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Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Received: August 25, Published: September 19, Cocaine trafficking between South America and Greece and methods of concealment. Forensic Res Criminol Int J. DOI: Download PDF. This research investigates the cocaine business between South America and Greece, and its trading methods. Cocaine trafficking is a complex political, social, cultural, and moral challenge that transcends national borders in size and importance. This problem as a phenomenon is global and multidimensional, as it involves, from the point of cultivation to the point of consumption, various people, social strata, huge economic interests, countries and even governments. The engagement of specialists from the maritime sector and individuals from the 'higher social strata' who actively participate in the shipment and trafficking of cocaine to West Europe and Greece is highlighted. The cocaine industry in Greece is 'structured' by a network of interaction and collaboration involving governmental, commercial, and civil society players, according to information from a range of resources. The largest quantities of cocaine are produced in South American, and in particular in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, from where a large percentage of production is destined for European markets. Containers are the main transportation method, with quantities being hidden either within the legal cargo or in specially designed crypts. Sailing boats are also a time-honored method of smuggling drugs. Respectively, the cocaine entry points by sea in Northern Europe are mainly the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Then the quantities are shipped to the rest of the European countries. For smaller quantities of cocaine, trafficking to Europe occurs by air from Brazil and other South American countries. Globally, Europe is a major drug market, maintained mainly by drugs smuggled from other parts of the world. Latin America is an important source of drugs entering Europe, which acts as a transit point for cocaine destined for other continents. Additional research is recommended regarding the financial, social, and political interests of the individuals involved in this industry in order to truly evaluate the dynamics of this unlawful trade. Keywords : drug trafficking, cocaine, globally, Greece, controlled drugs law enforcement. Drug trafficking generates various difficulties for the countries in which it is allowed to become prevalent. It could be considered to be an incomparable destabilizing issue when governance immorality is established along with a number of legal complications. An essential factor in this prevalent phenomenon is also the underdeveloped provincial economies associated with the drug movement rates. Illegal drug trading prevents both economic and social development, while markedly influencing the highly vulnerable and marginalized cultures. Moreover, it creates an essential coercion for some countries regarding their security and stability. Cocaine is the most trafficked drug following cannabis. This is evidenced by the confiscated amount of cocaine in Europe in which was the largest that had ever been recorded, rising to tons tons in In recent years, studies relating to drugs conducted in Greece focus mainly on therapeutic approaches and their effectiveness in various methods. Relevant research is related to the medical and socio-psychological dimensions of the usage in regards with the characteristics of the population that is using, the pharmacology, as well as the various policies for a well-organized action plan. Whilst, in the Greek literature there are several studies concerning the expansion of the use and the users themselves, minimal research emphasis has been placed upon the relationship between the trafficker-user and the market and more generally the drug trafficking of illegal and legal products. An examination of the relationship between trafficking and organized crime reveals that most of this information is based on the experience of law enforcement agencies, which seek to trace, identify, and apprehend traffickers. The analysis of smuggling remains relatively incomplete, provided that often reports are made only for official data originated from the authorities, regarding money laundering and the flow of these substances around the globe. This Study will provide adequate knowledge of the cocaine trafficking between South America and Europe and the Concealment and Transportation in Greece. It focuses on the magnitude as well as on the characteristics of this trade among those parts of the world. Taking into consideration the complexity of cocaine trafficking, the study contains a multiplicity of aspects converging on and reflecting the financial and socio-cultural variables. Cocaine is predominantly cultivated in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Therefore, small vicinity to supply countries as well as a sizeable domestic marketplace established a catalytic part in the cocaine trade development in the Western hemisphere. Primarily unsusceptible by this phenomenon was Europe where mainly privileged individuals consumed cocaine. Nevertheless, as stated by the UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , utilization of cocaine in Europe has been continuously escalating, retail and wholesale values are plummeting, while at the same time the purity levels are meliorating. The deteriorating American market, that was influenced by vital law enforcement endeavors as well as immersion associated with the nature of the substance addressed, is accepted to have provided the foundation of trading routes to Europe. Cocaine smugglers have continuously been eager—even though not constantly effective — in distributing their merchandise over the Atlantic exploring trustworthy associations and developing markets. Initially, even though the Greek market is relatively undersized, it consists of one with an extended history while being quite vivid. The research has divulged that cocaine trafficking existed in Greece since around s and s with characteristics comparable to the ones in recent years. European marketplaces located in the west and central parts of the continent and more particularly Spain, Portugal and Netherlands represent the most vital entry and transit positions for cocaine destined to Greek market. According to some