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Ali Ahmed Rahim is an Iraqi journalist and human rights activists located in Baghdad, focused on social and humanitarian issues. In recent years, the Iraqi drug trade has gone from a purely commercial endeavor practiced by traffickers to a lucrative network with links to armed groups and influential political and tribal forces who rely on the profits to maintain their influence. Before the fall of the regime, Iraq functioned as a transit route for Iranian and Pakistani drugs headed to Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and other Gulf states. But since , small-time traffickers have manufactured drugs in the country and are pursued continuously by the security forces as a result. All the while, the main traffickers are ignored because of their links to influential political parties and armed militias. These pro-Iranian militias have turned the Shalamcheh border crossing in Basra —which connects southern Iraq to Iran —into a transit point for drug trafficking. Security and health officials say that the increasing flow of drugs such as the now regionally popular Captagon generally a mix of amphetamine derivatives and additives and crystal meth has created a dangerous situation that the authorities cannot manage due to a lack of resources. Due to the weakness of the Iraqi government , the militias wield control over the security environment while actively participating in the drug trade and protecting traffickers. Some analysts blame this on Iran, arguing that it manipulates the drug trade to distract Iraqi youth from national concerns and to generate financial resources to manage its affiliated militias. A Growing Trend of Addiction. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, crystal meth is now considered the most dangerous and widespread drug in Iraq. The office issued a warning in a February report that while meth used to be smuggled in from Iran, it is now being manufactured secretly inside Iraq itself. According to the report, this occurs primarily in the southern border governorates, such as Basra and Maysan. Crystal meth is a stimulant first synthesized in pre-World War I Germany, then refined by the Japanese during World War II, when it was used to keep soldiers awake for long hours. However, the toll of meth addition is severe; it destroys the immune system and can lead to death from heart failure, kidney failure, or weight loss. The problems of drug use, addiction, and trafficking are new to Iraq , which further hinders governmental efforts and also leaves Iraqi communities ill-equipped to deal with this new threat. The spread of drugs in Iraq has led to unprecedented social ills and crimes in the country. For example, five years of addiction to crystal meth led Ali 25 to physically harass his mother, attacking her verbally and sometimes beating her. Still, she could not sit idly by, watching her own flesh and blood slowly dying. Then, without warning, he went into this dark tunnel that has destroyed our life as a family. He even suspected me of bringing men to the house while his father was away. In another case in Basra, a man named Salam raped his year-old sister two years after he started using crystal meth. The use and trade of crystal meth has not only been limited to young men. Young women have turned to this drug to escape daily pressures, emotional problems, and family abuse. They have also become tools for trafficking because they are less likely to be searched. Nour 22 from Baghdad saw crystal meth as an escape from the pain of emotional trauma. In the aftermath, a friend guided her to drugs and helped her get the first dose. The drug distorted her youthful features, she lost 15 pounds, and almost dropped out of university before she was able to recover. Inas Karim, president of the organization A Drug Free Iraq, said that among some age groups in Iraq , over 40 percent of people use drugs. Moreover, she said the age group primarily using drugs is between 15 and 35, but the majority of people in addiction centers are between 17 and Karim said fears of legal penalties and social stigmas prevent people struggling with addiction to seek treatment. Struggles to Respond. For individuals who use, possess, or transport illicit substances, penalties amount to u p to three year s of prison and fines of 5 to 10 million dinars. Iraq does not have psychological rehabilitation institutions for victims of the drug trade, and treats victims of drug addiction like criminals. Government agencies should adopt a comprehensive strategy, integrating a variety of stakeholders and key actors to address the issue. The Iraqi media should work to address the subject in order to raise public awareness about the issue and its root causes. Moreover, there must be investment into education and research regarding the high rates of substance use in recent years. Specialized treatment centers should be opened in every governorate as public centers rather than psychological treatment centers. Under Iraqi law, psychological treatment centers can only be run by physicians—not psychotherapists— exacerbating the challenge of treating addictions. Finally, security agencies should stop relying solely on punitive measures to mitigate drug use and trafficking. The government must simultaneously improve the dire economic situation and increasing unemployment, two driving drug use and trafficking among Iraqi youth. Policy Analysis Fikra Forum. Mar 8, About the Authors. Ali Ahmed Rahim. Brief Analysis. To top. Is Diplomacy Doomed? Stay up to date Sign up for email alerts.

