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Robin Hood is a legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English folklore and subsequently featured in literature, theatre, and cinema. He stole from the rich and gave to the poor. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. In the oldest known versions, he is instead a member of the yeoman class. He is traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green. Through retellings, additions, and variations, a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian ; his band of outlaws, the Merry Men ; and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard , to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages , and his partisanship of the common people and opposition to the Sheriff are some of the earliest-recorded features of the legend, whereas his political interests and setting during the Angevin era developed in later centuries. The earliest known ballads featuring him are from the 15th century. There have been numerous variations and adaptations of the story over the subsequent years, and the story continues to be widely represented in literature, film, and television media today. Robin Hood is considered one of the best-known tales of English folklore. In popular culture, the term 'Robin Hood' is often used to describe a heroic outlaw or rebel against tyranny. The origins of the legend as well as the historical context have been debated for centuries. There are numerous references to historical figures with similar names that have been proposed as possible evidence of his existence, some dating back to the late 13th century. At least eight plausible origins to the story have been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that 'Robin Hood' was a stock alias used by or in reference to bandits. The first clear reference to 'rhymes of Robin Hood' is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman , thought to have been composed in the s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb, \[ 2 \] 'many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow', \[ 3 \] in Friar Daw's Reply c. However, the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the second half of the 15th century, or the first decade of the 16th century. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his devotion to the Virgin Mary and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer , his anti-clericalism , and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear. The friar has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century, when he is mentioned in a Robin Hood play script. In modern popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the lateth-century king Richard the Lionheart , Robin being driven to outlawry during the misrule of Richard's brother John while Richard was away at the Third Crusade. This view first gained currency in the 16th century. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode , names the king as 'Edward'; and while it does show Robin Hood accepting the King's pardon, he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood. The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, although it is recognised they are not necessarily historically consistent. The early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hood's social status: he is a yeoman. While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners. The essence of it in the present context was 'neither a knight nor a peasant or 'husbonde' but something in between'. As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by 'Robin Hood games' or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities. The first record of a Robin Hood game was in in Exeter , but the reference does not indicate how old or widespread this custom was at the time. The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries. Written after , \[ 23 \] it contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff. The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode c. Other early texts are dramatic pieces, the earliest being the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham \[ 27 \] c. These are particularly noteworthy as they show Robin's integration into May Day rituals towards the end of the Middle Ages; Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham , among other points of interest, contains the earliest reference to Friar Tuck. The plots of neither 'the Monk' nor 'the Potter' are included in the Gest ; and neither is the plot of ' Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne ', which is probably at least as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more recent copy. Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend. It has been argued that the fact that the surviving ballads were preserved in written form in itself makes it unlikely they were typical; in particular, stories with an interest for the gentry were by this view more likely to be preserved. The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. In 'Robin Hood and the Monk', for example, he is shown as quick tempered and violent, assaulting Little John for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad, Much the Miller's Son casually kills a 'little page ' in the course of rescuing Robin Hood from prison. Of my good he shall haue some, Yf he be a por man. As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. The first explicit statement to the effect that Robin Hood habitually robbed from the rich to give the poor can be found in John Stow 's Annales of England , about a century after the publication of the Gest. No more ye shall no gode yeman That walketh by gren-wode shawe; Ne no knyght ne no squyer That wol be a gode felawe. Within Robin Hood's band, medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. Holt influentially argued that the Robin Hood legend was cultivated in the households of the gentry, and that it would be mistaken to see in him a figure of peasant revolt. He is not a peasant but a yeoman, and his tales make no mention of the complaints of the peasants, such as oppressive taxes. By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities. This was not common throughout England, but in some regions the custom lasted until Elizabethan times, and during the reign of Henry VIII , was briefly popular at court. A complaint of , brought to the Star Chamber , accuses men of acting riotously by coming to a fair as Robin Hood and his men; the accused defended themselves on the grounds that the practice was a long-standing custom to raise money for churches, and they had not acted riotously but peaceably. It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian or Marion apparently stems. Alexander Barclay in his Ship of Fools , writing in c. The earliest preserved script of a Robin Hood play is the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham \[ 27 \] This apparently dates to the s and circumstantial evidence suggests it was probably performed at the household of Sir John Paston. This fragment appears to tell the story of Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne. This includes a dramatic version of the story of Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar and a version of the first part of the story of Robin Hood and the Potter. Neither of these ballads is known to have existed in print at the time, and there is no earlier record known of the 'Curtal Friar' story. The publisher describes the text as a ' playe of Robyn Hood, verye proper to be played in Maye games ', but does not seem to be aware that the text actually contains two separate plays. These plays drew on a variety of sources, including apparently 'A Gest of Robin Hood', and were influential in fixing the story of Robin Hood to the period of Richard I. Skelton himself is presented in the play as acting the part of Friar Tuck. Some scholars have conjectured that Skelton may have indeed written a lost Robin Hood play for Henry VIII's court, and that this play may have been one of Munday's sources. Robin Hood is known to have appeared in a number of other lost and extant Elizabethan plays. In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader. They comment, 'By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction! When asked about the exiled Duke Senior, the character of Charles says that he is 'already in the forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England'. It is about half finished and his death in may have interrupted writing. Jonson's only pastoral drama, it was written in sophisticated verse and included supernatural action and characters. The London theatre closure by the Puritans interrupted the portrayal of Robin Hood on the stage. The theatres would reopen with the Restoration in This short play adapts the story of the king's pardon of Robin Hood to refer to the Restoration. However, Robin Hood appeared on the 18th-century stage in various farces and comic operas. With the advent of printing came the Robin Hood broadside ballads. Exactly when they displaced the oral tradition of Robin Hood ballads is unknown but the process seems to have been completed by the end of the 16th century. Near the end of the 16th century an unpublished prose life of Robin Hood was written, and included in the Sloane Manuscript. Largely a paraphrase of the Gest, it also contains material revealing that the author was familiar with early versions of a number of the Robin Hood broadside ballads. However, the Gest was reprinted from time to time throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. No surviving broadside ballad can be dated with certainty before the 17th century, but during that century, the commercial broadside ballad became the main vehicle for the popular Robin Hood legend. The broadside ballads were fitted to a small repertoire of pre-existing tunes resulting in an increase of 'stock formulaic phrases' making them 'repetitive and verbose', \[ 66 \] they commonly feature Robin Hood's contests with artisans: tinkers, tanners, and butchers. Among these ballads is Robin Hood and Little John telling the famous story of the quarter-staff fight between the two outlaws. Dobson and Taylor wrote, 'More generally the Robin of the broadsides is a much less tragic, less heroic and in the last resort less mature figure than his medieval predecessor'. The 17th century introduced the minstrel Alan-a-Dale. He first appeared in a 17th-century broadside ballad , and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend. In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely 'drubbed' by a succession of tradesmen including a tanner , a tinker , and a ranger. Yet even in these ballads Robin is more than a mere simpleton: on the contrary, he often acts with great shrewdness. The tinker, setting out to capture Robin, only manages to fight with him after he has been cheated out of his money and the arrest warrant he is carrying. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize , Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is defeated, he usually tricks his foe into letting him sound his horn, summoning the Merry Men to his aid. When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead see Robin Hood's Delight. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Robin Hood ballads were mostly sold in 'Garlands' of 16 to 24 Robin Hood ballads; these were crudely printed chap books aimed at the poor. The garlands added nothing to the substance of the legend but ensured that it continued after the decline of the single broadside ballad. In , Thomas Percy bishop of Dromore published Reliques of Ancient English Poetry , including ballads from the 17th-century Percy Folio manuscript which had not previously been printed, most notably Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne which is generally regarded as in substance a genuine late medieval ballad. The only significant omission was Robin Hood and the Monk which would eventually be printed in Holt has been quick to point out, however, that Ritson 'began as a Jacobite and ended as a Jacobin,' and 'certainly reconstructed him \[Robin\] in the image of a radical. In his preface to the collection, Ritson assembled an account of Robin Hood's life from the various sources available to him, and concluded that Robin Hood was born in around , and thus had been active in the reign of Richard I. He thought that Robin was of aristocratic extraction, with at least 'some pretension' to the title of Earl of Huntingdon, that he was born in an unlocated Nottinghamshire village of Locksley and that his original name was Robert Fitzooth. Ritson gave the date of Robin Hood's death as 18 November , when he would have been around 87 years old. In copious and informative notes Ritson defends every point of his version of Robin Hood's life. Nevertheless, Dobson and Taylor credit Ritson with having 'an incalculable effect in promoting the still continuing quest for the man behind the myth', and note that his work remains an 'indispensable handbook to the outlaw legend even now'. Ritson's friend Walter Scott used Ritson's anthology collection as a source for his picture of Robin Hood in Ivanhoe , written in , which did much to shape the modern legend. In the decades following the publication of Ritson's book, other ballad collections would occasionally publish stray Robin Hood ballads Ritson had missed. In , Francis James Child published his English and Scottish Ballads which included a volume grouping all the Robin Hood ballads in one volume, including all the ballads published by Ritson, the four stray ballads published since then, as well as some ballads that either mentioned Robin Hood by name or featured characters named Robin Hood but weren't traditional Robin Hood stories. For his more scholarly work, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads , in his volume dedicated to the Robin Hood ballads, published in , Child removed the ballads from his earlier work that weren't traditional Robin Hood stories, gave the ballad Ritson titled Robin Hood and the Stranger back its original published title Robin Hood Newly Revived , and separated what Ritson had printed as the second part of Robin Hood and the Stranger as its own separate ballad, Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon. He also included alternate versions of ballads that had distinct, alternate versions. He numbered these 38 Robin Hood ballads among the ballads in his collection as Child Ballads Nos —, which is how they're often referenced in scholarly works. In the 19th century, the Robin Hood legend was first specifically adapted for children. Children's editions of the garlands were produced and in , a children's edition of Ritson's Robin Hood collection was published. Children's novels began to appear shortly thereafter. It is not that children did not read Robin Hood stories before, but this is the first appearance of a Robin Hood literature specifically aimed at them. Egan made Robin Hood of noble birth but raised by the forestor Gilbert Hood. Nevertheless, the adventures are still more local than national in scope: while King Richard's participation in the Crusades is mentioned in passing, Robin takes no stand against Prince John, and plays no part in raising the ransom to free Richard. These developments are part of the 20th-century Robin Hood myth. Pyle's Robin Hood is a yeoman and not an aristocrat. The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century. In this last work in particular, the modern Robin Hood—'King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows! In , a previously unknown manuscript of 21 Robin Hood ballads including two versions of ' The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield ' turned up in an auction house and eventually wound up in the British Library. It appears to have been written in the s. For four of these ballads, the Forresters Manuscript versions are the earliest known versions. The 20th century grafted still further details on to the original legends. The film The Adventures of Robin Hood , starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland , portrayed Robin as a hero on a national scale, leading the oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this movie established itself so definitively that many studios resorted to movies about his son invented for