accounts, smuggling networks used to have contacts with people connected to the night-time economy in Marseilles, Alexandria, and Istanbul, which supplied substantial volumes of cocaine and other narcotics in order to be transported and consumed in Greece. Furthermore, throughout this 'early point' of the drug industry, healthcare providers such as pharmacists played an important role in the distribution channels of cocaine. From the s and onwards, Greek people, particularly from the maritime sector, were the first to enable the trafficking of huge amounts of cocaine in Europe. The abovementioned tendencies were greatly affected by the significantly larger and vigorous Greek transnational populations in the Mediterranean area and South America, and the huge shipping sector and allied professions. Additionally, a contemporary political progress indicates that cocaine is progressively entering from surrounding Balkan nations, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants seem to have altered. Consequently, it appears to be an obvious understanding within the media, the government, and the police departments about who is participating in the cocaine industry, as well as a definite perspective about the integrity of the individuals engaged. There are two different types of stakeholders in this business: those who are 'righteous' and the ones who are 'wicked'. The 'wicked' are often those who barter the products as well as those who overtly or covertly aid the sale: outlaws, depraved government officials, 'outsiders,' and anybody else who thrives off law-abiding citizens. This well-established perspective, along with the nation's profound ignorance about the cocaine trade, necessitates study. Numerous resources have been utilized for this study. Various case reports have been examined associated with the cocaine trafficking derived from multiple law enforcement authorities. E, formerly SDOE. Additionally, articles from widely disseminated national and local publications were chosen. These papers serve to acquire knowledge about individuals and their activities, as well as market elements such as the production, transportation, and distribution. Public announcements from the Ministry of Mercantile Marine and the Bureau for Special Inspections supplemented the previously stated newspaper articles. The data provided by the World Drug Report in revealed that regardless of the social and psychological factors that played an important role in guiding someone towards this direction in the beginning, drug use seems to be depended on the desire for the effects that the drug creates. For instance, the ratio of cocaine users amongst people of the night and occasional substance abusers was Among users in the night life, cocaine is the most widely used substance following cannabis. Figure 1 Drug use estimation in the European Union in Generally, Greece seems to have a reduced interest rate of illicit substance usage in comparison with other European nations. In the preceding years, the trajectory of cocaine usage between the overall Greek community has been nearly equal to that of the total illicit substance consumption. According to recent research, the declining trend of cocaine use in the European Union, which was reported in previous years, it has been suspended. In research conducted in the country, among 45 cities that collected data from analyzed urban wastewater for cocaine residues in and , 27 of them reported an increase, 10 a steady state and 8 a decrease. Uptrends are reported for most of the 14 cities that have data for the time period between to Since the predominance of cocaine abusers do not identify themselves as being addicted, just one small fraction of them consider therapy. Only one small fraction of drug addicts in recovery use cocaine as their prime substance. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the percentage of individuals requesting help to recover were more than doubled during a two years period. In Greece in , there were reported 73 drug-related fatalities. Since there were drug overdoses recorded in , the number of fatal overdoses has declined dramatically throughout the timeframe under examination. Figure 2 Number of drug overdose deaths in Greece from to Presumably this is why there has not been an 'ethical outrage' over it. During the period of to , there were 17 cocaine-related fatalities. Nonetheless, there were situations that drew significant public interest, including the loss of a year-old girl from Northern Greece in early Likewise, the statistics on cocaine overdoses might be ambiguous. NA contends that because cocaine consumption is more prevalent in the 'elite' society, it is undoubtful that fatalities caused by cocaine abuse are recorded as naturally occurred deaths rather than violent for social purposes. The increasing availability and use of cocaine 'crack' in the region is a cause for concern, and while cocaine prices in European Union have remained stable, the purity of the drug is, in fact, at its highest level in at least a decade. The appearance rate of uncontrolled chemicals as substitutes for internationally controlled precursors is steadily increasing worldwide, while the variety of chemicals that could be used instead of the controlled precursors is practically unlimited. The inclusion of individual substances through the international control is still delayed in relation to the ingenuity of the traffickers, while many of these substances have no known legal uses and they are not offered for monitoring through legal trade. The International Narcotics Control Board INCB urges governments to continue the broader political dialogue, launched in , regarding the potential confrontment of the problem and the implementation of a global framework that would tackle more effectively controlled substances. Issues related to the illicit production, trafficking and use of substances in South America persist in causing insecurity and violent acts in the region. According to the Global Study for Homicides conducted by UNODC in , firearms are used in homicide incidents in America much more often than in any other part of the world. In Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela Bolivian Republic the homicide rate exceeds the overall average of homicides in the surrounding area. Coca cultivation and cocaine production in Colombia have reached the highest level ever. Cocaine production has increased in South