities operating out of the area. Across the bay from Algeciras is the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, a tax haven separated from Spain by a fence. The mobsters blend in with their millionaire neighbours. Marbella is not so much a rich place as a place full of rich people. In recent years, the situation has deteriorated. A member of the Camorra, the Naples Mafia organisation, who has lived in Marbella for years agrees. These guys running around with their little bum bags, while their bosses are in Dubai. It also caused a swarm of activity, as everyone scrambled to find alternative ways to get the drugs in. The Marbella police station receives about calls a day, and handles about 32, cases a year — numbers typical of cities two or three times bigger. Lack of resources and personnel was the common complaint made by police officers interviewed for this article. And there are lots of gunfights. We should get the same extra security designation the Basque country gets. We have better resources, better technology. The increasing violence on the Costa del Sol has received little media attention beyond the local press. Pablo, originally from Colombia, has for years been moving 50kg of cocaine a week to markets in Spain, and now he is climbing the ranks, thanks to his contacts on the other side of the Atlantic. The phones are by far his most important possessions: they allow him to communicate with suppliers, buyers and people working for him, under the noses of the police, using encrypted messaging technology. And when you sit down at a restaurant or bar, convention dictates that you lay them all out on the table — a warning sign for all to see. But they always end up spending more The scariest and most violent are the English. People bring in guns, for sure. The or more organisations on the Costa del Sol range from powerful, tightly structured Mafias, like the Serbian, Dutch and Moroccan groups, to gangs of small-time burglars. Most specialise in activities linked to trafficking drugs. Few can manage the whole process alone. Most of the top bosses live there, and spend the summer in Marbella. The Netherlands even has a special prosecutor based in Spain. Drug money is what makes the world go around. A free daily email with the biggest news stories of the day — and the best features from TheWeek. Cartoons Artists take on Trump's favourite tunes, presidential playlists, and more. Talking Point The latest adaptation of this novel has left many critics feeling underwhelmed. The Week Recommends The Caribbean island boasts gorgeous beaches and tropical landscapes. Talking Point Trump and allies weaponise hurricane season, falsely accusing Biden-Harris administration of misusing relief funds. In the Spotlight The killing of Hezbollah's leader is 'seismic event' in the conflict igniting in the Middle East. Under the Radar Secretive Russian leader, said to be fascinated with occult and pagan rituals, allegedly asked for blessing over nuclear weapons. In the Spotlight 'Troubling signs' that Latin American gangs are penetrating into the American heartland. 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