that purpose rather than compete with the image of this one. In , during the McCarthy era , a Republican member of the Indiana Textbook Commission called for a ban of Robin Hood from all Indiana school books for its alleged communist connotations. In the animated Disney film Robin Hood , the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford. Years before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing a project on Reynard the Fox ; however, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Ken Anderson adapted some elements from Reynard into Robin Hood , making the title character a fox. The British-American film Robin and Marian , starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. This is the first in popular culture to portray King Richard as less than perfect. The movie version Robin Hood , did not include a Saracen character. The original ballads and plays, including the early medieval poems and the latter broadside ballads and garlands have been edited and translated for the very first time in French in \[ 95 \] by Jonathan Fruoco. Until then, the texts had been unavailable in France. The historicity of Robin Hood has been debated for centuries. A difficulty with any such historical research is that Robert was a very common given name in medieval England , and 'Robin' or Robyn was its very common diminutive , especially in the 13th century; \[ 96 \] it is a French hypocorism , \[ 97 \] already mentioned in the Roman de Renart in the 12th century. The surname Hood by any spelling was also fairly common because it referred either to a hooder, who was a maker of hoods , or alternatively to somebody who wore a hood as a head-covering. It is therefore unsurprising that medieval records mention a number of people called 'Robert Hood' or 'Robin Hood', some of whom are known criminals. The earliest recorded example, in connection with May games in Somerset , dates from The oldest references to Robin Hood are not historical records, or even ballads recounting his exploits, but hints and allusions found in various works. From onward, the names 'Robinhood', 'Robehod', or 'Robbehod' occur in the rolls of several English Justices as nicknames or descriptions of malefactors. The majority of these references date from the late 13th century. Between and , there are at least eight references to 'Rabunhod' in various regions across England, from Berkshire in the south to York in the north. Leaving aside the reference to the 'rhymes' of Robin Hood in Piers Plowman in the s, \[ \] \[ \] and the scattered mentions of his 'tales and songs' in various religious tracts dating to the early 15th century, \[ 3 \] \[ 5 \] \[ 7 \] the first mention of a quasi-historical Robin Hood is given in Andrew of Wyntoun 's Orygynale Chronicle , written in about The following lines occur with little contextualisation under the year In a petition presented to Parliament in , the name is used to describe an itinerant felon. The petition cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire, \[ a \] 'who having no liflode, ne sufficeante of goodes, gadered and assembled unto him many misdoers, beynge of his clothynge, and, in manere of insurrection, wente into the wodes in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne. The next historical description of Robin Hood is a statement in the Scotichronicon , composed by John of Fordun between and , and revised by Walter Bower in about Among Bower's many interpolations is a passage that directly refers to Robin. It is inserted after Fordun's account of the defeat of Simon de Montfort and the punishment of his adherents, and is entered under the year in Bower's account. Robin is represented as a fighter for de Montfort's cause. Then arose the famous murderer, Robert Hood, as well as Little John, together with their accomplices from among the disinherited, whom the foolish populace are so inordinately fond of celebrating both in tragedies and comedies, and about whom they are delighted to hear the jesters and minstrels sing above all other ballads. The word translated here as 'murderer' is the Latin sicarius literally 'dagger-man' but actually meaning, in classical Latin, 'assassin' or 'murderer' , from the Latin sica for 'dagger', and descends from its use to describe the Sicarii , assassins operating in Roman Judea. Bower goes on to relate an anecdote about Robin Hood in which he refuses to flee from his enemies while hearing Mass in the greenwood, and then gains a surprise victory over them, apparently as a reward for his piety; the mention of 'tragedies' suggests that some form of the tale relating his death, as per A Gest of Robyn Hode , might have been in currency already. Another reference, discovered by Julian Luxford in , appears in the margin of the ' Polychronicon ' in the Eton College library. Written around the year by a monk in Latin, it says:. Around this time \[i. In , jurist Edward Coke described Robin Hood as a historical figure who had operated in the reign of King Richard I around Yorkshire; he interpreted the contemporary term 'roberdsmen' outlaws as meaning followers of Robin Hood. The earliest known legal records mentioning a person called Robin Hood Robert Hod are from , found in the York Assizes , when that person's goods, worth 32 shillings and 6 pence, were confiscated and he became an outlaw. Robert Hod owed the money to St Peter's in York. The following year, he was called 'Hobbehod', and also came to known as 