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It's no secret that prescription drugs can be expensive in the United States. In fact, they are often among the costliest items on a person's healthcare bill. So, it's not surprising that many people seek out less expensive alternatives, including buying prescription medications in Mexico. But before you cross the border to buy your meds, there are a few things you should know. In general, you can find most of the same medications that are available in the United States, but they may be sold under different names. And while some Mexican pharmacies are well-stocked and reliable, others are not. Additionally, you should always check with your healthcare provider before taking any medication, as some may interact with other drugs you are taking or have adverse side effects. How do you know if a given farmacia is reliable? Generally, you can trust the nationwide farmacias. The Costcos and Walmart farmacias are also trustworthy. There are other, local, chains as well. 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They are not readily available, and certainly not available over the counter OTC. Many common drugs that are available in the United States can be purchased in Mexico, usually at a significant reduction in price, and sometimes over the counter. But before you take your prescription across the border or plan on visiting a Mexico pharmacy, you may want to learn more about what drugs are available, and which ones will be allowed back across the border. Here's a list of drugs that are generally available at a Mexico pharmacy. You must get a prescription from a Mexican doctor to purchase these drugs. For those, only special doctors can write prescriptions and only a few farmacias can fill them, usually those associated with a hospital. These are the drugs which are being found to be laced with fentanyl and are not worth the risk. The availability of a drug at a pharmacy varies. Also, the price of a given drug can vary greatly from pharmacy to pharmacy, in the same town. 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If you need a prescription from a doctor, the pharmacist will advise you to do so. Many farmacias have doctors located in offices adjacent to the farmacia and some have doctors who work in the farmacia. If you're starting a new course of prescription medication while in Mexico, be sure to ask the Mexican doctor for a copy of the prescription in case you have any difficulties taking it across the border or need to get a refill in the U. It's important to note that not all medications available in Mexico will be available in the United States and Canada. If you're prescribed a medication that's not available in the U. You cannot have non-approved medications in the U. Mexican pharmacies do not accept U. And the drugs you buy from a Mexican farmacia will not be covered by your U. This means that you will have to pay for your medications with cash. Be sure to factor this into the cost of your medications when you're budgeting for your trip. The cost of drugs varies depending on the medication. Like in the U. In most cases, you will find significant savings on medications by shopping at a Mexican pharmacy. And the American dollar goes far in Mexico due to a favorable exchange rate. It's important to research which drugs are available and make sure you're only bringing back those that are legal to possess in the United States. Doing so will help ensure a hassle-free border crossing and avoid any potential problems with U. Customs and Border Protection. You will need to show your Passport or approved ID at the border when you return to the United States. You are required to declare prescription medications. If you choose not to declare and the border agents find them, and you do not have prescription for them, they may take them from you. Read the CBP statement on bringing drugs into the U. With that said, the FDA will allow you to bring unapproved drugs into the United States under these conditions:. Read more on the FDA Website page on personal importation. Finally, be aware that bringing prescription drugs into the United States from Mexico is subject to Customs and Border Protection regulations. For more information on what drugs, you can and cannot bring across the border, please read the Customs and Border Protection list of allowed medications. With a little planning, you can get the medications you need while you're traveling in Mexico for much less than in the U. Just be sure to check the rules and regulations before you leave so that you don't run into any problems when returning to the U. Mexican pharmacies can be a great resource for cheaper prescription drugs. But before you buy, be sure to do your research and understand the risks. This will help ensure that you get the medications you need without any problems. Mexpro has no association with U. Customs and Border Protection, the U. If you still have questions about what could be carried across the border, please contact the U. Drug Enforcement Administration or U. Did you know that medical tourism is becoming popular in Mexico among U. Mexico has put a lot of money into improving medical facilities and training doctors at top schools in the U. If you need a medical procedure that is not affordable in the U. On Mexpro's blog you can find more information on Medical tourism in Mexico. What is the Mexico Free Zone? List of U. Who Is Banjercito? If you purchased with us before, you can quickly re-issue a new policy. Click here to set up a password. Already Have Your Password? Get My Quote Now. Sign Up For Our Newsletter.