Meth, Money, Militias: Welcome to Iraq’s Hottest Narco Town

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Simona Foltyn Simona Foltyn. The Middle East has long been plagued by conflicts, but now a crisis of a different sort is taking hold. The narcotics trade poses new security threats and risks forever changing societies whose conservative norms had usage in check. Special correspondent Simona Foltyn explores the drivers behind the regional drug trade and why efforts to combat it have largely failed. Notice: Transcripts are machine and human generated and lightly edited for accuracy. They may contain errors. The Middle East has long been plagued by geopolitical conflicts, but now a crisis of a different sort is taking hold. The narcotics trade poses security threats and risks for ever-changing societies whose conservative norms had usage in check. We explore the drivers behind the regional drug trade and why efforts to combat it have largely failed. Special correspondent Simona Foltyn brings us the first of two reports from the region, tonight from Basra in Southern Iraq. As night falls over the southern port city of Basra, the anti-narcotics unit is dispatched for a mission in the battle against the booming drug trade. After years of conflict with ISIS, Iraq's security forces are now fighting an undeclared war against a new enemy, crystal meth. The anti-drug unit just received information from a source about a dealer who is selling crystal meth out of his home, and they're on their way now to try to arrest him. These operations happen nightly, and they are dangerous. In Basra alone, seven police have been killed over the past year during raids like these. Luckily, the men face no resistance tonight as they detain the suspect. Show us where it is, and we will help you. We're coming for the crystal meth you keep in this house. We know someone who is buying from you. Next door, investigators find what they're looking for. The young man and his father are taken away for questioning. But they are just small fish in a city that is flooded with crystal meth. Nestled on the Persian Gulf between Iran and Kuwait, Basra's strategic location has turned it into a hub for the regional drug trade. Crystal meth from Iran and Afghanistan is smuggled through Basra and onwards to the Gulf and the Mediterranean. But much of the drug is finding a market here, a country of 40 million plagued by rampant youth unemployment. The anti-narcotics unit sets up checkpoints every night to stop distribution inside the city. But apart from causing traffic jams and alienating residents, it does little to stop dealers. That's why its sometimes difficult to, for example, locate a suspect while he's on a call. It takes a lot of time. The criminals are becoming sophisticated and we need to keep up. The trade is facilitated by tribal networks protected by powerful armed groups and enabled by corrupt officials. A anti-narcotics law introduced rewards for informants and officers to increase interdictions and curb corruption. If we had the resources, the number of informants would go up and corruption would go down. Instead, we depend on our relationships with sources. We appeal to their patriotism and our relations with them. And that's not enough. In a worrying development, the traders are turning into producers. According to a U. And there's another problem. Iraq's prisons have become a breeding ground for drug dealers. General Ismail shows us the holding cells in a Basra police station, so crowded that not all prisoners can sit down at the same time. If a drug user goes in there, it's like he's enrolling in school, and he will graduate as a dealer. Unfortunately, this is the current capacity of the state. In the first six months of , the government arrested a staggering 8, people on drug-related charges across Iraq. Police prisons like these are intended only for pretrial detention. Half of these prisoners have already been convicted. They're supposed to be transferred to prisons run by the Ministry of Justice. But those main prisons are also full. There are more than drug users and dealers crammed inside these prison cells, more than four times their intended capacity. It's a telling indicator of just how severely the drug epidemic is afflicting Iraqi society, and authorities are simply struggling to cope. We're allowed to interview some prisoners, a rare opportunity for these men to leave the crammed prison cell and sit on a chair, rather than the floor. Two people share the same spot on the floor. And, every six hours, they swap. It's very depressing. It's a miserable situation. Even if you want to reform yourself, you can't in this place. All the thinking and talk inside revolves around drugs. This man is serving a six-year sentence for selling crystal meth. But it was his first stint in prison that turned him into a drug dealer. Before I went to prison the first time, I knew 10 people who did drugs. In prison, I was introduced to After I was released, we reconnected. Under