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The government is planning to establish drug-free zones in the country under the Roi Et and Nan model by Sept Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin this month during a mobile cabinet meeting announced that he would address drug problems in the country with the help of various agencies. He said the authorities would suppress and prosecute dealers and provide treatment and rehab for addicts so they can reintegrate well into society. Mr Srettha then asked provincial governors, especially the one in Nakhon Ratchasima, to adopt a drug suppression model used in Roi Et and Nan in their respective jurisdiction. The model, which aims to designate areas with high prevalence of drugs as no-tolerance zones, is currently being used in Roi Et's Thawatchaburi district and Nan's Tha Wang Pha district. Mr Srettha said the no-tolerance model has demonstrated effective structuring and procedures for tackling drugs through the integration of all state agencies. He also urged provincial governors to cooperate with the police, the Office of the Narcotics Control Board and other agencies to inspect all red-zone areas and screen drug users so they can be sent to rehabilitation, while drug dealers must be prosecuted. Police and the Ministries of Interior, Public Health and Defence must spearhead the plan to provide rehabilitation, while the Public Health Ministry must screen drug users, he said. The Department of Mental Health and other psychiatric institutions will be responsible for supervising the rehabilitation process, he said. He also urged the education and innovation ministries to implement measures to prevent children from using drugs. Govt to establish zero tolerance zones for narcotics this year Small Medium Large. Govt to establish zero tolerance zones for narcotics this year. Small Medium Large. Photo: Varuth Hirunyatheb. Do you like the content of this article?
Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis. Future studies should address the importance and benefits of anthelmintic drugs for both.
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Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections caused by Taenia spp. Prevention requires increasing knowledge and awareness, improving meat inspection and hygiene, and promoting safe food handling and sanitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice KP of residents in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, and its 11 subdistrict municipalities. Study participants were selected using a stratified random sampling design. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used for the analysis. Of the survey respondents, The survey revealed that Our study revealed that pig farmers 1. There was no association between KP regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis in the population of Pak Chong. Public education interventions are recommended to improve knowledge among residents with low socioeconomic status. These findings can inform the development of targeted interventions and educational programs in Pak Chong District, especially among elderly people in subdistrict municipalities, to improve practices for the prevention and control of these parasitic infections. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by ingestion of undercooked pork contaminated with the tapeworm Taenia solium. Taeniasis poses a serious risk, leading to cysticercosis in individuals carrying the tapeworm and their close contacts \[ 1 \]. Cysticercosis occurs when humans accidentally ingest Taenia eggs, causing tissue infection with the larval stage, Cysticercus cellulosae. Both humans and pigs acquire cysticercosis through ingestion of T. Upon ingestion, the covering of the eggs is digested in the stomach, hatching the larval form C. These larvae have the ability to penetrate the mucosal lining and enter both blood vessels and the lymphatic system and to disseminate throughout various tissues in the body, with a particular preference for the brain, muscle, skin, liver, lungs, and heart \[ 4 \]. Pigs become infected when they are raised in unsanitary environments where they can access human feces \[ 5 \]. These parasitic infections are serious public health concerns in endemic areas, especially in many developing countries, and have a detrimental effect on the well-being of millions of people worldwide. The World Health Organization recognizes taeniasis as one of the neglected tropical diseases that disproportionately affect impoverished populations worldwide \[ 6 , 7 \]. Endemic to various developing countries where pigs are raised as a food source, taeniasis and cysticercosis caused by T. In remote border communities where there is a prevalent lack of proper hygiene standards, people often engage in the common practice of consuming raw or partially raw dishes or vegetables and unwashed fruits, thereby exposing themselves to the risk of foodborne parasitic infections \[ 10 \]. In Thailand, particularly along the Thailand—Myanmar border, taeniasis continues to be a common medical concern \[ 11 \]. Recently, studies were conducted between and in three villages of Tha Song Yang District in Tak Province, located in northern Thailand. This province is situated along the Moei River, serving as a border between Thailand and Myanmar. During the study, a total of fecal samples were examined using the Kato thick smear technique. The results revealed a prevalence of Taenia species eggs, with approximately 2. In , a study was conducted in three provinces of Thailand, namely, Nan in the north, and Ubon Ratchathani and Khon Kaen in the northeast, aiming to diagnose taeniasis and other helminthic infections through microscopic stool examinations. In the present study area, Nakhon Ratchasima province in Northeast Thailand, a total of fecal samples were tested for intestinal parasite eggs using the Mini Parasep SF fecal parasite concentrator during August to October Of all samples examined, 10 5. Intestinal helminthiases were screened using the Kato thick smear technique in the same area. The results revealed that participants were infected with intestinal helminths, predominantly hookworm 4. Preventing the spread of these diseases within