America. Increased production of hydrochloride cocaine has also been noted in Colombia. Despite the reported decrease in the illegal cultivation of coca bushes in Colombia by 1. The total area of illegal cultivation of coca bushes in the region could not be estimated in , due to the lack of data on the illegal cultivation of coca bushes in Peru Figure 3. Figure 3 Productive areas under coca bush cultivation and manufacture of cocaine in Colombia, — Bolivia adopted a legislation in order to increase coca cultivation. The government of the Bolivian Multinational State passed a legislation in that allowed the cultivation of up to 22, hectares of coca bushes for traditional uses, an area that exceeds the extent that, is necessary to meet the needs in the context of traditional substance use as it was estimated by the Bolivian government in According to reports about the confiscated amounts, most cocaine is still trafficked through Andean countries, particularly Colombia, to major markets consumption in North America and Europe, where indications of increased availability and use are a cause for concern. Shipments of cocaine seized in South America were destined primarily for the United States. This might imply increase in manufacturing and transportation activity, as well as increased marketplaces in the country. In Greece cocaine is confiscated by the Police, the customs, and the coast guard, while the Bureau for Special Inspections seizes a tiny portion of the product. The percentage of confiscated cocaine found to be coming directly from Latin American totaled at Figure 4 Cocaine confiscations in Kilos, in Figure 5 Country of origin of cocaine, in Greece is not recognized as a cocaine-producing nation. Nevertheless, information received led to a cocaine manufacturing facility in the country. The Bureau for Special Inspections also discovered and demolished a cocaine manufacturing facility in Anavyssos, a municipality in Attica district, where coca powder was processed prior to getting trafficked into Western European marketplaces. The purpose of this laboratory, which was labeled by the Greek press as 'the first cocaine laboratory in Europe,' was to minimize product waste when it was transported because 'coca paste' is not difficult to be identified. As it was stated by the police, this facility recruited a chemist from Venezuela and a British immigrant who oversaw the manufacturing and selling process. However, this Greek product, was meant for numerous European marketplaces, and not only for the Greek, which depends heavily on South American products. Trafficking patterns into the European Union generally, and in Greece particularly, could be completely understood when a larger context on the overall pathways of the marine commerce and the traveling patterns across Atlantic are obtained. Cocaine is mainly imported into Europe through marine channels, as opposed to heroin, that is typically carried by terrestrial routes. The strategic implementation implies that cocaine trafficking is inextricably linked to marine trade and tourism. Over the last 20 years, Europe has become a major destination for cocaine produced in South America in two forms: cocaine powder and crack. The most common is cocaine powder hydrochloride salt , while less common is crack, a form of the substance free base , which is smoked. The product is transported to Europe by air and by sea. The means and methods used in the trafficking - import of cocaine in Greece from were the following. Cocaine shipments appear to pass through the most countries in South and Central America before reaching Europe, but mainly they pass by Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Mexico. The Caribbean islands are becoming important transit point for the transshipment of drugs destined to Europe. The main entry point into the continent, as well as a point for storage and secondary distribution for the European market, is Spain. Spain remains the country with the highest amount of cocaine confiscations in Europe, although there are indications of continued diversification of traffic routes according to seizure reports in Eastern Mediterranean ports, in Baltic and the Black Sea. The reasons that make this country particularly attractive for trafficking, are its large coastline, the close vicinity with Morocco African Road and that its borders constitute European Boarders. Following Spain, the Netherlands is the main gateway for cocaine into Europe, because it is an international trade center, but also due to its geographical location and the road network that gives access initially to Europe and consequently to Greece. Additionally, the multicultural society and the 'tradition' it has in drug trafficking make it 'ideal'. In the Netherlands, kg of pure cocaine are consumed annually but it is difficult to calculate the exact magnitude of the quantities imported and exported in that country. Also, a noteworthy case is the dismantling of a criminal organization, which was active in the transportation and importation of significant drug quantities in Greece, as well as in the storage-falsification, re-standardization, and further distribution in the domestic market, including the infiltration of drugs in Detention Centers. After months of monitoring its activities, its labyrinthine structure was revealed, with the form of liquid criminal networks and its extensive criminal activity. This Group was composed of three 3 subgroups. The first one, was involved in the infiltration of drugs in Detention Centers. The second was responsible for the import-supply from Turkey and Albania, and then forgery-re-standardization and trafficking of the drugs in the greater area of Athens and in other parts of the country, but also in Western Europe. The third was associated with the import-supply from the Netherlands, Turkey, and Albania, then counterfeiting-re-standardization and trafficking of the drugs in the wider region of Attica Figure 7. A variety of challenges may arise in the cocaine smuggling sector in Greece. The first one is associated with the 'entities' involved in the sector. From the moment the drugs are brought into the country, there are decentralized networks in place, as well as independent people who operate regularly or on opportunistic level, with the primary goal being profit acquisition. Obviously, interpersonal relations hold a significant part in this framework, as they did in the early phases of the Greek