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After Taiwan became a Japanese colony in the government of Japan, always interested in proposals to increase its economic independence, began exploring the possibility of growing tropical drug plants on Taiwan. The leader in such experiments was Hoshi pharmaceuticals, founded in the second decade of the 20th century. In the s and s, Hoshi was a leader in cinchona cultivation in Taiwan, and of cocaine, then used as an anesthetic. How humans stimulate themselves is a product of politics and culture. In Taiwan, alcohol and betel nut, so destructive, are completely legal, while marijuana remains forbidden. Imagine today going down to Chiayi in some alternate universe to tour the endless plantations of high-quality coca or marijuana rather than betel nut trees and tea. Cinchona became another key tropical product explored by Hoshi. Westerners often associate malaria with the modern tropics, but in the US especially before the s it was deadly, accounting for roughly 4. Even in the brutal Little Ice Age in the 17th century, malaria was common in London and the surrounding region. Shakespeare refers to it in eight of his plays. With Japan colonizing Korea, Taiwan and Manchuria, with plans to expand further south, malaria treatments became an urgent security issue. Into the 20th century it was the number three killer in Taiwan, after cholera and plague, and as late as it sent 1. It wreaked havoc on Japanese soldiers in Korea, and a milder strain plagued Chinese mine workers in Manchuria, reducing coal output. Cinchona had been introduced into Japan in , but cultivation failed, and an attempt to grow it in Bonin Islands foundered. As scholars have noted, Hoshi saw the western monopoly on cinchona as a threat to Japan. In the form of indentured servitude for indigenous communities, I might add. Successful cultivation of cinchona began in Hoshi established plantations in Taitung and in Kaohsiung, with other companies and private individuals creating them elsewhere in Taiwan. All located on what had been indigenous lands, they ran on indigenous labor. By Hoshi had produced quinine from the bark, thus creating an integrated supply entirely within the confines of the empire. In Japan invaded China, and demand for quinine became urgent. The government directed Japanese in Taiwan to plant 8, acres of cinchona, for a production goal of 2, tons of bark one-fourth the production of Dutch Java. Ku observes that wartime demand meant that Taiwan, once more or less self-sufficient in quinine, developed shortages. One of the features of science-based medicines is that they are quickly uptaken into traditional and alternative systems and extolled for their assumed amazing properties. After Germany ignited the second world war in Europe it became almost impossible for Japan to get hold of anti-malarials like quinine, atabrine and plasmoquinine from Germany. The occupation of Java with its immense plantations of cinchona, responsible for roughly 90 percent of world bark production, eased the situation briefly, but shipments to Japan fell off as the war progressed. Quinine remained the most important anti-malarial until other drugs took its place in the s, and colonial production of cinchona was less important. In his book How to Hide an Empire, Daniel Immerwhar observes that the development of new technologies such as plastics and artificial rubber made colonies obsolete. No longer did they produce unique raw materials. According to Ker, in the mids the Japanese, even under figures doctored to avoid attracting attention, admitted to holding over 4, tons of coca leaves and metric tons of cocaine. Chen Yi also stated that production of cocaine and coca would cease, and that he was taking over the coca plantations. According to Kerr, the US government reported in that it had received no information from the KMT government on the production or inventories of such narcotics in Taiwan. Notes from Central Taiwan is a column written by long-term resident Michael Turton, who provides incisive commentary informed by three decades of living in and writing about his adoptive country. The views expressed here are his own. On every corner of Kowloon, diners pack shoulder-to-shoulder over strong brews of Hong-Kong-style milk tea, chowing down on French Toast and Cantonese noodles. Artificial intelligence could help reduce some of the most contentious culture war divisions through a mediation process, researchers say. Experts say a system that can create group statements that reflect majority and minority views is able to help people find common ground. Chris Summerfield, a co-author of the research from the University of Oxford, who worked at Google DeepMind at the time the study was conducted, said the AI tool could have multiple purposes. Home Features. Most Popular 1. You might also like. Front Page. About Us.