communities is challenging, emphasizing the importance of community-level control measures for cysticercosis \[ 15 , 16 \]. Although these diseases are preventable and treatable, control of taeniasis and cysticercosis requires a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, transmission, and prevention. Human cases of taeniasis and cysticercosis are often linked to various factors, including consuming undercooked or raw pork infested with T. Additionally, the lack of knowledge about porcine and human cysticercosis \[ 19 — 21 \], along with poor practices such as raw meat consumption, backyard slaughter, and poorly maintained latrines that allow pigs access to human feces, can lead to human ingestion of T. Moreover, free-roaming pigs, lack of meat inspection, lack of disease knowledge, and sewage spillage are associated with the epidemiology of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis \[ 20 \]. These include mass treatment for both humans and pigs to reduce taeniasis, the promotion of proper sanitation practices to minimize open-field defecation, meat inspection procedures at slaughterhouses, and health education initiatives \[ 24 \]. The identification and treatment of individuals carrying the Taenia parasite play a crucial role in controlling the disease. This can be achieved through mass treatment programs or targeted health education campaigns that encourage individuals to self-report as Taenia carriers, followed by appropriate treatment \[ 24 \]. Because the transmission of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis is influenced by various behavioral factors, health education plays an important role in reducing the spread of these conditions. Health education has been demonstrated to effectively reduce porcine cysticercosis and improve pig-rearing practices \[ 25 , 26 \]. Only a few studies have determined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices KAP related to T. One study conducted in Tanzania revealed that participants had a good level of knowledge about porcine cysticercosis, but the practices of most participants were found to be inappropriate \[ 27 \]. Another study conducted in a south Indian community revealed a significant lack of knowledge regarding the spread of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis. Furthermore, there was a noticeable absence of appropriate hygiene and sanitation practices \[ 28 \]. In Ethiopia, the predicted proportion of self-reported taeniasis was moderately high, indicating a substantially high level of knowledge and positive attitudes; however, practices were found to be inferior \[ 22 \]. Comprehensive evaluation of such knowledge and practice KP in the context of Thailand in lacking. By investigating the KP of the target population, we sought to gain insight into the current causes of these diseases. Additionally, we aimed to identify the risk factors, including demographic characteristics, associated with KP concerning taeniasis and cysticercosis in town and subdistrict municipality areas of Pak Chong District. This study was conducted in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, located in Northeast Thailand, comprising individuals of Thai nationality whose names were registered in the household registry , participants, Its populace predominantly engages in agricultural pursuits, cultivating various crops and engaging in livestock farming, particularly poultry, swine, and dairy cattle, with sizable hatcheries dotting primary commercial and industrial zones. These establishments predominantly cluster within the downtown vicinity, constituting a commercial hub. An efficient transportation network, comprising automobiles, railways, and highways, facilitates seamless connectivity. Other subdistricts Subdistrict municipalities within Pak Chong District lag behind Pak Chong District in terms of development and public utility accessibility. Some regions remain isolated, lacking access to electricity and clean water systems for domestic consumption. In the general community, 79, individuals are aged 18—60 years. The prevalence of infection with Taenia spp. A total of individuals are pig farmers, with an overall pig population of ,, according to the Information Technology and Communication Centre. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in March among Thai people aged 18—60 years. Our request involved engaging village health volunteers VHVs to act as representatives for collecting questionnaire data from residents in the area. We obtained the collaboration of 30 VHVs, who were trained by research staff between March 20 and March 24, in the questionnaire collection process, review procedures, and establishing return protocols before approaching respondents. Once all 30 VHVs were competent in the questionnaire collection methods, they were dispatched to their respective areas of responsibility to randomly select participants, following the suggested criteria for questionnaire respondents. After ensuring the accuracy of participant selection, VHVs returned the questionnaires to the researchers the following day between March 30 and March 31, Subsequently, we meticulously reviewed the questionnaires for accuracy and completeness. If any irregularities or errors were detected, we engaged with the responsible VHVs to correct or verify the data accordingly. Therefore, the minimum calculated sample size was The response rate was calculated by dividing the number of people returning the questionnaire by the total number of people with access to the questionnaire, i. The sample sizes for each subdistrict, based on stratified random sampling using the proportion allocation method according to the population distribution, were as follows: one town municipality with rapid urbanization, including Pak Chong subdistrict: In each subdistrict, individuals were randomly selected and a single questionnaire was administered individually. Residents of communities in Pak Chong District and pig farmers were included in the survey. Responses to individual questions were analyzed and a score was calculated for each respondent based on the questionnaire. Average scores were calculated for the general community. All participants in this study provided their written informed