How to Buy Prescription Drugs in Mexico and Bring Them into the U.S.
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Few travel health measures are as controversial as the use of coca leaves at high altitude; yet, there appears widespread ignorance among health professionals and the general public about coca, its origins as well as its interesting and often flamboyant history. Equally, the cultural and traditional significance to Andean people is not recognised. The coca leaves contain many alkaloids, one of which, cocaine, has gained notoriety as a narcotic, leading to the mistaken idea that coca equals cocaine. This article contrasts coca with cocaine in an attempt to explain the differences but also the reasons for this widespread misconception. The use of the coca plant not only preserves the health of all who use it, but prolongs life to a very great old age and enables the coca eaters to perform prodigies of mental and physical labor. Few travel health measures are as controversial as the use of coca leaves at high altitude. An informal brainstorming exercise among health professionals and members of the public yielded a number of reasons: cultural superiority, fear, unease, self-righteousness, but above all ignorance, confusion with cocoa, and the mistaken idea that coca equals cocaine. This paper aims to de-mystify the topic by informing about the leaf, its historical and cultural background, its physiological properties including its use at high altitude — where it crosses paths with travel medicine — as well as its progression to the enthusiastic welcome in the industrial world of the nineteenth century. By necessity, this article includes a summarised coverage of key aspects of cocaine to allow an objective assessment and the distinction between natural leaf and isolated alkaloid and illegal drug cocaine hydrochloride. Anecdotal evidence suggests altitude symptoms that are separate from fear, panic or exhilaration. The first known mention of an altitude-related influence on humans and animals originates in the third decade BC in China \[ 1 \]. Potential positive effects of altitude on the human body have been explored, for example, in sports training camps \[ 3 \]. Discussion on epidemiology, clinical presentation and pathophysiology is ubiquitous and can be obtained elsewhere. Important for this paper is the current knowledge base on prevention and treatment apart from general gradual ascent or rapid descent. The current gold standard is the use of acetazolamide even though its efficacy in preventing AMS incidents has been questioned \[ 4 , 5 \]. Elsewhere, it has been identified as carrying a higher risk for AMS \[ 6 \]. Other substances are dexamethasone, ibuprofen, previously ridiculed Gingko biloba, caffeine \[ 7 \] and many others. Too few studies employing different protocols, and different sources of preparation of this and other substances, point to the need for more rigorous investigations, yet, the methodological difficulties are formidable. Virtually all travellers to the Andes will come across coca leaves and coca tea. The tea is served in eateries, trains and accommodations from the very basic to the most luxurious. People picking up arrivals at high altitude airports typically come armed with a hot thermos of coca tea to prevent soroche AMS. Coca tea may come as a few hard, dry leaves in hot water looking pretty but doing little, or as commercially available teabags which, the leaves being chopped up, colour the hot water quickly; the slightly bitter taste is apparent, and an effect noticeable. Even better would be the chewing of the leaves though this is less popular with travellers. Some fanciful application in biscuits, ice cream or lollies have no effect. For many travellers, drinking coca tea is normal, others, due to ignorance, may feel like criminals \[ 13 \]. For some it may be an exciting challenge \[ 14 \], others understand coca as part of a cultural discourse with the local people \[ 15 \]. A few descriptive studies include coca in their reports. Trekkers also carried coca, among other preparations, but no further information is given. As questions to prophylactic measures were open-ended, it is highly likely that many travellers will have mentioned coca. Since that many treated themselves, it is highly likely that coca featured prominently. Detailed questions of type of preparation and use, in such a large sample, would have delivered helpful insight. Another study in Cusco examined AMS impact on travellers \[ 25 \]. The conclusion that the use of coca leaf product was associated with increased AMS frequency is not supported by the study design. It does not capture when and how coca was used, e. How can one be certain what subjects meant in a questionnaire? Of course, people remember coca once they have symptoms; this is not prevention and leads to questionable conclusions. The reported effect is described but lacks meaning. Fifty-one percent reported no noticeable effect. Since there is no standardised dose, it is unclear how much was ingested. Apart from that, if taken for prevention and it worked — how would anyone know if it had or had not an effect — or if the individual simply had no symptoms? Thirty-one percent felt a desirable effect — again, how did they know that this was due to coca and not the excitement of the trip? There is no way travellers would have been able to specify that this was due to coca and not altitude, jetlag, food etc. The study listed a number of limitations correctly but was not able to add to the current limited knowledge. On request, any disclosure of the nature of the compound