cocaine marketplace during the first half of the 20th century. More precisely, the function of networking opportunities, including the connections amongst professional organizations, is critical in comprehending the formation of the Greek cocaine industry. The assemblance of this networking generates a fragile world of social interactions, quite equivalent to that shown by earlier research, and may be considered as a representation of 'organized crime'. Fundamental components for these organizations are maritime cooperation, entertainment businesses, sport centers, but also interfaces connected to security, police departments, and local elected officials. Even though foreign people can access this network quite easily, there seem to be significant obstacles in entering the commercial sectors that offer camouflage, equipment, and protection. Whenever immigrants integrate into the political and financial society in a more dynamic manner, there is always the possibility to witness a consolidation which alters the existing cocaine trade patterns. An additional matter which arises regarding the social part of the cocaine trafficking in Greece seems to be the image of the trafficker. There are discrepancies whether how 'elite' individuals and 'stereotypical' criminals appear, and there is frequently a definite distinction between the 'legitimate' and the 'illicit'. Nevertheless, the distinction with the upper and under world, that is strongly established in popular culture and frequently amplified by the mainstream, has been accused of creating a misleading impression of the genuine interaction between the various socioeconomic levels of society. These have been proposed that perhaps the origin of this misinterpretation emerges mostly from the type of the gathered information and its processing. When different information resources are evaluated, this viewpoint acquires experienced support. The widespread belief in Greek criminal justice and political offices that the drug consumer is at minimum as dangerous as the supplier fosters a broad safeguarding barrier against the higher echelons of the cocaine business. Some of the research on 'organized crime' has revealed that the collaboration of police, democratic institutions, officials, and businesses is an irreversible aspect of the preceding years, a foundation, and an evolution of 'organized crime'. It was established from recently developed provable findings that challenge prevailing assumptions, that 'organized crime' is generally defined as a network of collaborative interactions involving government, marketplace, and civil society entities. The cocaine sector procures a stable base for the evaluation of the infiltration and incorporation of 'organized crime' in organizations, which are linked to cultural factors that contribute to cocaine trafficking as well as other illicit activities. It has already been mentioned how important Greek marine enterprises are. Greek shipping companies and organizations linked to the global maritime world have contributed a lot in facilitating the cocaine trafficking beyond the Atlantic by financing and transporting substantial amounts. Location, geography, commercial and maritime economies, and transnational associations have all played significant roles. The historical processes collided with financial performance indicators, resulting in the establishment of considerable profiting interests and therefore a regulative addiction to trade. Furthermore, the Greek governmental power encourages and cultivates such behavior. Active participation in the cocaine trafficking industry can also be interpreted by systemic aspects, that also indicate that people entangle with drug trafficking driven by financial constraints that inhibit them from making enough money originated from legitimate actions, and in an endeavor to supplement their legitimate revenue. This largely, but not entirely, address non-Greek people participating in the transport of limited amounts of cocaine and wholesalers, while from the prospect of the political financial state, 'top' traffickers and legitimate industries operating in the cocaine market are also affected. As was previously stated, the cocaine trade is strongly reliant on Greek maritime, boat possessors, and seamen who are prepared to involve in the enterprise and so form 'key players' within the industry. The above key players have crossed the threshold of a time period in which they are confronted with harsh, by their values, financial difficulties. Shipping piracy also has a fundamental impact since it raises operating expenses and escalates the hazards associated with this sector. It is critical to monitor the way in which the cocaine marketplace develops in the midst of a nearly stagnant international economy. The ongoing economic crisis, as well as the overall mindset of self-reliance, opportunism, and immorality, may stimulate the growth and formation of a major European cocaine market. Several concerns necessitate consideration: Are the dynamics of the Greek cocaine industry transforming? How can the maritime industry along with other connected corporate sectors recuperate and counterbalance the massive economic setbacks? What type of enterprise ventures would unethical executives pursue in order to keep their prominent profiles in the corporate world? There are also essential theoretical issues that need to be investigated thoroughly. According to the research of the Greek cocaine marketplace, a well-rounded approach might give the logical method for assessing past and present political and social, financial, and organizational elements which might contribute to the comprehension of 'organized crime'. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Publication Ethics. Peer Review System. Review Article Volume 10 Issue 2. The cocaine market in Greece Contextual framing: The use, the price, and the quality The data provided by the World Drug Report in revealed that regardless of the social and psychological factors that played an important role in guiding someone towards this direction in the beginning, drug use seems to be depended on the desire for the effects that the drug creates. Figure 6 The cocaine route. Figure 7 The three main cocaine routes. European Drug Report. European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. Koukoutsaki A. Drug use, homophilia: noncompliance behaviors between criminal and medical control. Critique Editions; Marcelos M. Addictive substances: pharmacology—toxicology—history—sociology—legislation. Arga Publications; Apostolaki A. Findings from three surveys in In: Kokkevi A, editor. Annual report on drugs in Greece: Year National Information Unit; — Pearson G, Hobbs D. Middle market drug distribution. Home Office Research Study Malkidis T. Drug trafficking and organized crime in the Balkans, Year Ethniki Monada Pliroforion; — World Drug Report. United Nations office on drugs and crime. Good, the bad and the Charlie: the business of cocaine smuggling in Greece. Script Drug situation in Europe. Cocaine and crack cocaine. Skrip; Letitia P, Peter R. Drug smuggling and ethnic minorities in Western Europe. European Journal of Criminology. Arsovska J, Kostakos PA. Cocaine traffickers turn to the balkans. Changing Routes. Greece surrounded by drug exporting Countries. Copyright Improving health and making crime. Data accessed via the Bureau. University mental health research Institute European Drug Report Trends and developments. The state of the drugs problem in Europe. European Drugs Report. Important issues. European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction Conor Stewart. Number of drug overdose deaths in Greece from to Tsigganas T. Cry of Agony from Ptolemais. Kathimerini Bureau of special inspections. The internal machinations of cocaine: the evolution, risks, and sentencing of body packers. Weaver PD. The Investor's World. Tweets by medcraveonline.

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Albanian mafia or Albanian organized crime Albanian : Mafia Shqiptare are the general terms used for criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians. Due to their close ties with the 'Ndrangheta of Calabria , they control a large part of the billion dollar wholesale cocaine market in Europe and appear to be the primary distributors of cocaine in various European drug hubs including London. In Albania, there are over 15 mafia families that control organized crime. The Albanian mafia has monopolized various international affiliations, from as far east as Israel to as far west as South America. These reports primarily indicate a strong connection between politicians and various Albanian mafia families. The Albanian mafia constitutes one of the highest crime generating elements in the world, combining the 'traditional' characteristics of organized crime — its rigid internal discipline, its clan structure, its 'endogamic closure' marrying within the organization which increases the organization's impermeability, and its internal cohesion — with modern and innovative characteristics, such as transnationality , commercial imprinting and its criminogenous culture of service \[ clarify \]. The massive logistic capacity and the diverse nature of Albanian organized crime has facilitated its establishment outside the mother country and its integration with local criminal elements. Albanian-American crime groups vary in the extent of their connections to Albanian mafia groups in Albania or Europe, ranging from loosely connected to or mostly independent of Albanian mafias in Europe to being essentially American extensions of European Albanian mafia groups. The typical structure of the Albanian mafia is hierarchical. A family clan is referred to as a 'fis' or a 'fare. A unit is led by a 'Krye' or 'Boss' who selects 'Kryetar' or 'Underbosses' to serve under them. The Kryetar will then choose a 'Mik' or 'Friend' who acts as a liaison to members and is responsible for coordinating unit activities. Deeply reliant on loyalty, honor, and family—with blood relations and marriage being very important—most of the Albanian networks appear to be 'old-fashioned'. Albanian mafia families or clans are usually made up of groups that have thousands of members all over the world, constituting an extended family, residing all along the Balkan route from Eastern Turkey , to Western Europe , and North America. According to Ioannis Michaletos, the family structure is characterised by a strong inner discipline, which is achieved by means of punitive action for every deviation from internal rules. Punishment ensures fear, and fear guarantees unconditional loyalty to the family. Provisions within the family structure allow official laws to be considered secondary, unimportant, and non-binding. Since mafia families are based on blood relations, the number of clan members are limited, and bonds between them tend to be very strong. As a result, infiltrating into the mafia is almost impossible. Members of other ethnic groups can be accepted only to execute one time or secondary jobs. The Albanian mafia families are organised in 4—6 or more levels; such a structure enables them to preserve the organisational action capability even in case some of its members or groups are captured. The Albanian mafia has clans throughout the world. In Albania, there are clans that operate in certain towns or cities. Each region is controlled by different mafia families that oversee international operations. In Shijak , the Xhakja clan is powerful and has an extensive history of criminal family members. The Albanian mafia uses the term besa , meaning 'trust', as a name for their 'code of honor'. Besa is extremely important in Albanian culture, and is considered a verbal contract of trust. Organized crime became widespread in Albania during the early 90s, after the fall of communism. Neither state nor police present problem for the drug chiefs: you can buy politicians and it is not rare when a leader of the criminal gang works in some state institution'. According to the US State Department , 'Albania is the mainstay of organised crime worldwide and the main points of drug trafficking, weapons and immigrants in counterfeit goods '. Four major clans control 20 families that also govern human trafficking, prostitution , blackmail, car robberies and money laundering ,' writes Sputnik. Albania experienced a rise in gangs and the drug trade following the economic collapse during the s, caused by the pyramid schemes in The economy's reliance on drug trade and smuggling has led the country to be declared as Europe's only narco-state. The Turkish and Italian Mafia organisations are the main partners of the Albanian mafia in drug trafficking. The latter, according to Sputnik, maintain links with officials, police , customs , intelligence and even military in their countries. The Albanian mafia has extended its