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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This article was submitted to Addictive Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of women about their experience in using crack cocaine, discussing their motivations for using it and the repercussions in their lives. To investigate these experiences, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted, using the inductive thematic analyses of the content. Eight female crack cocaine users took part in this study. They were assessed by a semi-structured interview, addressing the crack cocaine use experience. The main perceptions reported by the users were related to a feeling of being disconnected to the world preceded by a pleasant experience, especially during the first moments of use. They revealed that the drug fulfills a key role of coping strategy to handle with negative thoughts, emotions or life experiences. An important influence of social issues was reported in relation to the onset of crack cocaine use. Negative consequences and significant impact on their lives appeared in their reports, regarding the loss of family ties, involvement with prostitution, traumatic experiences and violence. Taking together all women's perceptions suggests that beyond the positive immediate rewarding effect, the maintenance of use might be related to the dissociative experience and self-medication role, acting as negative reward by relieving of negative life experiences that, in turn, are both cause and consequence of the drug use. Keywords: substance use, crack cocaine, sex differences, qualitative study, thematic analyses. Cocaine Use Disorder CUD represents a serious public health problem with about 20 million people using the drug annually worldwide. Cocaine consumption has been increasing over the last decades. Despite there is a few studies of epidemiological data on specific increase of crack consumption, Brazilian drugs reports have been estimated that 1. Crack cocaine is produced with the same chemical base from cocaine, but with less amount of water, which results in a tropane alkaloid composition. Despite both forms having distinct ways of administration, time of action and half-life duration, they have similar active components, being capable to produce psychostimulant effects e. At high doses or in a chronic and prolonged use form, otherwise, both cocaine and crack cocaine could trigger negative emotions e. Clinical evaluation of crack cocaine users CCU has been suggested the presence of more pronounced symptoms and negative psychosocial effects when compared to those who consume the drug in powder form 7 , 8 or any other drugs, increasing the demand for CUD treatments. The CCU profile is not different from other drugs with prevalence rates being higher among men, however, in the last few years, drug reports and few studies have been suggested an increase of crack cocaine consumption among women 1 , 9 , This new perspective leads to an effort from the Brazilian scientific community to investigate potential sex specificities in a range of target-points, which is in line with an international tendency to explore and integrate on addiction studies sex and gender differences as a main issue for investigation 11 — Several factors are being highlighted as potential differences between sexes in relation to drug use and addiction, including the psychoactive effects of each drug, the patterns and motivations of use, the dependence and withdrawal symptoms and, finally, the treatment challenges and strategies 14 — Despite still incipient, some findings have been suggested that women have more severe pattern of drug use in association with higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities and psychosocial problems e. It might contribute to social stigmatization among women users, influencing the appearance of high-risk behavioral profile in this population 9 , 14 , 15 , 18 — A review of Brazilian crack cocaine studies, for example, reinforced such idea indicating that drug consumption among women increase their exposure to vulnerability regarding specific sex issues, including gestation health problems, intrapersonal and domestic violence, prostitution and moral judgment The motivations that lead women to seek the drug is also suggested to be different when compared to men. Evidence from studies with CCU women revealed that there is a lot of emotional drive involved in motivation for drug seeking-behavior, especially related to the attenuation negative emotions. In contrast, men are generally motivated to drug consumption for more positive reinforcement reasons, such as the pleasure experience and reward-related effects 22 , In this sense, it seems that different trajectories lead to crack cocaine use and progression to addiction among women and men. This could be influence by a range of factors that produce distinct experiences associated with the drug 11 , opening an interesting field for both quantitative and qualitative investigations. Qualitative studies allow us to explore and deeply comprehend the personal experiences, motivations, and thoughts of the users about their own addictive condition. Investigating these meanings might represent an important contribution for individual and community interventions and, at final step, public health policies, since highlight subjective personal experiences e. Also, exploring women's perceptions contribute to improve the knowledge of specific sex factors underlying crack cocaine addiction that are still poorly described and understood. For this reason, the current study aimed to explore the perceptions of women about their experience in using crack cocaine, addressing their own motivations for use and the repercussions in their lives. For this purpose, a qualitative exploratory design was conducted using the inductive thematic analyses of the content. Eight female crack cocaine users, who were admitted into a detoxification unit for alcohol and other drugs in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, participated in this study. These exclusion criteria were not limited to this study specifically, being applied by our larger cohort from which this qualitative study derives. All participants remained during the day period of detoxification with no access to alcohol, tobacco, or any other drug, as prescribed by the mental health unit. Participants had a mean age of On average, the number of years of education was 8. Only one participant was married and the average number of children among them was 1. Participants reported a total number of 5. The mean age of crack cocaine onset use was All participants were invited and provided informed consent to participate in the study. The Informed Consent Form was presented, and the aims of the study were explained to the participants before the interviews took place. The interviews were individually performed by trained psychologists in a private room inside the unit. This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the institutions involved. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview, which aimed to explore and comprehend the crack cocaine consumption experiences of these women. Consequently, the following topics were also addressed: physiological, cognitive and emotional effects caused by the drug use; comparison of the effects of crack cocaine use with those of other drugs consumed; and comparison of current and initial effects of crack cocaine use. All interviews were recorded in audio format and transcribed for later analysis. The leading and additional questions are presented in Table 1. Inductive thematic analyses were conducted based on the proposal by Braun and Clarke 24 in six steps. In Step 1 data collection and recording , the recorded interviews were transcribed by two research assistants. In Step 2, a free reading of the transcribed text was performed, and, in the sequence, preliminary codes were created from the relevant data according to the study objectives. In Step 3, the coded data was sorted out by clustering extracts according to potential themes. In Step 4, the themes were reviewed, with the content of the data and consistency within emergent themes and subthemes being observed. At this stage, two independent judges, with expertise on substance use disorders, reviewed the themes and subthemes, considering the data and the content of excerpts from the analyzed interviews. Both analyses were compared to verify possible discrepancies in relation to themes and subthemes, and these disagreements were discussed until a consensus was reached. In Step 5, themes and subthemes were named and finalized, with examples of consistent and representative extracts. Finally, in Step 6, the results were formally written and interpreted considering the literature background 24 , Based on the thematic analysis, four main themes emerged: 1 Crack cocaine high experience; 2 Symptoms of substance use disorder; 3 Circumstances of crack cocaine use; and 4 Crack cocaine use consequences. In each theme, specific subthemes were identified as shown in Figure 1. This theme was divided into two subthemes: 1. The present study aimed to explore the perceptions of women regarding crack cocaine use and their thoughts about the representative role of it in their lives, including the motivations to use the drug and the consequences of it. Crack cocaine was considered a drug with distinct characteristics compared to other drugs, including cocaine itself. The main differences pointed by the users were related to intensity and rapid effects. Furthermore, users suggested that the onset of their use was influenced by interpersonal relationships, highlighting the progression of use as fast and uncontrolled. The risk exposure associated with both use and continued use are recognized, as exemplified by putting themselves on high-risk situations, joining sex work and family detachment. It is distinct to what is referred by men users, who usually tend to use the substance seeking pleasure 22 , There are discussions pointing out that, especially among women, the drug use could be characterized as a self-medication role to handle with negative feelings and life experiences, such as early childhood or posterior experiences. Self-medication hypothesis suggests that individuals attempt to mitigate and cope with negative symptoms induced by different psychological conditions, including Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD , and drug addiction 28 — In this sense, the effects of crack cocaine were generally described as having a role related to the relief of different sensations considered unpleasant, such as tiredness, guilt, and day-to-day concerns. Some studies already evaluated that women are more likely to sustain beliefs related to not being able to deal with intense emotions, using drugs as an emotional regulation alternative 33 — Crack cocaine fits well in this regard since the users reported an intense and fast drug effect. However, these effects tend to present a short-time duration, followed by a strong desire to administer and experiencing it again, corroborating the indicatives of high levels of craving and withdrawal symptoms, as well as a drug seeking and compulsive behavior 37 , Not sleeping, no food, no nothing. Fifteen days. I received from my workload, received my salary and ended up smoking. Such compulsive behavior and way of life led to several issues, especially those related to their relatives. The perceived negative impact of crack cocaine use mentioned before, however, was not referred in the same degree in relation to risk-behavior perception. So, I would do what they asked. In both described speeches, the previous awareness of negative consequences is absent and corroborating to risk-behavior exposure. The craving symptoms experience described by some participants indicated that such symptoms are enhanced following the pain relief experience, inducing the search and desire to experience the initial sensation of the crack cocaine high again. In CCU men, for example, it was reported that expectations about changes in craving sensations and negative feelings after crack cocaine high cessation are important for the maintenance of the crack cocaine consumption behavior CCU women findings suggested that crack cocaine use could be viewed as a behavior that is chosen for its reinforcing consequences. Thus, the attenuation of undesired craving symptoms was considered an additional reinforcement factor 34 , Specifically, our study participants demonstrated in their speeches that they also had to deal with other unpleasant symptoms, including insomnia and nightmares, suggesting that in addition to craving, withdrawal symptoms could also influence their addictive behavior pattern. Polysubstance use history was another characteristic reported in our sample. There are reports