consent. A total of survey participants met the inclusion criteria. The data was collected in a private condition and kept confidential. The questionnaire included informed consent and questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics and KP. KP was assessed regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis using 22 questions for knowledge and 13 questions for practices the first question addressing practices was not included in the total score. Practices were measured using positive and negative questions. To enhance the scientific rigor of this research, we adopted and modified several previous processes commonly used in questionnaire methods, according to previous studies \[ 20 , 28 , 30 \], including translation and back translation, peer and expert review, and piloting. Initially, a questionnaire was developed and subsequently sent to three academic experts with expertise in parasitology, epidemiology, public health, and medical practices related to taeniasis and cysticercosis. Following the completion of content validity assessment, we conducted a pilot test involving 30 individuals to ascertain reliability of the questionnaire, which was assessed using coefficient analysis. The study population characteristics were described using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The general personal information of the sample group included variables such as sex, religion, education level, occupation, and source of consumed water. These variables were analyzed using frequency and percentage for categorical variables; continuous variables such as age, income, knowledge scores, and practice scores related to taeniasis and cysticercosis are presented as mean and standard deviation. Univariate analyses, including independent samples t -tests and chi-squared tests, were conducted to explore the association between dependent and independent variables. In the present study, we used various statistical tests to compare differences among personal factors for variables with a normal distribution. Independent samples t -tests were used for variables with two groups, and one-way analysis of variance was used for variables with more than two groups. The statistical significance level used for hypothesis testing was set at 0. Linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors that could affect practices related to taeniasis and cysticercosis. The linearity assumption was evaluated by analyzing the residuals. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee Chulabhorn Research Institute. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and if the subjects are illiterate, informed consent was obtained from legal representative. In total, participants were enrolled in the questionnaire survey. Among interviewed participants, The mean participant age was Among respondents, Most participants Of the total, The six included farmers collectively had a total of two to eight pigs. All of the pigs were raised in a closed-house system Fig 1 and were sourced externally. Additionally, all pigs consumed tap water. Half of participants stated that their primary objective in pig farming was to sell the pigs, and none had a slaughterhouse on their own premises. Regarding knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis Table 3 , participants from the town municipality more frequently correctly answered that taeniasis is a roundworm infection Participants residing in subdistrict municipalities provided more accurate responses Participants from the town municipality demonstrated a higher level of accuracy In terms of knowledge about prevention methods, Participants from the town municipality more often correctly answered that T. Few participants from the town municipality and subdistrict municipalities correctly answered that encysted larvae of T. Participants from the town municipality more correctly answered that taeniasis is treated solely by administering anthelmintic drugs Regarding practices related to taeniasis and cysticercosis Table 4 , participants residing in the town municipality exhibited a higher frequency of pork meat consumption Conversely, participants from subdistrict municipalities reported a higher frequency of annual anthelmintic medication intake 5. Additionally, participants from the town municipality were more likely to wash vegetables and fruits with tap water Participants from subdistrict municipalities tended to wash vegetables and fruits with water from natural sources 5. Furthermore, participants from the town municipality demonstrated a higher frequency of washing hands with clean water and soap after using the restroom and before handling food Additionally, participants from subdistrict municipalities had a greater frequency of consuming water from natural sources, such as rivers 1. Table 5 presents the factors associated with knowledge More accurate vs. Less accurate and practices More frequent vs. Less frequent , respectively. There were no factors associated with knowledge analyzed using the chi-square test. Among participants from the subdistrict municipality, However, there was no association between KP in each municipality. However, we found no association with KP regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis among the population of Pak Chong. The disease carries a zoonotic risk as it can lead to cysticercosis in infected individuals. The primary mode of transmission for T. In this study, we aimed to assess KP related to taeniasis and cysticercosis in the Nakhon Ratchasima province of Northeast Thailand, an area with an infection rate of Taenia spp. In Ubon Ratchathani province, also in Northeast Thailand, a higher prevalence of 3. Waikagul et al. These findings support the higher incidence of taeniasis in northern and northeastern regions of the country, where the consumption of raw or undercooked meat is prevalent, contributing to the relatively high prevalence of this disease among residents of those areas \[ 32 \]. In this study, This sex distribution may be attributed to the involvement of women as both participants and village health volunteers VHVs during the study period, with women traditionally engaged in household activities while men worked outside the home. The mean age of