or analysis was declined. For this reason, this paper should be excluded from any further discussions on the efficacy of coca. The coca shrub was named Erythroxylum by Browne in Erythroxylon by Linneus in \[ 28 \]. Over different species of the bush can be found throughout South America, the Caribbean, Africa, India, tropical Asia and Oceania \[ 29 \], not all containing alkaloids. The two species cultivated in South America are E. The best conditions are found in the subtropical valleys on the Andean Amazon slopes \[ 30 \]. This is disappointing as it is highly likely that the substances act synergistically to produce the effect of coca \[ 35 \], and more research on the entire leaf is needed \[ 36 \]. Based on this analysis, the use of coca in food, particularly as coca flour, was promoted as a cheap local substance to improve the nutrition, especially of the poor. The study only advised caution regarding the alkaloids and possible insecticide residue. Later findings that coca had no nutritional benefits or even adverse effects were disappointing though the study acknowledged that there might be other factors affecting the bioavailability of nutrients \[ 33 \]. One must be careful assigning coca as the cause of malnutrition when suppression of hunger is typically based on lack of sufficient food in the first place. Feeding people properly decreased chewing in an earlier experiment \[ 37 \] but more work needs to be done to avoid pro-and anti-coca research bias. Chewing is not the right word as travelling novice chewers quickly find out. The leaves are placed one by one in the mouth, briefly broken up, and moved around with the tongue to form a quid that is then moved to the buccal cavity where it is gradually moistened by saliva. With a saliva-moistened stick, a little lime llipta , e. Travellers generally forgo the adjuvant. However, travellers to both locations will note a similar effect. Coca has always played an important role in Andean life \[ 40 \] on two levels. First, coca is a strong marker of cultural identity for many Andean communities \[ 41 , 42 \]. It is crucial in acknowledging and maintaining social bonds \[ 29 \]. Friendship and affection are demonstrated by chewing together; refusal is perceived antisocial \[ 42 \]. Strict etiquette rules the highly ceremonialised handling, sharing and use of the leaves \[ 41 \]. Coca is part of important economic activities on a local level, e. Second, historically and today, coca is used for medicinal purposes. Even today, Andean immigrants to the UK use coca, a cultural keystone species, in legal products, such as teabags, sweets and flour \[ 45 \]. Historically, to facilitate work, coca was chewed three times per day, before starting, halfway through the day, and shortly before finishing \[ 38 \]. Then and today, coca works as a stimulant, suppresses appetite and fatigue, and alleviates the effect of altitude \[ 29 \]. These latter qualities created the enigma of coca and intermittent flurries of research, generally on high altitude residents, not new arrivals \[ 46 \]. Studies on coca appear to arrive in bursts, depending on prevailing worldviews. At least, the researchers acknowledged the complexity and interaction of environmental and host factors. When 14 male villagers were exposed to The possible effects of coca chewing on erythropoiesis have been suggested \[ 53 \]. An Amazon expedition in was the setting for the determination of the amount of cocaine in the blood of three Eurasians and one local \[ 54 \]. More recent work found no difference in aerobic capacity between chewers and non-chewers \[ 59 \] but biochemical changes enhanced physiological performance at high altitude \[ 60 \]. That other alkaloids in the leaf are biologically active, e. None of those studies, of course, has considered possible hereditary factors that contribute to altitude adaptation in Andean residents \[ 62 \], and how this influences any comparison with the effect of coca on travellers not benefitting from genetic variations through many generations raised at altitude. Finally, chewing did not induce genetic instability in cells on the oral cavity, and no adverse health effects in chewers were associated with DNA damage at moderate consumption \[ 63 \]. The history of the coca leaf is fascinating. For an exquisite and extraordinarily comprehensive discussion, the History of Coca by Mortimer MD \[ 64 \], or its shorter version \[ 65 \] is highly recommended. While his work ends with the beginning of the twentieth century, many sources mentioned below cover the remaining time very well. Historic summaries usually start with the first Spanish accounts of coca after the sixteenth century conquest. However, signs of coca cultivation date back to thousands of years, from Nicaragua to Chile \[ 66 \]. In some regions, a magical function of coca may have restricted its use to important persons in a social group \[ 30 \]. Coca was used in highlands and lowlands alike \[ 66 \]. The use of coca was long established when in the eleventh century the first Inca Manco Capac arrived to start a formidable empire. Coca chewing by commoners could be punished severely but the use of leaves for offerings was permitted \[ 30 , 39 \]. Coca may have been used for medicinal purposes, such as for trepanations \[ 39 \]. A weakening Inca empire saw relaxed rules around the use of coca by the general public; with the conquest changing the entire political, social, cultural, religious and economic landscape after , coca was chewed by all \[ 30 , 39 \]. The Spanish were in two minds about coca. Duplicitous Philip II supported the supply