'Robert Hood'. Robert Hod of York is the only early Robin Hood known to have been an outlaw. In , L. Owen floated the idea that Robin Hood might be identified with an outlawed Robert Hood, or Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently the same man, referred to in nine successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between and Historian Oscar de Ville discusses the career of John Deyville and his brother Robert, along with their kinsmen Jocelin and Adam, during the Second Barons' War , specifically their activities after the Battle of Evesham. John Deyville was granted authority by the faction led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester over York Castle and the Northern Forests during the war in which they sought refuge after Evesham. John, along with his relatives, led the remaining rebel faction on the Isle of Ely following the Dictum of Kenilworth. While John was eventually pardoned and continued his career until , his kinsmen are no longer mentioned by historical records after the events surrounding their resistance at Ely, and de Ville speculates that Robert remained an outlaw. The last of these is suggested to be the inspiration for Robin Hood's second name as opposed to the more common theory of a head covering. Although de Ville does not explicitly connect John and Robert Deyville to Robin Hood, he discusses these parallels in detail and suggests that they formed prototypes for this ideal of heroic outlawry during the tumultuous reign of Henry III's grandson and Edward I's son, Edward II of England. David Baldwin identifies Robin Hood with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd , who was a die-hard supporter of Simon de Montfort , which would place Robin Hood around the s. John Maddicott has called Godberd 'that prototype Robin Hood'. The antiquarian Joseph Hunter — believed that Robin Hood had inhabited the forests of Yorkshire during the early decades of the fourteenth century. Hunter pointed to two men whom, believing them to be the same person, he identified with the legendary outlaw:. Hunter developed a fairly detailed theory implying that Robert Hood had been an adherent of the rebel Earl of Lancaster , who was defeated by Edward II at the Battle of Boroughbridge in According to this theory, Robert Hood was thereafter pardoned and employed as a bodyguard by King Edward, and in consequence he appears in the court roll under the name of 'Robyn Hode'. Hunter's theory has long been recognised to have serious problems, one of the most serious being that recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed by the king before he appeared in the court roll, thus casting doubt on this Robyn Hood's supposed earlier career as outlaw and rebel. It has long been suggested, notably by John Maddicott , that 'Robin Hood' was a stock alias used by thieves. There is at present little or no scholarly support for the view that tales of Robin Hood have stemmed from mythology or folklore, from fairies or other mythological origins, any such associations being regarded as later development. While the outlaw often shows great skill in archery, swordplay and disguise, his feats are no more exaggerated than those of characters in other ballads, such as Kinmont Willie , which were based on historical events. Robin Hood has also been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe, and his anti-clericalism and Marianism interpreted in this light. The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable real places. In popular culture, Robin Hood and his band of 'merry men' are portrayed as living in Sherwood Forest , in Nottinghamshire. His chronicle entry reads:. Around this time, according to popular opinion, a certain outlaw named Robin Hood, with his accomplices, infested Sherwood and other law-abiding areas of England with continuous robberies'. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe and most famously of all, the Major Oak also in the village of Edwinstowe. Dendrologists have contradicted this claim by estimating the tree's true age at around eight hundred years; it would have been relatively a sapling in Robin's time, at best. Nottinghamshire's claim to Robin Hood's heritage is disputed, with Yorkists staking a claim to the outlaw. In demonstrating Yorkshire's Robin Hood heritage, the historian J. Holt drew attention to the fact that although Sherwood Forest is mentioned in Robin Hood and the Monk , there is little information about the topography of the region, and thus suggested that Robin Hood was drawn to Nottinghamshire through his interactions with the city's sheriff. Robin Hood's Yorkshire origins are generally accepted by professional historians. A tradition dating back at least to the end of the 16th century gives Robin Hood's birthplace as Loxley , Sheffield , in South Yorkshire. The original Robin Hood ballads, which originate from the fifteenth century, set events in the medieval forest of Barnsdale. Barnsdale was a wooded area covering an expanse of no more than thirty square miles, ranging six miles from north to south, with the River Went at Wentbridge near Pontefract forming its northern boundary and the villages of Skelbrooke and Hampole forming the southernmost region. From east to west the forest extended about five miles, from Askern on the east to Badsworth in the west. It lies around 3 miles 5 km southeast of its nearest township of size, Pontefract, close to the A1 road. During