activities into China , which was discovered after Chinese authorities uncovered Albanian mafia activity including drug trafficking and prostitution networks. Reports state that the mafia is involved in drug transporting to various Chinese cities. Further, after smuggling the drugs, they are involved in human smuggling of Chinese nationals to Europe. The Israeli government has confirmed its concern that the Albanian mafia has spread its influence in the country's banking system. The Israeli intelligence agency has called for a close cooperation between Israel and Albania to combat money laundering. Justice Ministry General Manager, Dr. Guy Rotkopf noted; 'this is an important step in international cooperation between our countries to combat money laundering with the force of law and to deepen relations between Israel and other countries. A lengthy News Corp Australia investigation has found that an Albanian Mafia group—led by some of Australia's most wanted men—have established 'entrenched infiltration' of almost every level of Australian society and according to Australian Federal Police :. European Organised Crime, primarily the Albanian Mafia is now one of the largest organised crime threats to Australia, so entrenched and disciplined and influential in local communities it has made this a serious challenge to crack. Vaso Ulic is a year-old ethnic Montenegrin who migrated to Australia in and within a few years was working as a small-time foot soldier running drugs and cash along the infamous Golden Mile of Kings Cross but who is now seen as a kingpin of an organisation so big, very few drug consignments enter Australia without his knowledge or permission. It has been confirmed the prosecutions office in Montenegro, where Ulic is residing, has an extensive file on Ulic and other figures in the country as part of an international arrest warrant to break the cartel up. Reporters tried to investigate the roots of Albanian organised crime but have complained that it is too difficult to penetrate the structure and organisation of the Albanian mafia, although they agreed that the Albanian mafia acts on the model of the Italian one, whose crime is part of the 'activities of entire families' and which has a clearly defined hierarchy. Bajrami was acknowledged by authorities as a member of the Albanian mafia at that time. The Albanian mafia in Brussels has monopoly over activities such as 'narcotics and arms deals', according to Belgian sources. The Albanian mafia in France is described as having a monopoly over many criminal transactions including arms and drug trafficking. The Albanian mafia has a strong foothold in France, which is a key strategy as other primary transactions are overseen in neighbouring countries by different mafia families and clans. It is a highly organized network and is very difficult to find their roots and penetrate it'. The Albanian mafia is involved in smuggling heroin and cocaine into Germany in collusion with Italian, Armenian and Chechen mafia groups. A report by the Greek security services and Greek police on Albanian organized crime in the Hellenic Republic concluded that the Albanian mafia controls approximately fifty percent of human trafficking, eighty percent of the retail distribution of heroin , and ninety percent of the importation of illegal small arms in Greece, and that about fifty percent of armed robberies of homes and businesses in the country were committed by Albanians. The analysis also drew links between Albanian nationalism and organized crime. The geographic vicinity, the accessibility to the EU through Italy, and the ties with the Calabrian and Apulia criminality have all contributed to the expansion of the Albanian criminality on the Italian scenario. Further factors relative to the economy have rendered the Albanian criminality even more competitive. In fact, some organisations which reached Italy in the early s, infiltrated the Lombardy narco-traffic network run by the 'ndrangheta. Albanian mafia leaders have reached stable agreements with the Italian criminal organisations, also with the mafia, so have gained legitimacy in many illegal circuits, diversifying their activities to avoid reasons of conflict with similar host structures. So, Albanian drug trafficking has emerged in Apulia , Sicily , Calabria and Campania , expanding its drug trafficking operations also in Lazio , Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. In towns on the outskirts of Rome, in particular in Velletri , the Albanians were also considered for a time to be the main organization dedicated to drug trafficking. The Albanian mafia is very active in the drug business in the city of Bari , where it established alliances with the city's crime groups, in particular with the Strisciuglio clan. Among the figures of the Albanian mafia operating in Bari is Aleksander Hodaj, responsible for massive heroin trafficking between Albania and the city. The Albanian mafia reportedly uses specific trading routes to transport narcotics and illegal immigrants to Italy. Their southern route is via Montenegro and Albania. Access is then gained to Italy by boat. Since the beginning of the s, Italy has been clamping down hard on the Sicilian Mafia. According to the deputy director of the Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS , at the end of the s the mafia sought to survive this crackdown by forming a 'symbiotic' relationship with the Albanian crime families known as fares , who provided the struggling Sicilians a hand in a number of services in their operations across Italy. Today, both Sicilian mafia groups and the ' Ndrangheta are believed to have franchised out prostitution, gambling, and drug dealing in territories along the Adriatic coast to the Albanians. Albanian clandestine immigrants started arriving at Italian ports in By , the immigration had come under the control of the Albanian and Italian criminal groups, tightening relationships between them. This Albanian link seems to confirm that the Sacra Corona Unita and the Albanian mafia are 'partners' in Apulia and delegate several criminal activities. Roberto Saviano , the Italian writer, an expert on the Napolitan Camorra in particular and the Italian mafia in general, spoke of the Albanian mafia as a 'no longer foreign mafia' to Italy and stressed that the Albanians and Italians have a 'brotherly' relationship between each other. Saviano notes that the Camorra from greater affinity