participants was Furthermore, most participants This suggests that the participants in Pak Chong district, who predominantly reside in rural areas, face socioeconomic factors that necessitate terminating their education earlier so as to enter the workforce, as compared with residents of urban areas who have easier access to education. Notably, a greater level of knowledge was associated with a higher socioeconomic status, consistent with a study by Rahman et al. Although not statistically significant, the general population below 60 years of age demonstrated higher levels of knowledge than those above 60 years of age. This finding underscores the need for well-designed health education initiatives targeting specific groups, particularly elderly people, focusing on topics such as hygiene, sanitation, and treatment. A small percentage 1. These pig farmers collectively owned a total of two to eight pigs. Notably, five out of six pig farmers reported feeding their pigs with food for human consumption or natural feed such as vegetable scraps, banana peels, and morning glory. This practice poses a potential risk of contamination with Taenia eggs because these feed sources can be contaminated with feces containing the eggs of the parasite \[ 35 \]. This finding aligns with those of a study by Kusolsuk et al. Our study revealed that pig farmers occasionally allowed their pigs to forage freely, which could increase the risk of pigs coming into contact with Taenia eggs, which can be present in surface water. Additionally, the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer on pastures has been identified as an important risk factor for cysticercosis \[ 7 \]. This is consistent with the findings of Jansen et al. Similarly, Boone et al. A small proportion 1. In terms of knowledge, the survey results indicated that, on average, Similar findings were observed in a study conducted in Burkina Faso, where participants who had heard about cysticercosis were found to have better knowledge about the disease \[ 38 \]. A lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of porcine and human cysticercosis contributes to behaviors that facilitate the transmission and maintenance of T. However, we noted that the general population residing in the town municipality had a better understanding of taeniasis infection, including the morphology of T. These participants also had a greater awareness of the existence of cysts in patients compared with the general population residing in subdistrict municipalities. Conversely, individuals residing in subdistrict municipalities exhibited a better understanding of the causes of taeniasis, in comparison with those in town municipalities. Both groups recognized the importance of preventing taeniasis by avoiding the consumption of raw pork. However, specific knowledge related to the transmission and cause of cysticercosis was lacking among individuals in both groups. Furthermore, higher knowledge levels were correlated with higher monthly family income. Approximately Among these participants, most resided in the town municipality versus subdistrict municipalities. This suggests that participants living in town municipalities with higher socioeconomic status may possess higher knowledge levels regarding these parasitic diseases compared with those in subdistrict municipalities. This finding is in contrast with those regarding other infectious diseases, such as a report by Zhang et al. Additionally, farmers in more urbanized areas had more correct knowledge than those in rural areas \[ 30 \]. Conversely, a study by Shongwe et al. Similarly, there was no significant association between residence in a town, education level, income source, pig farming purpose, years engaged in pig farming, number of pigs kept by the farmer, and knowledge about porcine cysticercosis. However, those authors identified factors previously associated with the epidemiology of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis, including free-roaming pigs, lack of meat inspection, lack of knowledge about these diseases, and sewage spillage. Thus, education and training of farmers regarding the epidemiology of porcine and human cysticercosis are necessary to mitigate the risk of Taenia spp. In terms of practices, a significant portion of the population in Pak Chong district However, there were notable differences between individuals residing in the town municipality and those in subdistrict municipalities. Specifically, individuals living in subdistrict municipalities had a higher prevalence of risky practices related to cysticercosis compared with those in the town municipality \[ 39 \]. This potentially resulted in diminished overall health outcomes. This could be attributed to easier access to natural water sources, particularly in isolated areas in subdistrict municipalities where tap or clean water may not be readily available. Contamination of the environment with T. Similarly, a study in rural communities of southern Thailand found that intestinal parasitic infections were closely associated with unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, poor personal hygiene, poverty, and climatic conditions \[ 40 \]. In contrast, Jorga et al. Additionally, our results showed that In comparison, a study in Burkina Faso found that Raising awareness among the population about risks associated with the consumption of infected or undercooked pig meat could help reduce the spread of parasitic diseases. Furthermore, only a small percentage 5. Future studies should address the importance and benefits of anthelmintic drugs for both humans and pigs. Additionally, individuals in the town municipality exhibited better practices in terms of the prevention of taeniasis and cysticercosis. These participants were more likely to wash vegetables and fruits with tap water instead of natural water and to consistently wash their hands with clean water and soap after using the restroom or before handling food. Most individuals in the town municipality also had better practices regarding checking the appearance of pork meat before preparing it, although the difference was not statistically significant in comparison with residents of subdistrict municipalities. The practice score was negatively