the medieval age Wentbridge was sometimes locally referred to by the name of Barnsdale because it was the predominant settlement in the forest. And, while Wentbridge is not directly named in A Gest of Robyn Hode , the poem does appear to make a cryptic reference to the locality by depicting a poor knight explaining to Robin Hood that he 'went at a bridge' where there was wrestling'. The Gest makes a specific reference to the Saylis at Wentbridge. Credit is due to the nineteenth-century antiquarian Joseph Hunter , who correctly identified the site of the Saylis. The Saylis is recorded as having contributed towards the aid that was granted to Edward III in —47 for the knighting of the Black Prince. An acre of landholding is listed within a glebe terrier of relating to Kirk Smeaton , which later came to be called 'Sailes Close'. Taylor indicate that such evidence of continuity makes it virtually certain that the Saylis that was so well known to Robin Hood is preserved today as 'Sayles Plantation'. One final locality in the forest of Barnsdale that is associated with Robin Hood is the village of Campsall. Davis indicates that there is only one church dedicated to Mary Magdalene within what one might reasonably consider to have been the medieval forest of Barnsdale, and that is the church at Campsall. The church was built in the early twelfth century by Robert de Lacy, the 2nd Baron of Pontefract. The backdrop of St Mary's Abbey, York plays a central role in the Gest as the poor knight whom Robin aids owes money to the abbot. At Kirklees Priory in West Yorkshire stands an alleged grave with a spurious inscription, which relates to Robin Hood. The fifteenth-century ballads relate that before he died, Robin told Little John where to bury him. He shot an arrow from the Priory window, and where the arrow landed was to be the site of his grave. The Gest states that the Prioress was a relative of Robin's. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. However, she betrayed him, his health worsened, and he eventually died there. The inscription on the grave reads,. Hear underneath dis laitl stean Laz robert earl of Huntingtun Ne'er arcir ver as hie sa geud An pipl kauld im robin heud Sick \[such\] utlawz as he an iz men Vil england nivr si agen Obiit 24 kal: Dekembris, Despite the unconventional spelling, the verse is in Modern English , not the Middle English of the 13th century. The date is also incorrectly formatted — using the Roman calendar , '24 kal Decembris' would be the twenty-third day before the beginning of December, that is, 8 November. The tomb probably dates from the late eighteenth century. The grave with the inscription is within sight of the ruins of the Kirklees Priory , behind the Three Nuns pub in Mirfield , West Yorkshire. Though local folklore suggests that Robin is buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory, this theory has now largely been abandoned by professional historians. Another theory is that Robin Hood died at Kirkby, Pontefract. Michael Drayton 's Poly-Olbion Song 28 67—70 , published in , speaks of Robin Hood's death and clearly states that the outlaw died at 'Kirkby'. The location is approximately three miles from the site of Robin's robberies at the now famous Saylis. All Saints' Church had a priory hospital attached to it. The Tudor historian Richard Grafton stated that the prioress who murdered Robin Hood buried the outlaw beside the road,. Where he had used to rob and spoyle those that passed that way All Saints' Church at Kirkby, modern Pontefract, which was located approximately three miles from the site of Robin Hood's robberies at the Saylis, is consistent with Richard Grafton's description because a road ran directly from Wentbridge to the hospital at Kirkby. Within close proximity of Wentbridge reside several notable landmarks relating to Robin Hood. One such place-name location occurred in a cartulary deed of from Monkbretton Priory, which makes direct reference to a landmark named Robin Hood's Stone, which resided upon the eastern side of the Great North Road, a mile south of Barnsdale Bar. Robin Hood type place-names occurred particularly everywhere except Sherwood. The first place-name in Sherwood does not appear until the year The Sheriff of Nottingham also had jurisdiction in Derbyshire that was known as the 'Shire of the Deer', and this is where the Royal Forest of the Peak is found, which roughly corresponds to today's Peak District National Park. Mercia , to which Nottingham belonged, came to within three miles of Sheffield City Centre. But before the Law of the Normans was the Law of the Danes, The Danelaw had a similar boundary to that of Mercia but had a population of Free Peasantry that were known to have resisted the Norman occupation. Many outlaws could have been created by the refusal to recognise Norman Forest Law. Further indications of the legend's connection with West Yorkshire and particularly Calderdale are noted in the fact that there are pubs called the Robin Hood in both nearby Brighouse and at Cragg Vale ; higher up in the Pennines beyond Halifax , where Robin Hood Rocks can also be found. Considering these references to Robin Hood, it is not surprising that the people of both South and West Yorkshire lay some claim to Robin Hood, who, if he existed, could easily have roamed between Nottingham, Lincoln , Doncaster and right into West Yorkshire. A British Army Territorial reserves battalion formed in