of coca to workers but, at the same time, instructed missionaries to oppress its use \[ 39 \]. Large coca production and trade began; many in Spain got very rich \[ 30 , 42 \]. The bishop of Cusco was a major coca dealer himself \[ 46 \]. Indians from the highlands died not only from the well-known adverse effects of conquest and forced labour but, sent to work in plantations, succumbed to humid heat and tropical diseases \[ 30 , 70 \]. Few Spaniards chewed, some using sugar instead of llipta \[ 38 \]. In the eighteenth century, Antonio Julian suggested coca for the working classes in Spain to improve health and productivity, and as a cheap substitute for coffee and tea. Consequently, Spain could have a supply monopoly in Europe \[ 39 \]. In his dissertation, Unanue cites a Doctor Don Pedro predicting times when there would be abundant trade in coca with the rest of the world \[ 38 \]. He was right. Having observed coca-chewers in South America, Italian neurologist Paolo Mantegazza returned to Italy in to recommend coca highly as an internal medicine based on his self-experiments. Coca was received enthusiastically and, by the end of the nineteenth century, many physicians prescribed the chewing of leaves as conducive to good health. From here on, the thousands of years old history of coca continues, and the now over year-old history of cocaine begins, first as a natural component of the leaf, later as the isolated alkaloid. The excitement of the miraculous substance led to several simultaneous developments. No summary could do the enthusiastic descriptions of applications, self- observations and success stories by a multitude of medical doctors, scientists, and quacks justice, and the perusal of either originals or fascinating comprehensive historical reviews \[eg. In order to describe and explain coca, it is imperative to highlight the difference to cocaine. Space constraints only allow a severely summarised representation of key aspects. In , the Corsican chemist Angelo Mariani produced the first stable preparation of coca by adding the extract to Bordeaux wine which not only made him fabulously wealthy but his many customers very happy. It made people feel good, probably because Vin Mariani contained 0. Prohibition hampered his success, and the alcohol had to be removed from the beverage. Substitution with water was unsatisfactory but when mixed with soda water by lucky mistake, a drink was created that would conquer the world: Coca-Cola. Alleged crimes by black men against white women focused the investigation on the cocaine content of the drink which, reportedly, had been removed by , an action that haunts the company to this day, stubbornly sticking to strategic untruths. In , Coca-Cola was forced to issue corrective advertisements in Australian newspapers. The company has been on the brink of disaster many times afterwards. It is equally remarkable that there seem few independent publications on the company or transparency on the Stepan-Company which is said to import, with special permission, coca leaves and decocainise them for Coca-Cola. A statement that Coca-Cola ceased using coca for flavouring in \[ 79 \] could not be verified. Ubiquitous publications in the s by medical doctors and others praised the use of coca and its cocaine for its most marvellous ability to alleviate or cure all manners of afflictions. On the plus side, coca increased and strengthened pulse, respiration, and urinary excretion, supported sexual activity, provided rosy cheeks and a deeply joyful sensation of feeling intensively alive, not to mention a stimulating effect on doctor and patient. The following, published in the Lancet and the BMJ, rely on self-experimentation, popular at the time, and minute recording of details. Seventy-eight year old Sir Christinson, on the other hand, extending his experiments to his students and his own sons, could not praise the benefits of coca enough \[ 83 \]. He tested the alleged fatigue and hunger alleviating properties elaborately and extensively. He concluded that chewing coca removed extreme fatigue and prevented it, hunger and thirst are suspended but appetite and digestion remain unaffected. Accused of having added cocaine to morphine and alcohol as the third scourge of humanity, he stopped publishing on cocaine in \[ 87 \]. At precisely the same time as Freud became famous, Alfredo Bignon, a French pharmacist in Lima, conducted numerous experiments on coca and cocaine but is today entirely ignored and forgotten. His method started the legal cocaine boom in Peru. He moved the production to the idyllic Tyrolian village of Pozuzo in the Amazon region and sent non-perishable cocaine sulphides to Germany, predominantly Merck, instead of bulky volumes of perishable leaves. This convenience resulted in the German dominance in science and global marketing of cocaine for decades \[ 73 \]. Like many other physicians who prescribed cocaine enthusiastically to their patients, families, friends and themselves, Freud and Halsted joined those who succumbed to the addictive effects of cocaine. The growing fear of cocaine, unfortunately, also changed the attitude towards coca \[ 72 \]. A revival of the medical use of coca has been suggested in the s as the abuse potential in coca leaves is low compared to the isolated alkaloid \[ 88 \]. The clinical effects of coca and cocaine must be kept distinct, e. More recently, coca chewing as a therapy for cocaine maintenance has been discussed \[ 89 \]. When the potential for addiction was understood, cocaine became illegal in the US in and its use declined. Denial of this loss of control prevents