suggesting high prevalence of polysubstance use, such as alcohol and cannabis, among CCU, inducing higher problems with psychiatric symptoms and impulse control 43 , Indeed, both substances were the most referred beyond crack cocaine and were perceived as able to induce additional experiences in crack cocaine high. Alcohol use, for example, despite reported as able to reduce the craving symptom experience, was followed by an increase in aggressiveness and violent behaviors. You get that weed, you smoke that little weed, it gives you the couchlock, it gives you a feeling of pleasure, of relief. Sleepiness and dry mouth. And… gets you hungry, right? Weed is this. Weed is a sedative. Cocaine was also mentioned as related to increases in socialization during the use, which is reported rarely when crack cocaine was used alone. The participants along the interviews frequently pointed out the influence of the social context as one of the main reasons for starting their drug use. Relatives and friends who were cited as the most influences. Some findings already discussed that crack cocaine use among women were commonly influenced by close people 15 , 21 , Curiosity and attempt to enhance sociability, for example, were reported by women as one of the main motivations to the onset of use. Most of the users revealed similar history of crack cocaine use progression, in which use was sporadic at the beginning and quickly became daily and compulsive. The search for socialization was also suggested to be related to the maintenance of use. Interestingly, the users reported that they avoid using crack completely alone, which is different than what has been observed among CCU males According to participants, even without active communication, the presence of other users has a protective effect during the consumption. Higher social vulnerability experienced e. Moraes et al. The vulnerable condition of CCU women has been discussed by some studies, indicating that this population has a high-risk profile for traumatic exposure, as well as to sexually transmitted infections STIs , since they often engage in sex trade in order to obtain money to maintain drug consumption 49 — CCU women that often exchange sex for money or drugs were suggested to be three times more likely to develop syphilis as well as to be victim of violence when compared to men Crack cocaine use was also identified as a risk factor for trauma related disorders. Furthermore, the lack of physical care, such as not eating, not sleeping and not performing adequate hygiene was perceived as additional damage of the crack cocaine use, increasing the susceptibility for health and mental health concerns Regarding the aspects related to treatment seeking, family inquiry appeared as one of the main reasons for CCU women asking for help. Some participants, in their speech, demonstrated that the possibility of taking care of their children again or the reunification is the major motivation for engaging in substance use disorder treatment 15 , On the other hand, lack of family support, absence of children or the possibility of losing her own child have been identified as potential risk factors for relapse and a barrier to treatment enroll Among the cited reasons by women with children reported in a previous study 57 , the fearful of losing custody of their child was associated with less likely to enter in treatment programs. Women with CCU are known as a vulnerable group with complex unmet needs, for this reason, the risk of losing child care could represent additional challenge for substance use treatment. Interestingly, almost of half of women who are mothers receiving treatment already had experienced the least of care at least one time in their lives In this perspective, the participants highlighted that one of most perceived negative consequence of crack cocaine use was the loss of family, especially for those who are mothers. In the review study of Doab 58 , it was discussed that keeping the mother with their children could improve rates of treatment adherence, since women spend more time enrolled in drug treatments. Thus, it can be suggested that family and social detachment might aggravate the vulnerability condition of these women and consequently increase the risk to crack cocaine use, relapse during detoxification processes or dropout health care treatment programs for substance use 59 , This study revealed that the crack cocaine high is a very personal experience, being associated with a pleasant feeling, at the intoxication moment. The progression to continued use and, consequently, addiction might represent a coping strategy to attenuate trauma and negative emotions experienced throughout life. In comparison to the powder form, crack cocaine was perceived as stronger and associated with more negative outcomes, including family and social support abandonment, sex trade involvement and exposure to violence traumatic experiences. Despite our findings contributing to better understand the subjective experience of CCU, it should be interpreted with some limitation and not generalized to larger groups of users. Our study was based on the analysis of the perception from a small sample of CCU women, valuing their own meaning and interpretation of the experience. The sample itself was unique and, for this reason, explore such subjectivity could open questions and potential targets for more directed intervention e. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. ST contributed with conceptualization, methodology, investigation, analysis, and writing of original draft and reviewed draft. JS contributed with methodology, investigation, and writing of original draft. BM contributed with analysis and writing of reviewed draft. CB contributed with investigation and analysis. BK-S contributed with conceptualization, methodology, investigation, analysis, and writing reviewed draft. TC contributed with conceptualization, supervision of methodology, and analysis. LH contributed with conceptualization, supervision, and writing reviewed draft and RGO contributed with conceptualization, supervision and project administration, and reviewing all writing steps. All authors read, and approved the submitted version. The funding sources had no involvement in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Psychiatry. Find articles by Saulo G Tractenberg. Find articles by Jaluza A Schneider. Find articles by Bernardo P de Mattos. Find