with the Albanian crime families than with other criminal groups from Eastern Europe. According to the Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, the Albanian mafia has alliances with many Camorra clans, including with the Mazzarella clan and the Amato-Pagano clan , both from Naples and with the Serino clan, from Salerno. In an Albanian television station Top Channel TV, Saviano went on to say that the Albanian and Italian factions are 'one of the same', and that they don't consider each other as foreigners. According to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND , in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta 'act in close cooperation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders'. According to Dutch police, Albanian crime groups lead the importation of cocaine from South America, the transshipment via the port of Rotterdam , and the further distribution to other European countries from Amsterdam. In addition to cocaine trafficking, the Albanian mafia in the Netherlands is also engaged in human trafficking and property fraud. Albanian criminals first immigrated to Scandinavia during the Kosovo War of the late s. The Albanian mafia, along with the Serbian mafia , controls heroin, weapon and sex trafficking in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Law enforcement authorities estimate that various Albanian mafia families may each smuggle as much as pounds of heroin a year into Scandinavia. Albanian crime groups in the region are also involved in armed robberies and heists. According to Kim Kliver, chief investigator for organised crime with the Danish National Police , 'The ethnic Albanian mafia is very powerful and extremely violent. If you compare them to the Italian Mafia, the Albanians are stronger and not afraid of killing. According to Spanish authorities, the Albanian mafia is composed of powerful organised factions. In a report by Spanish authorities, the factions have infiltrated banks and industrial estates. They are very active in Madrid and Costa Del Sol. Geneva Deputy Public Prosecutors state that the Albanian mafia is one of the most powerful ones among eight identified mafias in the world. Albanian mafia gangs are believed to be largely behind sex trafficking, migrant smuggling, as well as working with Turkish gangs in Southend-on-Sea , who control the heroin trade in the United Kingdom. Associate groups within the organizations are said to hide their criminal activities within restaurants, bars, and clubs in an attempt to remain undercover. In the last few years \[ when? The group uses its connections in South America to ship high quality, low price cocaine, heroin, and marijuana to European counties, specifically the United Kingdom. An article in The Guardian noted that 'the latest UK criminal threat assessment says that the Albanians are unusually skilled at developing relationships and 'forging links with other OCGs \[organized crime gangs\]. A smartphone was recovered and law enforcement bypassed the Lock screen unlocking troves of sensitive information related to their operations. The Albanian mafia is firmly established in Canadian cities, such as Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver. Albanians are involved in various white collar activities, such as real estate and health care fraud. Furthermore, they are engaged in cross-border activity between the United States and Canada , which includes drug smuggling and money laundering. A Canadian Security Intelligence Service report noted that although organised crime in Canada has shifted to more multi-ethnic and loosely based structures, the term 'mafia' is used only to identify the 'big three,' which have hierarchical structures that are ethnically, racially, and culturally homogeneous: the Italian, Albanian, and Russian mafias. The Albanian mafia in the United States has been thought to greatly increase their dominant power and is one of the most violent criminal organisations in operation, particularly with their strong connections in the European Union. In the United States, Albanian gangs started to be active in the mids, mostly participating in low-level crimes, such as burglaries and robberies. During investigations conducted by FBI experts in the city of New York and surrounding areas against the Albanian mafia, it was noted that the Albanian mafia was too widespread and too secretive to penetrate. Furthermore, although there have been a number of operations performed by the FBI to destroy organised crime such as Italian and Russian factions, the Albanian mafia continues to be widespread in New York in a relatively high number. The American-Albanian mob was described as having 'hundreds of associated members, workers, and customers spanning three continents' and with trafficking drugs from Detroit, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela. They were also in close cooperation with other mafia families based in the European Union. According to Jerry Capeci, the national foremost expert on the American Mafia 'Albanian gangsters are the latest ethnic criminals to be presented by authorities as competition for the old and dying Mafiosi. There are nowhere near enough of them. Rather, Balkan organised crime groups in this country translated their clan-like structure to the United States. They are not clearly defined or organised and are instead grouped around a central leader or leaders. In early , the White House sanctioned suspected Albanian mafia king pin Naser Kelmendi for drug trafficking. Kalmendi is suspected of leading one of the strongest ethnic Albanian criminal families in the Balkans, according to the Treasury Department. He has long been suspected of running a large organisation that traffics heroin, cocaine and acetic anhydride , a raw material used in the production of heroin, to Europe through the Balkans. One of the most famous Albanian criminal organization was the Rudaj Organization. Among them was Alex Rudaj , the leader of the organisation, whose arrest effectively ended the workings of the Rudaj. The arrests were made shortly after the men entered the territory of the Lucchese crime family in Astoria, Queens , New York, and supposedly beat up two members of the Lucchese family. The name Rudaj comes from the head of the organisation. According to The New York Times published in January , 'Beginning in the s, the Corporation, led by a man named Alex Rudaj, established ties with established