associated with age more than 60 years and living in a subdistrict municipality. Similarly, a study conducted among Iranian inpatients with type 2 diabetes found a negative correlation between age and practices, although older patients demonstrated a good level of knowledge and attitudes \[ 41 \]. Specifically, rural inhabitants were less likely to avoid crowded places, wear face masks outdoors, and practice hand hygiene \[ 42 \]. Our findings highlight a significant disparity in taeniasis and cysticercosis-related practices among individuals over 60 years old residing in subdistrict and town municipalities of Pak Chong. This difference could be attributed to variations in education level or a lack of knowledge about these diseases. It is also possible that their familiarity with certain eating habits leads them to overlook the adverse effects of consuming raw food. Consequently, future education programs should prioritize addressing practices among older participants residing in subdistrict municipalities to bridge this gap. However, there was no significant association with KP, indicating similar knowledge levels among those with both good and poor practices. This might be because the study area is endemic for other parasitic infectious diseases, such as O. Therefore, the population in this area may be attempting to prevent these infections by avoiding the consumption of raw foods and performing other practices that are similar to those necessary to prevent taeniasis and cysticercosis. However, the survey revealed that This reveals an important issue for health education in this area. The implementation of health programs plays a pivotal role in modifying local cultural and habitual practices, leading to sustainable improvements in the environment of villagers. A compelling example of the effectiveness of this approach can be observed in work conducted by Alexander et al. Their study demonstrated that initial knowledge gaps and inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices were prevalent among the villagers. However, through health education interventions delivered in villages and schools that focused on the lifecycle of the pork tapeworm, the spread of taeniasis and cysticercosis, and prevention measures, significant improvements were achieved \[ 28 \]. Similarly, Wandra et al. Their research underscored the importance of combining a treatment program for human taeniasis carriers with pig vaccination as a crucial measure for successful control of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis in endemic areas \[ 44 \]. These findings highlight the need to adopt a multi-faceted strategy that targets both human and animal hosts to effectively control and prevent these diseases. The results indicate that awareness campaigns and education programs can be instrumental in improving knowledge levels among the population. In the case of Pak Chong, our results indicate that efforts should be focused on improving knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis, particularly among elderly individuals in subdistrict municipalities, to enhance practices for infection prevention and control. Moreover, there should be an emphasis on health education among VHVs in Thailand, with a focus on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Developing awareness strategies and implementing training programs for parasite control and health promotion among community health workers are also crucial steps. Likewise, studies conducted in southern Thailand have suggested the importance of community awareness campaigns, appropriate training programs, and health promotion efforts to reach the most vulnerable populations and reduce the prevalence of parasite infections. Additionally, policymakers and public health officials should be encouraged to develop suitable control programs and strategies for VHVs, who play a key role in providing health education to the community \[ 40 , 45 \]. Our study has some limitations. The findings are based on cross-sectional data, limiting causal interpretations owing to the collection of influencing factors and outcomes at the same time. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to evaluate KP and other factors related to taeniasis and cysticercosis. Furthermore, we focused on specific areas, limiting generalizability of the results to other regions. Therefore, further surveys should be conducted nationwide in both endemic and epidemic settings. Furthermore, the use of self-report interview methods may introduce response bias. To mitigate this bias, longitudinal interviews and qualitative studies should be implemented. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess KP among the general population of Pak Chong District, Thailand regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis. The results indicated that most participants frequently engaged in appropriate practices related to prevention. This outcome might be associated with concern among the population about preventing infection with other parasitic diseases, despite lacking correct knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis. The present results showed that only a small percentage of participants had accurate knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis, and there was no significant association with KP concerning these parasitic infections. Furthermore, income levels and demographic factors, such as age and residing in a subdistrict municipality, had varying effects on KP. To address this gap in KP, public education interventions are recommended, particularly targeting individuals with lower socioeconomic status. These findings have implications for the development of targeted interventions and educational programs in Pak Chong District, particularly focusing on improving practices among the elderly population in subdistrict municipalities to effectively prevent and control these infections. Developing specific intervention strategies and assessing the long-term impact of health education programs on KP outcomes for taeniasis and cysticercosis control, as well as health promotion among the elderly population in subdistrict municipalities, would positively affect health outcomes. This research project is sponsored by the Chulabhorn Royal Academy. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract Background Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections caused by Taenia spp. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, and its 11 subdistrict municipalities. Results Of the survey respondents, Abbreviations: KP, knowledge and practices. Introduction Taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by ingestion of undercooked pork contaminated with the tapeworm Taenia solium. Methods Setting This study was conducted in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, located in Northeast Thailand, comprising individuals of Thai nationality whose names were registered in the household registry , participants, Data collection and participants We conducted a cross-sectional survey in March among Thai people aged 18—60 years. Measures The questionnaire included informed consent and questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics and KP. Ethical statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee Chulabhorn Research Institute. Results Demographic characteristics In total, participants were enrolled in the questionnaire survey. Download: PPT. Table 1. Characteristics of pig farming Table 2 shows the characteristics of pig farming in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Table 2. Knowledge Regarding knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis Table 3 , participants from the town municipality more frequently correctly answered that taeniasis is a roundworm infection Table 3. Questionnaire responses regarding knowledge about taeniasis and cysticercosis in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Practices Regarding practices related to taeniasis and cysticercosis Table 4 , participants residing in the town municipality exhibited a higher frequency of pork meat consumption Table 4. Frequency distribution of practices regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Table 5. Table 6. Univariate and multiple linear regression models for the relationship between KP scores and independent variables for taeniasis and cysticercosis in Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess KP among the general population of Pak Chong District, Thailand regarding taeniasis and cysticercosis. Supporting information. S1 Data. Acknowledgments This research project is sponsored by the Chulabhorn Royal Academy. References 1. Potential eradicability of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in urban settings: Epidemiological evidence from a health-center based study among people with epilepsy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Immunology of Taenia solium taeniasis and human cysticercosis. Parasite Immunol. Cysticercosis involving muscle of mastication: a review and report of two cases. Case Rep Dent. Carpio A. Neurocysticercosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. PLoS Med. Taenia solium cysticercosis. White AC, Jr. Neurocysticercosis: updates on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Annu Rev Med. Emerging neglected helminthiasis and determinants of multiple helminth infections in flood-prone township in Myanmar. Trop Med Health. Emerg Infect Dis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. View Article Google Scholar Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. J Med Assoc Thai. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in smallholder pig production systems in Mbeya region, southern highlands of Tanzania. Vet Parasitol. Epub Spatial distribution of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis within a rural area of Mexico. Swine cysticercosis hotspots surrounding Taenia solium tapeworm carriers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Knowledge, practices and seroprevalence of Taenia species in smallholder farms in Gauteng, South Africa. PLoS One. Public health implications of cysticercosis acquired in the United States. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community and meat industry workers towards Taenia saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in and around Jimma and Ambo towns of Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. Sarti E, Rajshekhar V. Measures for the prevention and control of Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis. Acta Trop. Development of a health education intervention strategy using an implementation research method to control taeniasis and cysticercosis in Burkina Faso. Infect Dis Poverty. Evaluating the efficacy of teaching methods regarding prevention of human epilepsy caused by Taenia solium neurocysticercosis in Western Kenya. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. Int Health. Front Public Health. Risk factors, perceptions and practices associated with Taenia solium cysticercosis and its control in the smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey. Anantaphruti MT. Current status of taeniasis in Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. Taeniasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in Thailand. Parasitol Int. Environ Res. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. The survival and dispersal of Taenia eggs in the environment: what are the implications for transmission? A systematic review. Parasit Vectors. Distribution and risk factors of bovine cysticercosis in Belgian dairy and mixed herds. Spatial distribution and risk factors for human cysticercosis in Colombia. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors among village health volunteers in rural communities of southern Thailand. BMC Public Health. Diabetes knowledge, attitude and practice KAP study among Iranian in-patients with type-2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. Comparing knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding COVID amongst Cameroonians living in urban versus rural areas. Pan Afr Med J. Current prevalence and geographic distribution of helminth infections in the parasitic endemic areas of rural Northeastern Thailand. The present situation and towards the prevention and control of neurocysticercosis on the tropical island, Bali, Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis.
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