Iraqi law, drug users get one to three years in prison, except for those who voluntarily seek treatment, if they can get a spot at Basra's only rehabilitation center. Its 44 beds are not enough to serve a city home to four million. We are lacking the appropriate staff and the necessary infrastructure. And buildings are also not available. We are just in the beginning of the journey. Even the title psychotherapist doesn't officially exist in Iraqi government institutions. Aqeel Sabah is a psychiatrist leading group therapy sessions here, a new concept in a country where mental health is widely misunderstood and drug addiction is taboo. People do not admit that they are taking drugs. This is one reason which prevents them from coming to the hospital. It took this patient, whom we will call Ali, seven years before he sought help for his addiction. I did everything just to get the drugs. Something was pushing me to get the drugs. I would do anything, even if it meant stealing. I lost a lot. I lost my family. I lost my car. I lost money. I lost everything. Ali doesn't want to leave the facility, fearing he will relapse when he returns to the same environment. I ask him what percent of his friends smoke crystal meth. Ali blames Iraq's ruling elites for backing the drug trade to line their pockets and to numb the young, restive population into complacency. Nobody thinks about the government. Nobody is thinking, where is the oil, where is Iraq, where we were and where we are headed to. We are busy taking crystal and pills. Otherwise, we might think, why don't I have a job? Why is Iraq not like other countries? In a country crippled by political crises, unemployment and rampant corruption, crystal meth offers the only escape. Support Provided By: Learn more. Monday, Oct The Latest. World Agents for Change. Health Long-Term Care. For Teachers Newshour Classroom. NewsHour Shop. About Feedback Funders Support Jobs. Close Menu. Yes Not now. By — Simona Foltyn Simona Foltyn. Leave your feedback. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter. Transcript Audio. Watch Part 2 Jordan battles influx of cheap amphetamines from neighboring Syria. Judy Woodruff: The Middle East has long been plagued by geopolitical conflicts, but now a crisis of a different sort is taking hold. Simona Foltyn: As night falls over the southern port city of Basra, the anti-narcotics unit is dispatched for a mission in the battle against the booming drug trade. Brigadier General Ismail Ghanem Abdalla is in charge of the unit. Simona Foltyn: Next door, investigators find what they're looking for. Ismail Ghanem Abdalla through translator : We don't have the technology. We rely on human intelligence and our own resources. Simona Foltyn: The trade is facilitated by tribal networks protected by powerful armed groups and enabled by corrupt officials. Five years on, this unit hasn't received any funding. Ismail Ghanem Abdalla through translator : If we had the resources, the number of informants would go up and corruption would go down. Simona Foltyn: In a worrying development, the traders are turning into producers. Ismail Ghanem Abdalla through translator : There's no production or cultivation inside Iraq. Iraq is importing percent. Simona Foltyn: And there's another problem. Ismail Ghanem Abdalla through translator : If a drug user goes in there, it's like he's enrolling in school, and he will graduate as a dealer. Simona Foltyn: In the first six months of , the government arrested a staggering 8, people on drug-related charges across Iraq. Ismail Ghanem Abdalla through translator : Half of these prisoners have already been convicted. Simona Foltyn: But those main prisons are also full. Prisoner through translator : Two people share the same spot on the floor. Simona Foltyn: This man is serving a six-year sentence for selling crystal meth. Prisoner through translator : Before I went to prison the first time, I knew 10 people who did drugs. The government does not provide any work opportunities, so I was obliged to start dealing. Simona Foltyn: Under Iraqi law, drug users get one to three years in prison, except for those who voluntarily seek treatment, if they can get a spot at Basra's only rehabilitation center. Aqeel Sabah, Psychiatrist through translator : We are lacking the appropriate staff and the necessary infrastructure. Simona Foltyn: Dr. Aqeel Sabah through translator : People do not admit that they are taking drugs. Simona Foltyn: It took this patient, whom we will call Ali, seven years before he sought help for his addiction. Ali, Patient through translator : I did everything just to get the drugs. Simona Foltyn: Ali doesn't want to leave the facility, fearing he will relapse when he returns to the same environment. Ali through translator : Nobody thinks about the government. Simona Foltyn: The drug epidemic risks consuming Iraq's young generation. Listen to this Segment. More Ways to Watch. Enter your email address Subscribe.

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