addicts from seeking treatment. Cocaine production requires a vast amount of leaves and a solid knowledge of chemistry regardless of available YouTube instructions. Appreciating this process makes the often-mentioned rationale for banning the import of coca leaf teabags quite absurd. It is much easier to buy the product. This report has since been heavily criticised for a number of serious flaws including prejudiced methodology and racist overtones. Coca was said to affect intelligence and personality leading to moral decay; people being dirty, smelly, and negligent underlined their social inferiority. Yet, in the end, its recommendations sided with the available anti-coca leaf chewing literature and opinions, and advised to limit legal crops for medicine and science only, and destroy the rest. Article 27 permits the use of leaves as a flavouring agent for Coca-Cola. Article 49 e : coca leaf chewing must be abolished within 25 yrs. The UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances \[ 96 \] made possession, purchase and cultivation of coca leaves a criminal offence turning millions of traditional coca users into criminals. The publication of the study was blocked by the US in the Committee B: 6th meeting under the threat of withdrawing funds. Clearly, nobody wants to put a foot wrong. Since , Peru is the only country exporting coca leaf to the world market tons annually , the US the only importing country for flavouring agents and manufacture of cocaine \[ 99 \]. The legal situation around the coca leaf use is confusing and the conventions contradicting, especially in light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In , Bolivia won the case to recognise traditional coca use and registered reservations to exclude coca leaf from Schedule I despite the objections of the US and 14 other nations. The complete removal of the coca leaf from Schedule I has been advocated for, and options and solutions offered, for decades to no avail \[ 79 , — \]. In a legal case in , a Colombian national in Spain possibly a victim of profiling won the right to import coca leaf powder \[ \]. Travellers need to decide for themselves since no guidance is available. The aim was to eradicate supply so that demand would cease. At great cost and with military assistance, coca bushes were to be uprooted manually in Peru and Bolivia — which forbids explicitly the use of herbicide for that purpose — and by glyphosate trade name Roundup aerial spraying in Colombia \[ \]. Despite overwhelming evidence, the US State Department denied any health impacts and blamed farmers for the spray damage \[ , \]. Coca eradication without replacement for local income is futile. Alternative crops or other means of economic development can be successful with the right approach and community involvement \[ , \]. Alternative development is a promising approach with does not need to exclude the coca leaf. Apart from the traditional use, more research should explore its use in a variety of products \[ \], possibly an insecticide \[ 85 \] or potential novel food products as has been suggested for agroforestry trees \[ \]. The legal situation around the coca leaf is outdated and unsatisfactory; drug policy reform is urgently needed. It is small wonder that this confusion has triggered research into cocaine content in urine — also as a warning to travellers. The alkaloid content of coca leaves has met with widespread interest, up to the minute botanical details of its distribution throughout the leaf \[ 31 \]. However, a few studies attempted to examine the actual cocaine content of coca leaf teabags and possible benzoylecgonine BE excretion, a primary urinary metabolite of cocaine Table 1. This interest, as the publication dates indicate, is not only linked to the coca leaf consumption of travellers. Though marketed as decocainised, suspicion lead to several teabag studies that, due to their diverse designs, cannot be compared and are, therefore, presented individually in Table 1. If stored for long e. Steeping time increased cocaine content in Peruvian tea 3. One should pay attention to the measurement units e. Unless one is in competitive sports or due to drug testing for forensic or medical purposes, BE in urine is no reason not to use coca leaves. To discriminate between the use of coca leaves and manufactured cocaine, hair analysis may be useful \[ 42 , \]. To put things in perspective, similar studies have been undertaken with poppy seeds Papaver somniferum L. Another study reported highly differing morphine concentrations depending on variety and type of harvesting 0. The inadvertent intoxication of an infant in in Germany triggered more comprehensive work \[ \] pointing to the loss of morphine during food processing. This led to banning imports of seeds from Australia containing high concentrations of morphine, and the advice against the consumption of large volumes of raw poppy seeds. Again, inadvertent positive drug testing \[ \], also in oral fluid \[ \], must be considered. In contrast to coca leaves, and despite minute amounts of morphine and codeine in poppy seeds, people eat them without any concern. Nobody calls for controlled cultivation of grapes to combat the enormous health and social cost of alcoholism. Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world \[ \], yet, tobacco cultivation appears mainly controlled for fiscal, not health reasons. It seems hypocritical to abandon reason over minute amounts of BE in urine when people have no trouble ingesting highly toxic substances, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides or hormones in their daily food. The coca leaf has been plagued by ignorance and prejudice since the conquest. This relentless view guided many Peruvian researchers who formed a strong lobby around anti-coca crusader Dr. Carlos Gutierrez Noriega opposite the more moderate Dr. Peruvian upper and middle classes have generally viewed indigenous chewing with contempt \[ 58 , 73 \], an attitude that can still be observed today. Biased is also the thesis that coca chewing leads to miserable living conditions \[eg. Equating coca leaves with the illegal drug cocaine is absurd and has been condemned on many fronts throughout the decades \[ 64 , 88 , 89 , \]. Depicting coca as a plant with psychedelic properties used by primitive man in primitive cultures with pernicious consequences \[ \] certainly helped. Today, a law Title VI, article 38 prohibits cultivation, use, gathering, storage or transport of coca plant or parts for any purpose. The Ecuadorian public accepts that coca means cocaine and so quietly ratifies the status — yet, health shops sell coca teabags \[ \]. It is, of course, easy to criticise the shortcomings of research on coca and its physiological effect on humans in earlier times considering the changing worldviews, personal motivations, differing perceptions, and often crude research methods with basic equipment. Relating to the use of coca to prevent AMS in travellers, the lack of efficacy studies has been noted \[ 6 , 19 , 20 , \]. It needs more than some half-hearted attempt to include coca in travel medicine research and then blaming the leaf for not working. Rigorous medical study is usually understood to be quantitative laboratory-based research or clinical trials. Unfortunately, transfer of such results to real life can be inconsequential. This is the main methodological problem of studying the effect of coca on travellers. For obvious reasons, such research would need to be conducted pre, peri and post trip, including on location at altitude \[ , \] but the core barrier is the travelling populations itself. Each traveller is unique in his or her makeup of a myriad of physical, mental and medical variables when arriving at altitude. Additional confounders unique to the individual traveller are, for example, length of travel, time of day, level of stress e. There is no way travellers could be matched into experimental and control groups in any meaningful way. Travellers could not even be their own control as with each arrival even at the same location, most if not all variables will have changed. This is important not only for any biochemical tests but because what travellers feel before, after, or without coca is subjective and escapes clinical measurement. Questionnaires and scales can produce crude rankings but not comparable precise results, no matter how hard one tries. Furthermore, a most vexing issue with prevention is that one will never know if it worked because one will never know if one would have suffered a particular ill without the preventative measure. If the prevention has not worked, i. To claim coca has not worked because one still has headaches does not consider a string of reasons why this may be so. At this stage, no research may be better than biased, ideology-driven, policy-influenced projects that confirm what many like to see confirmed. The use of coca leaves by travellers to prevent altitude-related symptoms in the Andes is widespread, yet meets with disapproval by the travel medicine community. This paper aimed not at making a strong case for the use of coca for this purpose; rather, it presented information on the plant, its origins and history through the times and its traditional and cultural value to the peoples in parts of South America. The fanatic campaign against the coca leaf based on religious, racist or self-righteous fervour evident in many decades of the twentieth century must be understood within the context of those times, even if it may be hard to accept today. What should not be accepted today is that critical questioning and decision-making are still influenced and dictated by attitudes and laws that are based on those earlier concepts. Almost two decades into the twenty-first century, a more enlightened approach is called for. Ignorance makes people fearful; fear rarely leads to measured, well-founded decisions, but to misdirected obsession, zeal, and prejudice. Although scientific evidence supporting the use of coca would help many to step back and re-calibrate, it is highly unlikely that there will ever be strong research evidence for or against coca use in travellers. Travellers will use it regardless. If this paper has assisted in providing more knowledge about coca and the difference between the entire coca leaf with its minute amounts of alkaloids one of which is cocaine and the isolated illegally manufactured purified drug cocaine hydrochloride — at no fault of the leaf — it has met its goal. Information and suggestions provided by senior lecturer in chemistry Dr. Mark Robertson are gratefully acknowledged. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. Find articles by Irmgard Bauer. Received Jun 27; Accepted Oct 2; Collection date Studies on cocaine content in coca tea and benzoylecgonine concentration in urine. Estimated 0. Consider tea when interpreting data. Turner et al. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Siegel et al. ElSohly et al. Ferreira-Engelke et al. Not decocainised; If stored for long e. Jackson et al. Maximum BE concentration 1. Floren et al. Technical problems prevented cocaine testing. Jenkins et al. Mazor et al.
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