Nottingham in was known as The Robin Hood Battalion through various reorganisations until the 'Robin Hood' name finally disappeared in A Neolithic causewayed enclosure on Salisbury Plain has acquired the name Robin Hood's Ball , although had Robin Hood existed it is doubtful that he would have travelled so far south. Ballads dating back to the 15th century are the oldest existing form of the Robin Hood legends, although none of them were recorded at the time of the first allusions to him, and many are from much later. They share many common features, often opening with praise of the greenwood and relying heavily on disguise as a plot device , but include a wide variation in tone and plot. Ballads whose first recorded version appears usually incomplete in the Percy Folio may appear in later versions \[ \] and may be much older than the midth century when the Folio was compiled. Any ballad may be older than the oldest copy that happens to survive, or descended from a lost older ballad. For example, the plot of Robin Hood's Death , found in the Percy Folio, is summarised in the 15th-century A Gest of Robyn Hode , and it also appears in an 18th-century version. The first two ballads listed here the 'Death' and 'Gisborne' , although preserved in 17th-century copies, are generally agreed to preserve the substance of late medieval ballads. The third the 'Curtal Friar' and the fourth the 'Butcher' , also probably have late medieval origins. Some ballads, such as Erlinton , feature Robin Hood in some variants, where the folk hero appears to be added to a ballad pre-existing him and in which he does not fit very well. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikivoyage. Heroic outlaw in English folklore. For other uses, see Robin Hood disambiguation. For the film, see Robin of Locksley film. Fictional character. Robin Hood on horse back from a 15th century print. Referred to as 'Robyn Hode'. Arthur Bourchier James Booth M. Variable: yeoman , archer , outlaw later stories: nobleman. Early plays, May Day games, and fairs. Broadside ballads and garlands. Rediscovery: Percy and Ritson. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Films, animations, new concepts, and other adaptations. Main article: List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood. Walt Disney's Robin Hood. Church of Saint Mary Magdalene at Campsall. Abbey of Saint Mary at York. All Saints' Church at Pontefract. Other place-names and references. List of traditional ballads. In 15th- or early 16th-century copies. In 17th-century Percy Folio. In 17th-century Forresters Manuscript. Main articles: Robin Hood in popular culture and List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood. It is unclear which one this was. The Dockyards. Retrieved 4 June Archived from the original on 18 May Retrieved 5 May Archived from the original on 16 November Archived from the original on 3 April Retrieved 4 May Retrieved 15 April The Gest of Robyn Hode'. Archived from the original on 7 November Archived from the original on 31 March Retrieved 10 February Archived from the original on 24 December Retrieved 12 March Archived from the original on 14 February Archived from the original on 18 August ISBN Baldwin, David Amberley Publishing. Barry, Edward Sur les vicissitudes et les transformations du cycle populaire de Robin Hood. Blackwood, Alice Blamires, David Rylands Univ. Brockman, B. South Atlantic Review. JSTOR Child, Francis James The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Dover Publications. Coghlan, Ronan The Robin Hood Companion. Xiphos Books. Deitweiler, Laurie; Coleman, Diane Robin Hood Comprehension Guide. Veritas Pr Inc. Dixon-Kennedy, Mike The Robin Hood Handbook. Sutton Publishing. ISBN X. Dobson, R. Doel, Fran; Doel, Geoff Robin Hood: Outlaw and Greenwood Myth. Tempus Publishing Ltd. Green, Barbara Secrets of the Grave. Palmyra Press. Hahn, Thomas Hanna, Ralph London Literature, Cambridge University Press. Harris, P. Truth About Robin Hood. Hilton, R. Robin Hood. Holt, J. Oxford University Press. Hutton, Ronald James, Sarah In Clarke, Peter; James, Sarah eds. Knight, Stephen Thomas Blackwell Publishers. Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Cornell University Press. Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales. Medieval Institute Publications. Phillips, Helen Robin Hood: Medieval and Post-medieval. Four Courts Press. Pollard, A. Potter, Lewis University of Delaware Press. Pringle, Patrick Dorset Press. Ritson, Joseph William Pickering. Rutherford-Moore, Richard The Legend of Robin Hood. Capall Bann Publishing. Robin Hood: On the Outlaw Trail. Vahimagi, Tise British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Wright, Thomas Songs and Carols, now first imprinted. Percy Society. Robin Hood at Wikipedia's sister projects. Authority control databases. Deutsche Biographie. Hidden categories: Articles containing Middle English -language text Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from December Use dmy dates from November Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Dutch-language text Pages with Dutch IPA Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch Pages using Sister project links with default search Articles prone to spam from November Articles with LibriVox links. Tales of Robin Hood and his Merry Men character. Loyal to Richard the Lionheart. Maid Marian wife in some versions.

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