articles by Carla H M Bicca. Find articles by Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon. Find articles by Thiago G de Castro. Find articles by Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira. Received Mar 17; Accepted Apr 6; Collection date Open in a new tab. Themes Subthemes Representative thematic unit 1. Crack high experience 1. To not have to think, sons or anything else, just I daydream about people I want to hit them, react, hit this way move both hands as is hitting something Substance use disorder symptoms 2. The more I use, more I want to use, understood? When I start, I do not want to stop. And I was already Smoking repeatedly and smoking. Circumstance of crack use 3. Firstly, the addiction. The addiction, the desire of use again and again and again Feel the high. To be on my trip again. To not feel any guilty. Cocaine you aspirate a little and you feel well The crack already punches like that, you know? He wants to have sex with me, so I had sex with him, right? I got my twenty reais and went away. I got ten and I smoked it. I got more ten and also smoked it. After finished, I was like this, right? No money. Then I had sex with I kind of Just one or two alone, like a selfish. Crack use consequences 4. After, there is a time that I started to disappear, all night long and I lost completely the control of that Until I ended up in the hospital. You smoke one and get locked. You look at yourself in the mirror, your face are all dirty, gray I stabbed myself in the foot and took six stitches. In addition to stab me, I still put my finger inside my wound and started to move, like this, and did not feel anything, nothing, no pain So I have sex to him because I can get crack. So I have a relationship with him because of it. Because he helps me, because he gives me crack. You know? But he helps me at home too. I hope you stop before. Then I started to want to be hospitalized. Because there, outside, the death passed nearby and not take me. I have consecutive hospitalizations and some short time relapses Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Cocaine found in muscle and liver of sharpnose sharks off coast of Rio de Janeiro

Buy cocaine online in Rio de Janeiro

July 23, report. This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:. A team of marine biologists and ecotoxicologists affiliated with several institutions in Brazil has found cocaine in muscle and liver samples collected from Brazilian Sharpnose sharks harvested off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Their study, published in the journal Science of the Total Environment , highlights the potential impact of the presence of illicit drugs in marine environments. Prior research has suggested that much cocaine winds up in the ocean via wastewater from sewage systems, drainage from labs and packages abandoned by traffickers attempting to prevent discovery. What is not known is how long the drug persists in the sea and what impact it has on ocean life. For this new study, the research team tested Brazilian Sharpnose sharks, a small variety that makes its home in the shallow waters along many of Brazil's coastal areas. The researchers purchased 13 of the sharks from local fishermen. Each was dissected in the lab, where the team also collected muscle and liver samples and assessed them with tandem mass spectrometry. They found cocaine in all the samples at concentrations approximately times higher than observed in any other marine animal. The researchers suggest their findings are just a starting point regarding research into the presence of cocaine in the sea. They note that it is not known what sort of impact the cocaine might have on the sharks. They do not know, for example, if it impacts their behavior, as it does humans, or if it impacts other functions such as their reproductive abilities. Other toxins in shark livers, they note, have been found to reduce the production of vitellogenin, which becomes the yolk in their eggs. Other studies, they point out, have shown that cocaine can harm mollusks by damaging their DNA. They suggest more work is required to find the source of the cocaine to prevent its introduction into the sea. DOI: More from Biology and Medical. Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. For general feedback, use the public comments section below please adhere to guidelines. Your feedback is important to us. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Phys. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. More information Privacy policy. We keep our content available to everyone. Consider supporting Science X's mission by getting a premium account. Editors' notes. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: fact-checked peer-reviewed publication trusted source proofread. Credit: Science of The Total Environment This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. Explore further. Scientists provide new insights into how air pollution forms at the molecular level 11 minutes ago. Relevant PhysicsForums posts Are you concerned about toxic chemicals in plastic food packaging? Oct 20, Oct 18, Melioidosis, caused by bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei Oct 18, What do large moles on the body indicate? FDA antidepressant warnings of suicide risk among kids may have the opposite effect Oct 17, Related Stories. European eels found to suffer muscle damage due to cocaine in the water Jun 22, Jan 29, Nov 2, Cocaine synthesized in a tobacco plant Nov 30, Apr 4, May 2, Recommended for you. Turtle genome provides new clues on the evolution of vertebrates 1 hour ago. Worms and snails handle the pressure 2,m below the Pacific surface Oct 19, Load comments 0. Let us know if there is a problem with our content. Your message to the editors. Your email only if you want to be contacted back. Send Feedback. Thank you for taking time to provide your feedback to the editors. E-mail the story Cocaine found in muscle and liver of sharpnose sharks off coast of Rio de Janeiro. Your friend's email. Your email. I would like to subscribe to Science X Newsletter. Learn more. Your name. Note Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Your message. Donate and enjoy an ad-free experience We keep our content available to everyone. Remove ads. Maybe later. E-mail newsletter. It appears that you are currently using Ad Blocking software. What are the consequences?

Buy cocaine online in Rio de Janeiro