organised crime figures including members of the Gambino crime family , the authorities say. Then, through negotiations or in armed showdowns, the Albanians struck out on their own, daring to battle the Lucchese and Gambino families for territory in Queens, the Bronx and Westchester County, prosecutors say. In , Albanian mobsters stormed a Gambino hangout in Astoria, Queens , sending a brazen message to the family. The club, called Soccer Fever, was now theirs. The seven men who invaded the dimly lit basement club tore the joint apart, shot off handguns and beat the club manager bloody, prosecutors say. It was a bold move, and, prior to August unthinkable. Gambino leader Arnold Squitieri had had enough and wanted a talk with these rogue mobsters. The 'sit down' took place at a gas station in a rest area near the New Jersey turnpike. Squitieri did not come alone; twenty armed Gambino mobsters accompanied their boss. Alex Rudaj on the other hand had only managed to bring six members of his crew. According to undercover FBI agent Joaquin Garcia, who infiltrated the Gambino crime family during this period, Squitieri told Rudaj that the fun was over and that they should stop expanding their operations. The Albanians and Gambinos then pulled out their weapons. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Albanians threatened to blow up the gas station with all of them in it. This ended the discussion, and both groups pulled back. By , all the main players involved in this 'sit down' were in prison. Rudaj and his Sixth Family had been picked off the street in October and charged with a variety of racketeering and gambling charges. After a trial, Rudaj and his main lieutenants were all found guilty. In , Rudaj, at that time 38 years old, was sentenced to 27 years in prison. His rival Arnold Squitieri was convicted in an unrelated racketeering case and was sent to prison for seven years. Speaking anonymously for Philadelphia's City Paper, a member of the ' Kielbasa Posse ', an ethnic Polish mob group, declared in that Poles are willing to do business with 'just about anybody. Asian street gangs. But they won't go near the Albanian mob. The Albanians are too violent and too unpredictable. The Polish mob has told its associates that the Albanians are like the early Sicilian mafia —clannish, secretive, hypersensitive to any kind of insult, and too quick to use violence for the sake of vengeance. According to WikiLeaks reports, Albanian mafia groups are affiliated with various South American politicians, and have set in motion to move their hidden assets in various banks. The WikiLeaks report goes on to state that Albanian mafia groups are preying heavily in Central America, where all roads lead to Colombian cocaine. Albanian mafia groups are laundering money through banks in Honduras and investing a large amount in construction projects to further gain influence in South America. Numerous analyst and media reports cited the expanding presence of the Albanian mafia as a significant factor contributing to the conflict in Ecuador. Media related to Mafia Albanaise at Wikimedia Commons. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians. Criminal organization. American Mafia \[ 12 \] Russian mafia \[ 5 \] Ukrainian mafia \[ 5 \]. Structure and composition \[ edit \]. Clan hierarchy \[ edit \]. Membership \[ edit \]. Clans by region in Albania \[ edit \]. Rituals and codes of conduct \[ edit \]. Besa \[ edit \]. International activity \[ edit \]. China \[ edit \]. Israel \[ edit \]. Australia \[ edit \]. Europe \[ edit \]. Belgium \[ edit \]. France \[ edit \]. Germany \[ edit \]. Main article: Albanian mafia in Germany. Greece \[ edit \]. Italy \[ edit \]. Trading route \[ edit \]. Sicilian Mafia — Cosa Nostra \[ edit \]. Sacra Corona Unita \[ edit \]. Camorra \[ edit \]. Netherlands \[ edit \]. Scandinavia \[ edit \]. See also: Naserligan. Spain \[ edit \]. Switzerland \[ edit \]. United Kingdom \[ edit \]. North America \[ edit \]. Canada \[ edit \]. United States \[ edit \]. Rudaj Organization New York \[ edit \]. Main article: Rudaj Organization. Potential \[ edit \]. Central and South America \[ edit \]. Honduras \[ edit \]. Ecuador \[ edit \]. Prominent Albanian mafiosi \[ edit \]. In popular culture \[ edit \]. See also \[ edit \]. References \[ edit \]. Handbook of Organised Crime and Politics. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN Vice TV. Retrieved 25 July El Universal in Spanish. Retrieved 11 October Balkan Insight. Retrieved 31 July Retrieved 16 December The Guardian. International Business Times. Retrieved 26 October Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 22 June Morning Star. The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 14 November Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 3 March Archived from the original on 1 February Retrieved 24 August Archived from the original on 2 April The Terrorist List \[5 volumes\]. Archived from the original PDF on 7 March Ora News. A Modena organizzazioni nigeriane e albanesi'. ModenaToday in Italian. Retrieved 10 April Corriere della Sera in Italian. RomaToday in Italian. Retrieved 9 April A lui 18 anni, 16 al rivale'. Arrestato latitante a Trieste'. BariViva in Italian. BariToday in Italian. Archived from the original on 27 March Archived from the original on 15 June Archived from the original on 17 November The wam in Italian. Retrieved 27 April FoggiaToday in Italian. NL Times. Archived from the original on 13 June Archived from the original on 22 July HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 25 January London: Times Online. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 16 February The Times. ISSN Criminal intelligence Service Canada. Archived from the original PDF on 6 February Archived from the original on 24 April The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October Archived from the original on 24 September Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 9 July New York Post. Archived from the original on 20 February Archived from the original on 29 May The Economist. Retrieved 10 January Forumi Shqiptar. Local news for an international community. Archived from the original on 12 October Times Union. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 August Herald Scotland. BBC News. The Huffington Post. CBS New York. Further reading \[ edit \]. External links \[ edit \]. 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